种性自然系统学派诠释 ——Sora 能创造世界吗？ 强燕平 张正乾著
种性自然系统学派诠释 ——Sora 能创造世界吗？
强燕平 张正乾著
谨以此书：
献给为人类物理学、化学、医学生物 学回归自然并顽强保护自然系统与生态 环境殊死抗争新型“生物危害”永不间 断博弈的科学家、勇士们！
目录
三、周鸿祎格局太小中美 AI 差距再度拉大 10 年仅仅用 1 年咦 5
四、为什么苏茨克维不借马斯克上千人签署公开信时机“逼宫”颠覆奥特曼？ 10
六、拜登和好莱坞罢工给了苏茨克维胆量和机会发难奥特曼却没有看到奥特曼是
六、暴风雨一瞬间刚过 Sora 七色彩虹横空宛若梦幻精灵 11
七、Sora 七色彩虹横空出世的深远影响与创造世界奇迹 12
四、马斯克为什么 2018 退出 OpenAI 因缘猜测 18
七、微软与 OpenAI 强强联合是 AI 历史的必然 38
第四章 诡秘的 7 万亿引爆创造世界莫名其妙猜想
二、奥特曼再回应 7 万亿美元半导体计划世界需要更多 AI 芯片投入超出想象 40
七、“7 万亿美元是怎么回事？”奥特曼回复 AI 的发展需要“天文数字”的资金 45
二、鉴此上帝关上了万物生命物种个体“种间隔离繁殖”生命延续最重要的大门 50
四、俄罗斯白痴科学家伊万诺夫人猿杂交得到上帝眷顾流放惨死狱中① 52
五、俄罗斯白痴科学家伊万诺夫人猿杂交得到上帝眷顾流放惨死狱中② 52
第八章 AI 起源柏拉图亚里士多德人类智能逻辑哲学与知识产权
三、诺亚方舟遗址得到中国香港和土耳其探险证明创世纪并非空穴来风 65
二、黄仁勋显卡已经到了 4 纳米以下一直已经逼近原子的直径 68
三、And I can certainly be slightly bored with situation, 机器人真的有意识？ 69
第十二章 薛定谔波函数与诡秘不活不死二元猫开辟了“量子纠缠”
二、“猫”问题一直困扰着科学家促休 • 艾弗雷特提出平行宇宙理论 71
七、2024 年 10 月诺贝尔物理学奖的“自由意志”结论与裁决爱因斯坦错了 75
十一、从达 . 芬奇的科学手稿我们能够得到否定且神一般的回答 79
十二、意大利文艺复兴后续巴洛克对全世界艺术风格深远影响 86
第十三章 芯 -“硅基生命”之父巴丁奇迹与硅基生命挑战
二、只有诺贝尔奖悄悄记下这一未来震撼人类的“硅基生命”大革命火种 94
三、谁也没有想到巴丁“硅基生命”之父没等到 75 年后 GPT 突然横空出世 96
第十四章 人类科学从神话神学与异教徒叛逆神奇崛起科学知识先知
二、《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》伟大路径看人类早期科学起步古希腊圣贤 98
四、哈维修正盖伦心血理论完成《心血运动论》第一部现代科学著作 99
五、英国医生哈维来到帕多瓦大学留学，1628 年著述了划时代的《心血运动论》 99
六、克劳迪亚斯 - 盖伦（Claudius Galenus , 129 ～ 199）的历史功绩 100
八、哈维对诸方面进行人体解剖捡验与修正完成《心血运动论》把科学领先世界传入大英
九、哥白尼颠覆托勒密 48 个圆圈“地心说”完成了《天体运行论》 101
十、伽利略《关于托勒玫和哥白尼两大世界体系的对话》同样是异教徒反叛神学的“相对
十一、爱丁顿有句名言：“全世界没有第三个人真正懂得相对论 103
十二、35 年后发现经典遗传学之父孟德尔依然是修道院异教徒 103
十三、1900 年量子力学突破前人类科学家在为宇宙恒星和谐寻找法则 105
十四、19 世纪近代天文学随着法国天文学家勒威耶在计算天王星不规则的运行中直感还
十八、1965 年，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现了宇宙背景辐射 108
二十二、爱丁顿有句名言“全世界没有第三个人真正懂得相对论 114
二十四、爱因斯坦离开我们前一天亲手销毁大一统的草稿纸为哪般 119
第十五章 黑体辐成就了普朗克能量包量子力学问世和伦琴发现 xx
二、1900 年普朗克获得一个和实验结果一致的纯粹经验公式 135
第十六章 人脑构造与 AI 易数（0 、1）起源硅基生命根本不在一个
二、人工智能只能遵循线性的智力发展速度不可能自动迭代、更不可能发生“智能爆炸” 139
三、胶质细胞 (glial cell) 的由来与高智能专属作用 140
五、记忆忘却与获得性遗传无法改变人长期记忆需求与瓶颈 141
六、人猿杂交换头术催生王安发明“磁芯 AI 记忆体”为何折戟沉沙 141
七、更强大而这个母体在今年就会升级迭代变成更为强大更为智能 142
一、大英帝国稳定“日不落”林奈协策划了进化论惊天大骗局 143
二、从林奈协会亲手泡制达尔文进化论不惜扼杀华莱士手段的残酷与不惜化石造假 143
四、埃迪卡拉（Ediacaran）动物群是 Sprigg 又一次对达尔文进化论造成灭顶之灾 145
二、《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》伟大路径看人类早期科学起步古希腊圣贤 47
四、哈维修正盖伦心血理论完成《心血运动论》第一部现代科学著作 148
六、克劳迪亚斯 - 盖伦（Claudius Galenus , 129 ～ 199）的历史功绩 149
八、哈维对诸方面进行人体解剖捡验与修正完成《心血运动论》把科学领先世界传入大英
九、哥白尼颠覆托勒密 48 个圆圈“地心说”完成了《天体运行论》 150
十二、35 年后发现经典遗传学之父孟德尔依然是修道院异教徒 152
十三、1900 年量子力学突然前人类科学家在为宇宙恒星和谐寻找法则 154
四、科学发现总是从一个科学像另一个科学支点延伸，这从黑体辐射表现得尤为醒目和经
二、杨振宁同样承认有“造物主”是人“自由意志”的反馈 169
三、事实上，这种“自由意志”已经为 2022 年诺贝尔物理学奖三位大科学家用实验证明 170
四、笛卡尔看蜘蛛结网梦解析几何认为头上三尺有上帝神灵 171
五、1619 年 11 月 10 深夜笛卡尔做的三个梦 171
一、中国天眼也宣布要找，科学家：他们可能已找到人类 - 网络 174
五、在 20 世纪 70 年代，科学家提出了著名的“动物园假说” 203
第二十三章 拉马克命运在法国比拉瓦锡好不了多少
二、拉马克师出卢梭 26 年潜心完成《法国全境植物志》 216
三、对“获得性遗传”非议拉马克晚年双目失明悲惨凄凉死无葬身之地 216
四、拉马克植物分类记录了硅藻并不是说发现了“硅基生命”的影子 217
五、200 年后有人恶炒拉马克发现硅基小生命阿诺德感兴趣进行试验 217
二、距今 20 亿的大型核反应堆和 28 亿年的史前遗迹 219
二、柏拉图《对话录》的“亚特兰蒂斯”帝国一万年与人类灭绝奇迹 220
三、后来考古学家进行了更深入的调查，发现在撒哈拉沙漠的周围真的有许多海洋生物的
五、印度尼西亚发现一座 27000 年历史的金字塔？《自然》杂志表示不服 222
七、玛雅人灭绝是人类灭绝最经典案例玛雅人为什么一夜间消失在地球上了 225
八、1492 年哥伦布发现新大陆美洲印第安人实际处于人类局部灭绝生态 226
第二十六章 硅谷爆出内正在秘密训练 AI 智力 GPT3.5 双免全球应
四、OpenAI“两免不开源”仿佛西洋棋计划再一次完成了 AI 大模型一夜全球垄断 230
五、 最近，媒体报道一家世界最贵数据中心微软和 open AI 准备建设一家超级数据中心 232
六、事实上，大语言模型横空出世 8 年前 open AI 早就未雨筹谋 232
第二十八章 种性自然系统诠释
三、从卡森“微生态理论”与强燕平《微生态变异原理》与数据了解全球面临十大环境问
四、种性自然系统对人生命保护之科赫准则与人工选择抗生素孵化超级细菌天差地别 244
重要参考书目
题记：
sora 强势降生人类能“创造世界”吗？！
“创造世界”这是人创造的一个伪命题。从《圣经》“创世纪”开始经历了圣经元年： 在基督教历法中，特指公元 1 年，作为基督教历史和神学计算的基础年份 { 这是公历 }。也 可以是索拉 ;（北美）黑脸田鸡诞生的 2034 年是人工智能元年 -、产生了英雄传说，空之轨 迹——The legend of heroes Sora no Kiseki second chapter.《圣经》诞生于公元之前 4004 年 之前，编撰《圣经》者，必定是人，制定基督教教义者，也必须是人。
于是，教义中——“上帝创造万物，上帝创造人类”的神创论，必定是公元前 4004 年以 前的人所为。《圣经》是人类创造的一种宗教理论的哲学存在，起源 6000 年前至今西方仍 然信奉上帝神这种存在……
那么，为什么西方 6000 年、美国300 年至今信奉上帝不变？甚至许许多多科学家，特别 是获得诺贝尔奖的大科学家巨擘都认同“上帝”，异口同声说： “秩序和美丽，那就是上 帝”……
“秩序和美丽，那就是上帝” ……鉴此，自然是上帝、上帝就是自然（有赵鑫珊的《大 自然神庙 : 敬畏上帝宇宙或宇宙上帝》乃站在自然哲学的高度去鸟瞰整个科学世界的结 构、音乐的韵律和美感的神秘并深刻揭示科学世界的精髓和它的最高境界之伟大理论，并有 2010 年中国香港和土耳其考古队考古发现诺亚方舟遗址证明《圣经》大洪水是记载远古 真实的历史事件）……自然是上帝、上帝就是自然。这才是真真的唯物主义……
【创一 1】「起初，神创造天地。」
圣经以这句庄严、华美、简洁的话开始，首先宣告神是宇宙万物的唯一创造者，祂的创造 既是完整的、又是完美的。
「起初」就是时间的开始，神的创造开始了时间，没有创造就没有时间。
「神 ELOHIM」原文是复数，可能像英国女王自称为复数的「朕 We」，是表示尊贵。 希伯来语的「神」在两河流域泛指各种神明，单数是Eloah（申三十二 15）或 El（创三十五 1）， 双数是 Eloahi，三个以上的众数是 Elohim。圣经中的「ELOHIM」主要是用来称呼独一的 真神，可能暗示祂是三位一体的神。
「创造」原文是单数，表明虽然用众数「ELOHIM」来称呼真神，但祂是独一的造物主。 「神」原文在第一章出现了 32 次，祂是创造过程中唯一的主角，不像异教神话中的造物者 需要借助别的神。「创造」是指从无到有的创造（1 、21 、27 节），而不是在已有材料基 础上的「制造」（16 、25 、26 、31 节）。
「天」原文是复数，包括天空、太空。希伯来文没有 「宇宙」这个词，而是使用「天地」 这样的「两极化」修辞方式来表达「宇宙」的概念。
第 1 节的希伯来原文由 7 个词（中文也是 7 个字）、28 个字母组成，看似简单，其实 隐含了许多令人惊讶的数学特性。现代科学告诉我们，神在创造中使用的表达方式正是数 学，整个第一章都充满了数学规律。
最近，以色列考古学家宣布在一个沙漠洞穴中发现了几十个载有圣经文本的死海古卷 碎片，据信这些碎片是 1900 年前犹太人反抗罗马时隐藏的。
“死海古卷（Dead Sea Scrolls，或称死海经卷、死海书卷、死海文书），是目前最古老的 希伯来圣经抄本（旧约）。除了《圣经·以斯帖记》以外的《旧约全书》全部内容都能在 死海古卷中找到，还含有一些虽然已经得到天主教承认、但仍被新教视作外典（包括次经及 伪经）的经卷。此外，当中也包含一些不属于《圣经》的文献。”
《以色列时报》称，这场发掘中还发现了一个保存良好的编织篮，距今已有 10500 年， 以及一具有约 6000 年历史的木乃伊化儿童遗体。也就是说，死海古卷（Dead Sea Scrolls ， 或称死海经卷、死海书卷、死海文书），的历史悠久，悠久超过“中国浙江省嵊州市甘露镇的 小黄山遗址惊显 9000 年前新石器时代的人类骨架的墓葬，该墓葬中的人体骨架的肢骨、骨 盆已被发掘出来，头颅骨等也已显出。”1500 年；是目前最古老的希伯来圣经抄本（旧约）， 基督教经典《圣经》由《旧约》和《新约》组成。《旧约》是《圣经》的第一部分，指基 督教继承的犹太教《希伯来圣经》。《希伯来圣经》用希伯来文写成，共 39 卷！
12、下图是“死海古卷”：
10500 年是迄今为止最古老的人类（文明）遗迹，和英国化石造假案同样震惊世界，对 赫胥黎、达尔文都不是好消息：
上图：创世记第 1 章第 1 节的希伯来原文有 7 个词、28 个字母，除了第 4 个词是虚词， 共有 6 个词是有实际意义的，并且所有字母所代表的数码之和是 2701。这些数字隐含了以 下奇妙的数学性质：
1 、7 在圣经里代表完整，神在第 7 日进入安息。
2、6 在圣经里代表完美，神用6 日创造了完美的世界。6 在数学上是第 1 个完美数（Perfect Number，即 6 是其真因子 1 、2 、3 之和：6=1+2+3。目前只发现 48 个完美数，
都以 6 或 28 结尾）。
3 、6 在数学上又是第 3 个三角数（Triangular Number，即 6=1+2+3）。圣经里的重要 数字大都与 3 和三角数有关，3 是属神的数字（十八 2 、9-10）。
4 、6 由两个三角数 3 组成：神 6 日的创造过程分成两个 3 日来对比，第 1 至 3 日对比 第4 至6 日，前 3 日是分开，后3 日是充满；神把所创造的星体、植物、动物都简单地分成3 类。
5 、28 在 数 学 上 是 第 2 个 完 美 数（即 28 是 其 真 因 子 1 、2 、4 、7 、14 之 和： 28=1+2+4+7+14），第 7 个三角数（即 28=1+2+3+4+5+6+7）。
6、2701=73*37，这对镜像数隐含了3（三位一体）和7（七日创造），而且是第73 个三角数。 上图：3 是第 2 个三角数（Triangular Number），6 是第 3 个三角数，28 是第 7 个三角数。
上图：2701 是第 73 个三角数（Triangular Number），即 2701=1+2+3+4+……+73，可以 排成以上三角形。
上图：第 1 节中隐含了许多三角形。整节 28 个希伯来字母可以排成上图中最上面的 三角形，第 1 个词的 6 个字母可以排成右下角的三角形，第 1-5 个词的 21 个字母可以排成 左下角的三角形。
公历纪元或公元（英语：CommonEra，缩写为 C.E.），也称西元，是当今国际社会最为 广泛使用的纪年标准，源于西方国家使用的基督纪年，以当时认定的耶稣出生年为纪年的开 始。第一年被称作基督元年（耶稣出生的那一年）。后来，由于西方文化的强
势，西历纪元成为世界通用标准。
在英语里“纪元前”是用“B.C.”来代表，“纪元后”是用“A.D.”代表；“B.C. ” 是“BeforeChrist”（基督前）的首字母缩写，基督徒常译为“主前”；而“A.D.”则是拉 丁文“AnnoDomini”（主的年份）的缩写，基督徒常译为“主后”。因着一些非基督徒的 现代学者及科学家基于世俗化和宗教中立原则，就试图用“B.C.E.”和“C.E.”来分别代表 “公元前”和“公元后”；“C.E.”是“Common Era”的缩写，意为“公元”，而“B.C.E. ”
是“Beforeth
上图：第 1 节所有字母所代表的数码之和 2701=37*73，而 37 和 73 都是大卫星数（Star
number，六角星数），可以组成以上大卫星（ Star of David）。 英雄传说，空之轨迹 provided by jukuu
三、周鸿祎格局太小中美 AI 差距再度拉大 10 年仅仅用 1 年咦
他还提到，尽管国内大模型发展水平表面看已经接近 GPT-3.5，但实际上跟 4.0 比还有 一年半的差距。OpenAl 手里应该还有一些秘密武器，无论是 GPT-5，还是机器自我学习自 动产生内容，“奥特曼（OpenAI CEO）是个营销大师，知道怎样掌握节奏，他们手里的武 器并没有全拿出来。这样看来中国跟美国的 AI 差距可能还在加大。”——周鸿祎上面的 格局太小太小……根本没有能够从人工智能元年的大格局、N 维度、仅仅从中美看英雄传 说，空之轨迹 provided by jukuu 的横空出世……显然看不到 sora 是人类再一次降生“创造 世界”、颠覆世界并应用智能战争称霸世界的大格局去品评 sora 的智能元年吧！
英国已经宣布给乌克兰 20000 多无人机进行 AI 袭击俄罗斯大后方动议，周鸿祎双眼只 死盯着美国就能走在世界前面啦！
此纯脆小人之志！根本不如任正非万分之一矣！……
Sora 发布后数小时，马斯克在社交媒体上回复了“gg humans”，gg 为 Good Games 缩写， 代指“打得好，我认输” 。之后马斯克还称，通过 AI 增强的人类将在未来几年创造出最好 的作品。
然而，令全世界不解的是马斯克过了一个月却起诉 马斯克起诉 OpenAI 的消息再次引爆了科技圈。
这位前 OpenAI 联合创始人在一份长达 46 页、总字数超过 1.4 万字的诉讼文件中，指控 OpenAI 不计后果地开发人类级别的人工智能，并将其移交给微软。
马斯克的诉讼直指 OpenAI 首席执行官 Sam Altman 和总裁 Greg Brockman，他们两人 与马斯克合作，于 2015 年创立了这家公司。
诉讼称，这两人违反了与马斯克最初达成的「创始协议」，该协议承诺公司将公开开发 AGI（通用人工智能），并「造福人类」。
事后，奥特曼连发了两条意味深长的推文，似乎是对马斯克指控的回应，「这一切都曾 经发生过，也将在未来再次发生」、「风暴愈演愈烈，但风暴中心岿然不同」。
令全世界迷惑不解、颇感神秘……
Sora 在世纪大突破前处于死一样寂寞极限——OpenAI 举办了首届开发者大会，推出了 “加强版”ChatGPT-4 Turbo，还宣布要围绕 GPT 打造 AI 平台，推出 GPT Store，更提出了人 人可以开源，创造自己的 ChatGPT 的“划时代”概念——GPTs。
而这场大会，或许就是点燃奥特曼阵营和苏茨克维阵营积累已久的恩怨“导火索”。
两天后，微软就曾因安全和数据方面的原因，短暂禁止过员工访问 ChatGPT。紧接着， ChatGPT 和其他一些服务器又出现了故障问题……
2023 年 5 月 4 日 : 美国编剧工会 (WGA) 宣布罢工，这是好莱坞电视和电影编剧在与网 飞、亚马逊、苹果和迪士尼等 AMPTP 谈判6 周后，15 年来的首次罢工；这是全球第一家人 工智能引爆的艺术家工会宣布的大罢工，罢工时间多久还不知道。
好莱坞大罢工浮出水面、暴露了 ChatGPT 与所有 AI 工具的信心失落、心存恐怖并引爆 了郁结在苏茨克维所说的安全风险和恐怖危险与未来大量失业、人工智能战争改变世界重 大缺陷。
苏茨克维生在俄罗斯，长在以色列，是著名美国籍犹太裔科学家。在机器学习领域是个 难得的天才，苏茨克维的老师就是“人工智能教父”Geoffrey Hinton——从某种意义说， OpenAI 的产品中，技术方面的东西大部分是苏茨克维主刀操办的。从另一个方面说，安全 第一是苏茨克维理论实践的核心，安全监管和伦理问题是 AI 领域向前推进的底线与灵魂， OpenAI 要在弄清楚 AI 的研究路径后，尝试让人工智能“安全可控”。
巧合的是，2023 年 5 月 4 日，就在好莱坞罢工的同一天， “拜登会见了顶级 AI 公司 的 CEO 们，告诉他们：你们有道德义务，保证 AI 产品的安全。
开会前，拜登自己尝试了 ChatGPT，完完全全被「迷住了」，并认为这是「我们这个时 代最强大的技术之一」。】赞誉之后，拜登开场非常直白， 「你们正在做的事不仅有巨大 的影响力，还将带来巨大的危害」。
在这场大约 2 小时的会议中，最重要的话题便是对 AI 危害的担忧，白宫希望，这个问题 能通过立法来解决。”……
美国打环境和苏茨克维理论实践的核心在两种发展过程必然引爆不在死亡中诞生就在死亡中毁灭的 暴风之眼呈现在全世界人类眼前：...ChatGPT 之父”山姆·奥特曼 (Sam Altman) 被 OpenAI 董事 ...
2023 年 11 月 20 日 11 月 20 日凌晨两点多 ,OpenAI 创始 人、“ChatGPT 之父”山姆· 奥特曼 (Sam Altman) 被 OpenAI 董事会解雇一事 , 终于初步尘埃落定。 微软 首席执行官纳德拉在社交媒体上 ...
雪球
大反转！奥特曼重返 OpenAI | 回顾 100 小时“宫斗”全过程
随着奥特曼的回归，这场持续了超过 5 天的 OpenAI“宫斗”，最终以奥特曼的回归暂 时划上句号。
全程回顾 100 小时“宫斗”大戏细节 OpenAI 高层震荡事件全过程
（旧金山当地时间）
主要人物：
OpenAI 联合创始人、前 CEO 山姆·奥特曼（Sam Altman）
OpenAI 联合创始人、前总裁格雷格·布罗克曼 (Greg Brockman)
OpenAI 联合创始人、首席科学家伊尔亚·苏茨克维（Ilya Sutskever） OpenAI 首席技术官米拉·穆拉蒂 (Mira Murati )
微软公司首席执行官萨提亚·纳德拉（Satya Nadella） OpenAI 临时首席执行官埃米特·谢尔（Emmett Shear） 主要时间：
11 月 16 日
苏茨克维通知奥特曼开会 11 月 17 日
奥特曼被公开宣布解雇、布罗克曼辞职、OpenAI 高级研究员辞职 11 月 18 日
投资者力促奥特曼回归
包括微软在内的投资者对事态的发展感到愤怒，他们向 OpenAI 董事会施压，要求其恢 复奥特曼的职位。
董事会原则上同意改变方向
一位与奥特曼关系密切的消息人士表示，董事会原则上同意辞职，并允许奥特曼和布罗 克曼回归，但此后一直犹豫不决。
11 月 19 日
奥特曼加入微软
纳德拉午夜在 X 上发帖，宣布奥特曼、布罗克曼及其同事将加入微软领导的一个新的 人工智能研究团队。奥特曼转发这条帖子给出确认态度。纳德拉也向其他 OpenAI 员工敞 开了大门，表示如果他们选择加入，将获得所需的资源。
员工威胁辞职
OpenAI 大约770 名员工中的近 500 名（包括苏茨克维）签署联名信，称除非董事会辞 职并重新任命奥特曼，否则他们可能会辞职。当天结束时，签署联名信的员工数字攀升至 747 名。
11 月 20 日
奥特曼和布罗克曼考虑回归
奥特曼转投微软的交易尚未敲定，奥特曼和布罗克曼仍对重返 OpenAI 持开放态度，前 提是最初解雇奥特曼的其他董事会成员辞职。奥特曼在 X 上发帖称， “我们都会以某种 方式共同努力”，这意味着战斗仍在继续。
当晚，纳德拉在电视节目上被询问奥特曼是否会成为微软员工以及 700 名 OpenAI 员 工是否会加入微软时，仅表示“这由 OpenAI 董事会、管理层和员工选择”。他表示 OpenAI 需要一个新的治理结构。
微软在旧金山的 LinkedIn 办公室开辟了一层空间，配备笔记本电脑和GPU 芯片集群， 为人工智能提供计算能力，以便在让奥特曼在重返 OpenAI 失败的情况下容纳其团队。但 一位了解纳德拉想法的人士表示，微软的首要目标是让奥特曼重新担任 OpenAI 首席执行 官。
11 月 21 日
奥特曼与临时首席执行官谈判
知情人士称，奥特曼、谢尔和至少一名董事会成员亚当·德安杰洛之间正在进行讨论。 会谈还涉及 OpenAI 的一些投资者。
一位人士表示，公司正努力在感恩节（11月 23 日）前解决围绕公司领导层的混乱局面， 希望员工在假期期间不会对工作状况感到不确定。
奥特曼与董事会成员矛盾曝光
知情人士透露，奥特曼与董事会成员海伦·托纳（Helen Toner）此前发生冲突。她在 10
月发表了一篇学术论文，宣传 OpenAI 竞争对手Anthropic 的安全实践，奥特曼与她对质，称 她损害了公司。
奥特曼归来
OpenAI 在社交媒体上宣布，已经原则上达成协议，奥特曼重返公司担任CEO，“并组 建由布雷特·泰勒（主席）、拉里·萨默斯和亚当·德安杰洛组成的新董事会。我们正在合作 找出细节。非常感谢你对此的耐心等待。”
资料来源：The Information 、The Verge、华尔街日报、
之前，OpenAI 在一份声明中称：“董事会在经过审议后得出结论，奥特曼在与董事会 沟通中不够坦诚，影响了董事会履行职能的能力。董事会不再对他继续领导 OpenAI 的能 力充满信心。”
OpenAI 官方辞退理由如下， “奥特曼的离职是在董事会经过深思熟虑的审查程序之 后进行的，审查程序得出的结论是，他在与董事会的沟通中始终不坦诚，阻碍了董事会履行 职责的能力。董事会不再对他继续领导 OpenAI 的能力充满信心。”
请看原文：
能这样轻而易举的解雇奥特曼，就在于：事实上，奥特曼并未持有 OpenAI 股权，就不 能像扎克伯格一样拥有对公司的绝对控制权，自然而然就可能随时随地被解雇，这是不言而 喻的呀！所以，“不够坦诚”就足以把奥特曼“开除”、从懂事会扫地出门？
四、为什么苏茨克维不借马斯克上千人签署公开信时机“逼宫”颠 覆奥特曼？
2023 年 3 月 30 日马斯克联名 1000 多著名科学家签署一公开信，借电影《终结者》深 刻表述人工智能对世界未来产生巨大风险——鉴于 OpenAI 刚刚在上月发布 3.5，全世界只 有惊叹，按照 OpenAI 早期发展进程来看，如果对于 AI 安全的过度考量，很有可能拖住公司 前进的脚步。显然，过度关注 AI 安全对 OpenAI 进一步商业化扩张并不友好、甚至完全不 利，阻断财源。再有马斯克和 1000 多科学家的重量级远不如总统拜登、更不如好莱坞罢工 对美国人影响深远、号召力强大！ ……
苏茨克维审时度势，感觉不到火候；此外，他需要做董事会其他董事的工作，增加自己 的筹。码这样就只好把“宫斗”拖延下来……选择最有利时机出手
图为年初百名科学家签名公开信上述 AI 风险
苏茨克维有一个人工智能教父的老师、叫辛顿，2013 年，65 岁的辛顿把一家由三人初 创的公司以 4400 万美元的价格卖给谷歌，在此之前，他在多伦多大学担任了30 年的计算机 科学教授，在这个当时叫神经网络的冷门子领域中充当领头羊。30 年后辛顿离开了谷歌， 是
担心人工智能可能造成危害，并开始在接受采访时谈论这项技术可能对人类构成的“生
存威胁”_ 辛顿教对苏茨克维影响即现实且深远，所以越使用 ChatGPT 这个由大量人类写 作语料库训练出来的人工智能系统就越是惴惴不安，在一次与奥特曼交谈时隐隐约约感觉 到奥特曼内心存在更大胆的计划……事实上，有许多理由畏惧人工智能超越人类案例。比 如，担心人类员工被电脑取代是人之常情。但是，辛顿与包括 OpenAI 首席执行官萨姆·奥特 曼（Sam Altman）在内的许多著名技术专家一起，发出了警告，称人工智能系统可能会开始 自我思考、甚至试图取代或消灭人类文明。人工智能最杰出的研究人员特别是辛顿，发表了 如此引人心忧如焚的观点，属实令人震惊。
苏茨克维网络维护教父的担心，毅然决然、便毫不犹豫的下决心发动政变，一手导演了
100 小时“宫斗”大戏！……。
六、拜登和好莱坞罢工给了苏茨克维胆量和机会发难奥特曼却没有
很快 - 几乎同时奥特曼在 X 平台（原推特）上发表如下一段话， “我很喜欢在 OpenAI 的时光。这对我个人来说是变革性的，希望为世界也带来了一些变革。最重要的是， 我喜欢与这些才华横溢的人一起工作。之后，我会宣布更多关于后续的事情。”
那么，为什么是演示会在后的呢？
因为苏茨克维（Ilya Sutskever）从好莱坞罢工和拜登表态看到时机成熟、胜券在握…… 然而他没有想到：
在奥特曼宣布被解雇几个小时后，另一名 OpenAI 高管、OpenAI 联合创始人格雷格·布罗 克曼宣布辞职。其在社交平台 X（即推特）上发文称，对大家这些年共同取得的成就感到 自豪，“但根据今天的新闻，我退出了。”
另一个吗好友 OpenAI 的另一位创始人、在奥特曼被辞退的第一时间，董事会主席格雷 格·布罗克曼（Greg Brockman）也在董事会的压力下，选择和奥特曼一同离开。原文：
也就是说，苏茨克维在错误的时间、错误的机会、错误的地点开启了爆裂印记之反叛、向 奥特曼等创始人发起“逼宫”，自然凶多吉少！
不在死亡中毁灭死、必然在死亡中诞生游戏规则开始，经过 100 小时自然反转无 疑！……
Sora 宛若梦幻精灵，不仅能够根据文字指令创造出既逼真又充满想象力的场景，而且生
成长达 1 分钟的超长视频，还是一镜到底那种。
从发布的视频来看，60 秒的视频中，视频主体与背景保持了高度流畅性与稳定性；在 一个视频里实现多角度镜头，分镜切换符合逻辑且十分流畅；此外，Sora 对于光影反射、运 动方式、镜头移动等细节处理非常到位。
“一位戴着尖顶帽，身披绣有白色星星的蓝色长袍的巫师正在施法。他的一只手射出 闪电，另一只手中拿着一本旧书。”“这座城市洁净无瑕，到处可见的是先进的未来式有轨 电车、绚丽的喷泉、巨型的全息投影以及四处巡逻的机器人。” ……OpenAI 首席执行官山 姆·奥特曼也亲自“下场”，在社交媒体上根据网友给出的 prompt 输出视频。
Sora 的视频效果，几乎和人工拍摄不相上下，由此带来的强大冲击让无数人感叹，“现 实，不存在了”。
2024 年 2 月 17 日 OpenAI 代币在山姆奥特曼发布 sora 后 WLD 飙升 40%
Andykang123 2024 年 02 月 20 日 10:38 广东
Sora 催生了世界两大联盟：
A 、AI-RAN 联盟成员三星集团表示，6G 时代的新兴服务将彻底改变人们与科技的互 动方式，AI 将成为这一趋势中不可或缺的一部分。AI-RAN 联盟将促进合作，推动创新，并 围绕 Al 和 6G 网络迎来一个转型的新时代——巴塞罗那当地时间 2 月 26 日，在 2024 年世 界移动通信大会上（MWC 2024），美英等 10 国发表联合声明，支持 6G 原则。参与此次联 合声明的国家有：美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、捷克共和国、芬兰、法国、日本、韩国、瑞典和英国 政府。
AI-RAN 联盟亦于当日成立，这是由英伟达牵头，为的是技术创新，在即将到来的6G 时 代抢占更有利的地位。该组织共有 11 个初始成员，包括三星、ARM、爱立信、微软、诺基亚、
英伟达、软银等半导体、电信、软件巨头。
B、为抢攻近百亿美元电信网络商机，AI 晶片龙头英伟达（NVIDIA）进攻电信版图， 携手亚马逊网络服务公司（AWS）、安谋（ARM）、软银、爱立信、诺基亚、三星电子、微软 和 T-Mobile 等科技巨头成立 AI-RAN（无线存取网络）联盟，
$Sora 概 念 (BK1159)$ #Sora 概 念 股 爆 火，行 情 逻 辑 是 什 么？ # $ 姚 记 科 技 (SZ002605)$ $ 中文在线 (SZ300364)$
在 OpenAI 推出 Sora 之后，我们观察到
opai 领导下的 WLD 代币的价格上涨了 40%, 原因如下 :
WLD 代币价格的飙升归因于 OpenAI 的联合创始人山姆·奥特曼与 Worldcoin 的合作。
奥特曼参与了 Sora 的发布，并担任 Worldcoin 的联合创始人，这可能有助于增加对该项 目的兴趣和信心，导致代币价格飙升。
市场情绪 :OpenAI 的 Sora 模型，一种文本到视频技术的推出，引发了对 WLD 代币的看 涨行为。
Sora 的创新性质及其革命性的内容创建方法的潜力引发了广泛的兴趣，导致了 WLD 代币价格的飙升。
奥特曼 open 一年完成迭代，立刻引爆美国科技巨头们上演人神生死大决斗：最新的消 息，Google. 谷歌宣布推出最强人工智能 Gemini 双子座，吊打GPT4，比 GPT 更灵巧，并没 有开什么大型的发布会，静悄悄的就上线了。 一上线就引起不小的轰动……事实上，google 是最先下场搞人工智能、早就上线了 Gemini，这次是加强版。
微软一直在加持 open airi google 测试双子星，甚至希望将 OpenAI 的人工智能技术引 入 Office 办公软件中；人工智能引爆微软股价爆涨，截至周五（1 月 12 日）美股收盘，微
软股价上涨 1% 至 388.47 美元，使该公司收盘时市值达到 2.89 万亿美元，超过苹果的 28747 亿美元，重夺全球市值第一的宝座。
黄仁勋芯片因 AI 爆发猛然一直暴利、英伟达赢利势头很猛，继去年狂赚 588 亿美元（换 算为人民币约为4226 亿元）后，今年 1 月份，英伟达股价再创新高，市值飙升近 3000 亿美元。 黄仁勋也要推出了自己的人工智能产品；
马斯克刚刚完成脑机接口项目，宣布首位脑机接口设备移植者实现用意念操控鼠标，并 且悄悄在 x ai 公司对人工智能一直在静悄悄的快速迭代……
亚马逊发力，希望后来居上，让大家寝食难安了！
最典型的就是苹果，虽然，苹果在人工智能方面始终拿不出像样的产品，市值一度被微 软反超；却当仁不让，苹果 CEO 库克将这款设备的发布宣告为“空间计算时代的到来”。 他称：“Vision Pro 是有史以来最先进的消费电子设备，其革命性且神奇的用户界面将重新 定义我们联系、创造和探索的方式。”
2024 新年伊始，俄乌战争没有结束、哈以拉法战乱愈演愈烈、缅北内战难平……美国那 边却在没有硝烟的战场拼得你死我活……
那么，Sora 能创造一个新世界吗！？
从创造世界这一角度来看，Sora 的问世给 Vision Pro 带来了更多的创造世界丰富内 涵——创造世界基于空间计算的自洽思维空间 N 维视频，这样直接为 Vision Pro 来创建思 维意识 N 维视频的日子为期不远了……
奥特曼出生自一个美国的犹太家庭，8 岁那年，他得到了自己的第一台 Mac 电脑，开始 接触编程。2005 年，还在斯坦福大学读计算机专业大二的他创建了 look 的这家公司。Root 是一个工具软件，可以通过分享地理位置来进行社交。要知道 05 年那个时候 iPhone 第一 代都还没发布，IPhone 是 2007 年乔布斯亲自发布一鸣惊人……
山姆 . 奥特曼是一个神童，乔布斯的苹果电脑改变了奥特曼性善取向，16 岁在约翰巴 勒斯学校，乃圣路易斯的私立的非宗派的大学预科学校。一个基督教团体抵制在他的学校 举行的关于性行为的集会后，奥尔特曼向整个社区公开了他的同性恋身份并说：“在中西 部成为同性恋并不是最棒的事情，”
奥特曼为了全力做好这个 look，选择从斯坦福大学退学，最后赚到了人生第一桶金。
“感觉就像有人打开了一个新世界的盒子。”——“山姆所做的改变了学校， ”他的 大学辅导员玛德琳格雷告诉纽约客。也就是说，奥特曼从小就是改变世界的神童！长大了 应该就是神“改变世界的神”吧！……
奥特曼在斯坦福大学学习了两年计算机，辍学并和两同学开发属于自己的第一款移动 应用程序 Loopt—— 是 Y Combinator 投资的首批八家公司之一；
2012 年以 4300 万美元的价格将 Loopt 卖给了银行公司Green Dot，这是奥特曼第一笔 神操作；后奥特曼创立了一家名为 Hydrazine Capital 的风险基金，并筹集了 2100 万美元。 其中包括他从 Loopt 获得的 500 万美元中的很大一部分，以及来自亿万富翁企业家和风险 投资家 Peter Thiel 的投资。
2014 年，28 岁的奥特曼被 Y Combinator 创始人保罗格雷厄姆选中，接替他担任 Y Combinator 总裁。
2015 年，年仅 29 岁的奥特曼入选福布斯 30 位 30 岁以下风险投资榜单。
奥特曼常说：“我尽量不去想太多，”，“但我有枪、黄金、碘化钾、抗生素、电池、水、 以色列国防军的防毒面具，还有一大片土地在大苏尔，我随时可以飞去。”——这是 2016 年作为奥特曼一个世界末日准备者（时刻认为世界会毁灭）神的疯狂，印证了不在死亡中
诞生、就在死亡中毁灭时刻准备着第一梦想！…… 事实上，奥特曼没有毁灭。
2015 年，奥特曼与时任特斯拉和 SpaceX 首席执行官的 马斯克 共同创立了 OpenAI、 2022 年 11 有奥特曼亲手演示了 ChatGPT3.5 横空出世走上神坛……
2024 年 2 月 17 日奥特曼演示 Sora 文字转圜视频奇迹全世界惊呆若狂——
太疯狂了 ! 奥特曼用 Sora 生成的视频 ,OpenAI 赢麻了 _ 哔哩哔哩 _...
2024 年 2 月 17 日 1.5 万 -- 2:14 App 史上最强砸饭碗 AI 问世 !“Sora ”! 视频生成类 AI 头号玩家 ! 50.9 万 56 0:13 App 2023 年 10 月 ,AI 生成的视频 百万播放 200.9 万 370 1:23 App 快失业了 :AI 一键绘制视频 ...
bilibili
于是，世人自然会问：“奥特曼是人还是神”？？
马斯克起诉 OpenAI 及奥特曼 m.gmw.cn 2024-03-01 19:39
澎湃新闻记者 胡含嫣
继《纽约时报》之后，OpenAI 又被告上法庭，这次还是前创始人马斯克。
当地时间 2 月 29 日晚间，特斯拉 CEO 埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）向旧金山高等法院 提起诉讼，由洛杉矶的律师事务所 Irell ＆ Manella 代表，以违反合同为由起诉 OpenAI 及其 CEO 萨姆·奥特曼（Sam Altman）。
马斯克在诉讼中表示，奥特曼和 OpenAI 违背了这家 AI 研究公司成立时达成的一项协 议，即开发技术以造福人类而不是利润。马斯克声称 OpenAI 最近与科技巨头微软的关系 损害了该公司最初致力于公共、开源的通用人工智能（AGI）的目标。
法院文件显示，马斯克对 OpenAI 提出了包括违约、违反信托义务和不公平商业行为在 内的指控，并要求该公司恢复开源。马斯克还要求法院下达禁令，禁止 OpenAI、其总裁格雷 戈里·布罗克曼和奥特曼（此案的共同被告）以及微软从该公司的人工通用智能技术中获利。
马斯克表示，AGI 是一种被开发用于自主展现与人类相当认知水平的 AI 类型，其在 OpenAI 的 GPT-4 模型中得到了体现。马斯克指出，于 2023 年 3 月发布的 GPT-4 与之前的 版本相比仍是一个封闭模型，而这一举措是出于商业考虑，而不是人类利益。
马斯克在诉讼中写道：“GPT-4 的内部细节只有 OpenAI 知道，在信息和信念上，微软 也知道。因此，GPT-4 是‘开放式 AI’的对立面，它的封闭是出于正当的商业原因：微软 希望通过向公众出售 GPT-4 来赚钱，如果 OpenAI——它被要求这样做——让公众免费使用 这项技术，这将是不可能的 与创始协议相反，被告选择使用 GPT-4 不是为了人类的利 益，而是作为专利技术，为世界上最大的公司实现利润最大化。”
马斯克还在诉讼中提及了 2023 年 OpenAI 的“政变”风波。马斯克称，奥特曼的短暂 离职促使微软介入，并迫使试图罢免他的董事会成员辞职，OpenAI 目前的董事会成员不再 是支持和了解该技术的科学家和研究人员。
马斯克是 OpenAI 的联合创始人之一，但于 2018 年离开董事会。他表示，董事会与奥 特曼之间的冲突源于 GPT-4 的开发和 AGI 技术可能出现的下一次迭代，马斯克担心这可能 会危及公共安全。
[ 责任编辑 : ]
2024 年 2 月 29 号，马斯克向旧金山高等法院提交了一份儿长达 44 页的起诉状，马斯 克指控 AI 违反了成立之初签订的协议，放弃了为全人类服务的宗旨。事实上，AI “开源” 是马斯克讼状焦点！——这就是资本入场裹挟人工智能必然出现的惊天大博弈。
2015 年马斯克和奥特曼共同创建 AI 公司 OpenAI 就变成了由非营利性开放性机构 OpenAI,Inc. 和营利性子公司 OpenAI Global LLC 组成。出现非营利主体管理营利主体公 司，奥特曼没有一毛钱股份，遂上演了 100 小时“宫斗”大戏。一波刚熄，一波再起，跨年 2 月 29 日马斯克上诉指控 AI 违反了成立之初签订的协议，放弃了为全人类服务的宗旨，改变 了开源开放的原则。从一个非盈利性组织转而和微软深度绑定，成为了以利益最大化为目 的的最大的人工智能技术的垄断企业……
从马斯克起诉请求看，强烈要求 AI 恢复开源，必须禁止微软再利用 OpenAI 的技术获 利，并表示将会把审判后获得的一切赔偿全部捐给慈善组织做善事儿……
诉讼一出全世界一片哗然、颇感意外，7 天静默等待突发事件进一步发展。
3 月 2 日，OpenAI CEO 萨姆·奥特曼 (Sam Altman) 发布内部备忘录，回应了埃隆·马斯 克 (Elon Musk) 对公司和他个人提起的诉讼，言语中既有对马斯克的褒奖也有讥讽。
马斯克是 OpenAI 的联合创始人之一，他在周四晚些时候起诉 OpenAI 及其 CEO 奥特 曼，指控 OpenAI 与微软公司的密切关系破坏了该公司创立时的最初使命，也就是开发造福 人类而不是优先考虑盈利的开源技术。目前，马斯克已不再参与 OpenAI 的运营。
奥特曼在备忘录中回应称，马斯克是他的英雄，他怀念那个曾经通过开发更好的技术与 他人竞争的人。奥特曼的后半句有讥讽之意，暗示马斯克不想着好好开发技术，而是通过诉 讼阻止他的公司发展。
马斯克的起诉书
与此同时，OpenAI 首席战略官杰森· 权 (Jason Kwon) 也发布了一份备忘录，声称 OpenAI “断然不同意”马斯克对公司提起的诉讼，并反驳了马斯克关于 OpenAI 实际上是 其投资者微软的子公司的说法。他表示，马斯克的这个说法“可能源于他后悔如今无法参 与到 OpenAI 运营中来”。
杰森·权在备忘录中指出，OpenAI 的使命是“确保通用人工智能 (AGI) 造福全人类”， 公司是独立的，与微软直接竞争。他还表示，他希望向员工通报“政府机构调查”的最新情 况，这显然是指美国证券交易委员会在去年底奥特曼被公司董事会短暂罢免后展开的一项
调查。
截至发稿，OpenAI 拒绝就诉讼和两封内部备忘录置评。 【来源：凤凰网科技】
2015 年，马斯克曾一度发动了 11000 名美国学界、科技界的知名人士就相关问题发表 了公开信，并以发起人、赞助人成立了 A 公司，并签署协议。说明非以盈利为目的不追求股 东利润的最大化所有研究成果都将是开源的不会出于商业目的将其技术封闭和保密这份儿 成立协议被永久记录在注册证书里；之后为公司投资四千五百万美元、并从谷歌拉来人工 智能专家……凡此种种，可见马斯克对 AI 心有独钟。那么，2018 年马斯克却单方面退出 OpenAI 原因是什么呢？
是马斯克骨骼的竞争中保持优势主动并要求掌握大部分股权。这个要求被大多数人拒 绝之后，就退出了 OpenAI ……
奥特曼公开了 2015 年到 2018 年马斯克和各位股东之间的五封邮件意欲证明！？
这里，需要说明一下，自从去年 11 月 OpenAI 政变之后，前首席科学家伊利亚已经不再 露面了，甚至去向成谜。然而，在今天的公开信里，联合署名的第二个就是伊利亚，倒是令人 费解！
也许，马斯克诉讼能不能牵扯到去年 11 月 100 小时宫斗大戏！？以及与微软的一系列 纠结孰是孰非？
最热科技公司 OpenAI 对全球首富马斯克，这场史诗大战进入了新的高度。
刚刚，OpenAI 用一篇长文《OpenAI and Elon Musk》，正式驳斥了马斯克的所有指控。
标题简洁，但内容却相当吸引眼球。OpenAI 直接晒出了八年来各位创始团队成员与马
斯克的往来邮件截图，并反复重申 OpenAI 对成立使命的不懈追求。
文章开篇表示：「OpenAI 的使命是确保 AGI 惠及全人类，这意味着既要构建安全、有 益的 AGI，又要帮助创造广泛的利益。我们正在分享我们在实现使命方面所学到的知识，以 及有关我们与马斯克关系的一些事实。我们打算驳回马斯克的所有主张。」
与此同时，曝光邮件内容中的一些「神秘信息」，再次加重了人们的好奇：马斯克所提 到的人类未来，到底取决于什么？
文 章 由 Greg Brockman 、Ilya Sutskever 、John Schulman 、Sam Altman 、Wojciech Zaremba 共同署名。当科技圈都在猜测 Ilya 是否已经因为与 Sam Altman 的矛盾离开 OpenAI 的时候，署名算是一种变相回应：至少此时，Ilya 仍作为核心成员全力抵御 OpenAI 正在面对的风暴。
几天前，马斯克这位前 OpenAI 联合创始人在一份长达 46 页、总字数超过 1.4 万字的诉 讼文件中，指控 OpenAI 不计后果地开发人类级别的人工智能，并将其移交给微软。马斯克 的诉讼要求法院强制 OpenAI 回归开源，并阻止公司及其创始人以及微软等背后支持者从 中获利。（参见： 《马斯克起诉 OpenAI：他们做出了 AGI 还授权给微软，这是对创始协 议赤裸裸的背叛》）
OpenAI CEO 对此的态度显得意味深长，让事情变得越发神秘：
马斯克与 OpenAI 之间是理念不合，还是利益之争，局外人很难揣测。 一切没说破的话，可能都在这封信里。
OpenAI 的反击
OpenAI 在最新发布的长信中写道：
我们意识到构建 AGI 需要的资源比我们最初想象的要多得多（在 2015 年的一封邮 件中）马斯克称，我们应该对外宣布一份 10 亿美元的启动资金。但总的来说，作为非营利 组织的 OpenAI 总共从马斯克那里筹集了不到 4500 万美元，从其他捐助者那里筹集了超过 9000 万美元。
2015 年底创办 OpenAI 时，Greg Brockman 和 Sam Altman 最初计划筹集 1 亿美元。马 斯克在一封电子邮件中表示：「我们需要一个比 1 亿美元大得多的数字，以避免听起来目 标无望…… 我认为我们应该从 10 亿美元的资金承诺开始…… 对于其他人未提供的部分， 我将负责补足。」
神仙打架百口莫辩！呜呼哀哉…… 马斯克说 OpenAI 改名就撤销诉讼
Claude 3 破译 OpenAI 邮件密文：马斯克怒斥应改名 ClosedAI 新智元 2024-03-07 14:40 新加坡
编辑：桃子 好困
【新智元导读】大瓜又来了！ OpenAI 公开邮件之后，马斯克玩梗回复若改名 Closed AI 决定放弃起诉。闹掰之后，Altman 本人表示非常怀念以前的马斯克。
继 OpenAI 与马斯克正面宣战，一连曝出 8 年来往邮件后，马斯克本人终于回应了。 他表示，「若 OpenAI 将名字更换到 Closed AI，我就放弃起诉」。
随后，他转发了各种梗图，把 Altman 经典回岗工作牌，修改成了「Closed AI」。
揭开 OpenAI 的本质——Closed AI。
更有意思的是，网友们对邮件中掩码的内容，发起了「攻击」，想要将其掩盖的文字破
译出来。
不仅用上了世界最强大模型 Claude 3，就连「分词」猜测都用上了。
Claude 3「破案」：人类未来掌握在「谷歌」手中
邮件中，马斯克称，「不幸的是，人类的未来现在掌握在▇▇的手中」。 那么，究竟是谁的手中？
网友 Pietro Schirano 称，「自己用Claude 3 解密了OpenAI 邮件中遮挡的一部分内容」。
令人惊讶的是，他们使用的是「按字」脱敏的方法，这意味着每脱敏的长度与单词的长 度成正比。
因此，根据上下文和单词长度， Claude 对原文内容做出了如下猜测：
首先，马斯克所说人类的未来，现在掌握在「谷歌」的手中。
然后紧接着下一句是，「我相信，仅 DeepMind 每年的开支就在 1 亿美元以上」。
这句话一眼就能看出来，是错误的，毕竟原文的句子长度，是在「hands」单词前结束了。
最后抹去的一大段，Claude 3 猜测：他们正在建设庞大的集群，并且有一条通往通用 人工智能的明确路径。它能适应任何问题，在每项智力任务上都能碾压人类，同时还能在廉 价硬件上运行。
不管怎么说，有了 Claude 3 的密文解译，从头看下来，这封信的内容确实毫不违和。 再来看看另一封邮件中，涂黑的一大段，是 OpenAI 团队的人发给马斯克的。
想要破译这个邮件难度就太高了，网友 varepsilon 开始第一步就是「分词」。
他猜测，这应该是 Karpathy 写给马斯克的信，并抄送给了自己。
经过一番努力，破译的第一句话是：DeepMind's AlphaZero implementation is over nine to twelve times the next
不过，更多的进展，还在进行中。
就连 OpenAI 的视频生成研究员 Will Depue 对此还产生了兴趣，并表示「这看起来很 有趣，我也想加入其中，但很可能行不通」。
邮件中透露的 5 个细节：
1. Ilya 澄清 OpenAI 中的「open」并不意味着「开源代码」
首席科学家 Ilya Sutskever 在邮件中的一句话，成为众多网友的关注点。 随着我们离构建人工智能越来越近（close），减少「open」是说得通的。
他认为，「open」意味着在 AI 构建完成后，其成果应该让所有人受益，但这并不意味 着必须分享所有科学研究成果。
尽管在短期到中期内，为了招聘目的分享成果无疑是正确的策略。
2. 马斯克同意 AI 不一定要开源
对于 Ilya 的回信，马斯克仅用一个词，表达了赞同 AI 技术不一定要开源。
3. 马斯克建议将 OpenAI 与特斯拉合并
向 Sutskever 和 Brockman 发送的邮件中，马斯克称：
OpenAI 正在「烧钱」，而当前的资金模式难以与谷歌等大公司竞争。最有希望的办法 是，将 OpenAI 与特斯拉合并，通过特斯拉为其提供资金来源。
马斯克补充道，我们可能希望不是这样。但在我看来，特斯拉是唯一能与谷歌抗衡的公 司。即便如此，成为谷歌的制衡力量的可能性也很小。但这种可能性并非为 0。
4. 2018 年便开始讨论 OpenAI 转向盈利模式的可能性
虽然 OpenAI 表面上仍然是一家非营利性组织。
但早在 2018 年，OpenAI 和马斯克就讨论了营利性转向——即转向目前不同寻常且复 杂的非营利 / 有限营利结构。
马斯克指出，以盈利为重点的战略可能会随着时间的推移创造更可持续的收入来源，而 且就目前的团队而言，很可能会吸引大量投资。但从头开始构建产品可能会过于复杂，分散 研究的焦点。
他继续表示，最有希望的方法是让 OpenAI 「将特斯拉作为其摇钱树」， 帮助构建自动 驾驶解决方案。
「如果能做得很好，且运输业的规模足够大，那么就可以将特斯拉的市值提高到 O(~100K)，并用这笔收入在适当的规模上为人工智能工作提供资金。」
5. Ilya 担心出现「硬起飞」状况——安全的 AI 比不安全的更难构建
Ilya 所说的「硬起飞」， 实际上是指——人工智能突然快速发展到超越人类智能的阶 段，而没有缓冲期。
他强调，这种情景下，开发安全的 AI 比开发不安全的 AI 更加困难。如果将一切开源， 那么拥有大量算力的「坏人」将很容易构建不安全的 AI。
马斯克与 Altman 的「爱恨情仇」
马斯克与 OpenAI 、Altman 之间，还有一些从未公开的秘密。 从相爱到相杀，他们之间究竟经历了什么？
今天，WSJ 发表的一篇长文，讲述了马斯克与 Altman 的「兄弟情谊」如何走向终结。
十多年前，在南加州 SpaceX 的总部，Sam Altman 第一次深刻感受到了马斯克的雄心 壮志，而那次会面也彻底改变了他的人生轨迹。
如今，身为 OpenAI 首席执行官的 Altman，经常会回想起当时心里产生的巨大反差。
20 多岁的自己刚刚以不尽如人意的价格，卖掉首个创业项目的日子，而比他大 14 岁的 马斯克，正筹划着向火星发射火箭的宏图。
Altman 后来回忆道，「我当时心想，『原来这就是坚定信念的模样』」。
最近，Altman 更是亲身体会到了这位「昔日导师」对信念的坚持：马斯克直接向 Altman 本人发起了挑战。
在上周提起的诉讼中，马斯克指责 Altman 为追求利润背离了OpenAI 最初的使命，而 OpenAI 对此予以否认。
这场愈演愈烈的爱恨情仇，恰恰揭示了人工智能军备竞赛中不断变化的力量平衡。
2015 年，两人共同创立了 OpenAI。作为一个非盈利的研究机构，初期的数千万美元（根 据邮件 4000 万美元）都是由马斯克亲自出资。
如今，马斯克已经离开，OpenAI 则转向商业化，获得了微软数十亿美元的投资。 OpenAI 正在引领当下的 AI 热潮，而马斯克自己的初创公司xAI，却只能勉强追赶这个曾经 由他资助起步的组织。
「从个人角度来说，这很令人难过，」Altman 在诉讼当天向员工发出的备忘录中表示。 他把马斯克称为自己的个人英雄。
「我愿意将马斯克看作是一位建设者，一个通过构建更优技术来竞争的人，我希望他能 站在我们这边，」他这样写道。
在昨天 OpenAI 发布的一篇博客中，计划驳回马斯克提出的所有法律指控。
多年以来，Altman 依靠马斯克的名望和财富帮助 OpenAI 起步。他们联手试图阻止当 时在 AI 领域遥遥领先的谷歌成为行业霸主。
然而，围绕他们合作关系恶化的原因，身边的人却给出了不同的说法：
站 Altman 的人认为，马斯克是嫉妒他在 AI 领域的成就。相比于 AI 安全，马斯克更在 意的是如何超越 OpenAI。
而马斯克的支持者则认为，他对 AI 安全的担忧是真切的，并且他视 xAI 为开发出 OpenAI 之外更好的选择的关键。
缘起：联手创办 OpenAI
Altman 和马斯克是由 Y Combinator 的合伙人 Geoff Ralston 介绍认识的。
当二人第一次相遇时，Altman 刚刚将 Loopt 以一个并不理想的价格卖出，这个价格仅 仅回本。
20 多岁的他当时正处于人生的十字路口，一边在印度的修行处寻找心灵的平静，一边 在考虑是创办新公司还是全身心投入投资。
相比之下，马斯克当时已经成功开发了一种能够从空间站回收货物并返回地球的商业 航天器，他认为这是实现人类星际生活的关键第一步。
Geoff Ralston
随着 AI 的发展越来越快，马斯克也越来越感到不安。
根据马斯克的诉讼，他的担忧起源于 2012 年与 AI 公司DeepMind 的联合创始人 Demis Hassabis 的一次会面，会上 Hassabis 强调了AI 进步对社会可能带来的潜在风险。
而诉讼中未提及的是，会后马斯克投资了 DeepMind，以便更密切地关注这项技术的发 展。
后来，当马斯克得知谷歌计划收购 DeepMind 时，他感到非常震惊。
他与 PayPal 的联合创始人之一 Luke Nosek 提出了竞购，但未能成功——谷歌则最终买 下了 DeepMind。
Altman 从小对 AI 充满了浓厚的兴趣，18 岁时就已经将其列为自己想要深入探索的问 题之首。
随着 Altman 在硅谷的知名度不断上升，他努力将科技界的焦点聚焦于 AI 的巨大潜力 上。
2014 年，他在个人博客上称 AI 可能是「有史以来最重大的技术发展」。几天后，他被 任命为 Y Combinator 的负责人，而 Y Combinator 后来也成为了 OpenAI 的支持者。
和马斯克一样，Altman 也对这项技术的潜在危险深感忧虑。2015 年 2 月，他曾写道， AI「可能是对人类持续存在最大的威胁」。
在那年 3 月，Altman 询问马斯克是否有兴趣联合撰写一封公开信，呼吁美国政府关注 人工智能的问题。
到了 5 月，他向马斯克发送邮件，建议 Y Combinator 启动一个类似「曼哈顿计划」的 人工智能项目。马斯克回应表示这个想法「可能值得进一步讨论」。
随后，两人开始合作着手筹建一个新的 AI 实验室——马斯克为它起名叫 OpenAI。
大牛 Greg 、Ilya 入局
Altman 在 6 月的邮件中提出，他们应该作为一个 5 人董事会的成员来管理这个非盈利 机构，并建议在实验室正式成立后再发布呼吁AI 监管的公开信。马斯克对此表示全面同意。
Altman 邀请了 Greg Brockman ，Stripe 的首席技术官加入。
而马斯克则帮助招募了在谷歌工作的顶尖 AI 科学家 Ilya Sutskever。
为了让非盈利机构的薪酬方案更有吸引力，OpenAI 计划向招聘的员工提供特斯拉和 SpaceX 的股份，以及参与 Y Combinator 投资项目的机会。
马斯克和 Altman 成为了 OpenAI 的首批联合主席。据前员工透露，实际上是马斯克在 这个组织中拥有更大的影响力和控制权。
最初，马斯克经常出现在办公室，提出一些大胆的想法，并询问员工们对于实现通用人 工智能（AGI）的看法。
有 趣 的 是，当 时 的 OpenAI 和 马 斯 克 的 另 一 个 创 业 项 目 —— 脑 机 接 口 公 司 Neuralink——是共用办公空间的。
与此同时，马斯克还是 OpenAI 的财务支柱。
OpenAI 曝出的邮件称没，马斯克曾许诺了 10 亿美元资金的承诺，避免听起来与谷歌或 Facebook 支出相比毫无希望，并承诺补足任何资金短缺。
而在当时，Altman 和 Brockman 最初的筹资目标是 1 亿美元。
根据投诉资料，马斯克总共捐赠了 4400 万美元，其中2016 年捐出 1500 万美元，2017 年又捐出2000 万美元，连续两年成为最大的捐赠者。此外，他还承担了OpenAI 几年的房租。
马斯克力促OpenAI 的研究团队开展创新项目，从而在与DeepMind 的竞争中占据先机。 其中一个团队的目标是 Dota 2 中战胜世界顶尖玩家。
未出成果，通往 AGI 压力重重
但到了 2017 年，OpenAI 尚未取得任何重大研究成果。
前员工透露，马斯克显得越来越不耐烦，他加大了对员工的压力，有时甚至威胁要退出 项目。
同年，谷歌发布了一项关于新型 AI 模型「Transformer」的研究论文，这标志着构建类 似人类聊天机器人等工具的大型语言模型的新纪元。
论文指出，实现这一目标需要处理大量数据和巨大的计算力。
为了筹集足够的计算资源，Brockman 和其他人提议将 OpenAI 的架构转变为盈利性质。 这样一来，它就能从包括微软在内的投资者那里获得资金。
马斯克对此持反对态度，他在给 Brockman 、Sutskever 和 Altman 的信中明确表示，要么 他们自己另起炉灶，要么就继续保持 OpenAI 的非盈利性质。他强调，在他们作出明确承诺 之前，他不会再为 OpenAI 提供资金，「讨论到此为止。」
对此，Altman 回应称，他仍然「非常看好非盈利模式」 !
在周二发布的博客文章中，OpenAI 表示马斯克已经认识了到建立营利实体的必要性， 但他不仅希望获得多数股份和初始董事会的控制权，还想担任 CEO。
一方面，马斯克一直在试图加强对 OpenAI 的控制，甚至提议将 OpenAI 纳入特斯拉。
在博客文章中附带的一封电邮中，马斯克表示：「特斯拉是唯一可能与谷歌竞争的途径。 尽管如此，成为谷歌对手的几率很小，但并非没有可能。」
另一方面，马斯克还试图吸引 OpenAI 的研究人员加入特斯拉，这一行为激怒了他的同 事们。
文章指出，在讨论期间，他曾中断资金支持。此时，OpenAI 不得不依赖 LinkedIn 联合 创始人 Reid Hoffman 的资金支持来维持运营。
2018 年 2 月，OpenAI 的高层拒绝了马斯克意图控制的提案，因此他选择了辞去联合 主席一职。此后，Altman 接任首席执行官。
在一次全体员工会议上，Altman 对马斯克在组织内的贡献表示感谢，马斯克也在会上 表示，他计划在特斯拉开展自己的 AI 研究。
当一位年轻研究员对马斯克的决定提出质疑，认为这可能会加剧 AI 军备竞赛时，马斯 克大骂这位研究员是「蠢货」并愤然离场。
在 2018 年底，马斯克再次通过电邮向 Altman 、Brockman 和 Sutskever 表达了他对 OpenAI 未来的悲观预测。
他认为，如果不在执行方式和资源配置上进行重大调整，OpenAI 与DeepMind/Google 保持竞争力的可能性为 0。
尽管马斯克停止了对 OpenAI 的现金捐款，但他仍继续承担其租金费用。
2019 年 3 月，在 OpenAI 成立了盈利子公司后，Altman 依然公开支持马斯克。
在投资者开始做空特斯拉股票时，Altman 立即站出来为马斯克辩护。
ChatGPT 诞生，彻底分道扬镳
2022 年 11 月，当 OpenAI 发布了能写诗和生成计算机代码的聊天机器人 ChatGPT 后， 两人的关系出现了裂痕。
马斯克公开表达了对于 ChatGPT 加快开发强大 AI 的竞赛的担忧，同时，他也开始质疑 这家他共同创立的非盈利组织是如何从微软那里筹集到数十亿美元资金的。这些质疑最终 成为了他提起诉讼的依据。
OpenAI 发布 ChatGPT 不久后，Musk 宣布切断了OpenAI 访问推特数据的通道，因为 OpenAI 此前一直在考虑利用其数据来训练模型。
此后，Altman 邀请马斯克访问OpenAI 总部，并就推特的决策以及 ChatGPT 问题进行 了一次长时间的私下会谈。
在那段时间里，马斯克向 Altman 透露了他有意创立一个新的通用人工智能公司 xAI 的 打算。对此，Altman 表示疑惑，他不确定再加入一个 AI 竞赛的参与者是否能够缓解马斯 克的担心。
在 ChatGPT 发布后的几个月，马斯克开始努力从 OpenAI 挖角员工到他的 xAI，甚至威 胁要对 Altman 和 OpenAI 提起诉讼。
到了 11 月份，马斯克发布了自己的聊天机器人Grok——一个比ChatGPT 不那么「觉醒」 的竞争对手。
近期，xAI 开始筹备新一轮融资，这很可能会使它与OpenAI 之间的竞争更加激烈。
在马斯克提起诉讼之后，Altman 向他的团队发出了一份备忘录： 「认为造福人类与 建立企业是相互矛盾的想法，让人难以理解」。
微软（Microsoft）是一家美国跨国科技企业，1975 年 4 月 4 日创立。2023 财年营收 2119.15 亿美元，公司总部设立在华盛顿州雷德蒙德（Redmond，邻近西雅图），以研发、制 造、授权和提供广泛的电脑软件服务业务为主。最为著名和畅销的产品为 Windows 操作系 统，全球几乎大部分人得天天用微软系统，使用频率极高；去年微软收购了游戏巨头动视暴 雪又增加 5 多亿游戏玩家，随着投资 OpenAI100 亿美元，在最近微软股价已经腾飞，微软的 市值在 2024 年 1 月 12 日达到了 28872 亿美元，这一数值超过了苹果公司的 28747 亿美元， 使得微软重夺全球市值第一的宝座。此外，微软的市值还在 2024 年 2 月 9 日达到了 3.12 万亿美元，再次刷新了其历史最高市值记录。
有人说微软和 OpenAI 强强联合是一个偶然的机会，在 OpenAI 初创困难的时候投资百 亿美元——这就是微软的眼光、机遇与格局；或者说就是人工智能发展的历史的必然吧！
从马斯克诉讼双方 2015-2024 年的关联信息，我们可以看到特斯拉呢车主都加起来也 不到微软用户的一个零头，事实证明大模型不还得靠微软的场景、数据与大格局才能万亿变 现赢麻！……
马斯克本来是 OpenAI 联合创始人，早就期望控制该公司、或者纳入特斯拉却被扫地出 门……微软瞧准时机后来居上！
真可谓人算不如天算，微软知天命、强强联合，顺应 AI 历史潮流天做合……
当地时间 3 月 17 日，北京时间 18 日凌晨，马斯克旗下 xAI 公司宣布正式开源其大模型 Grok-1。该模型引人关普遍关注有两点：
是参数达到 3140 亿，远超 OpenAI GPT-3.5 的 1750 亿，是迄今参数量最大的开源大语 言模型；
则它是一个混合专家大模型，简单来说，就像把各个领域的“专家”集合到了一起，遇 到任务派发给不同领域的专家，最后汇总结论，提升效率。
就在马斯克“开源”的“硝烟”还未散去时刻，媒体爆料，OpenAI 的 CEO 奥特曼首 次公开表示，GPT-5 将实现史诗级性能跃升。另一个爆炸新闻说 - 英伟达再次推出“超级 芯片”——Blackwell B200 GPU 和 GB200；B200 一块能顶 5 个 H100 ，30 倍推理加速，能 训练万亿参数大模型年内推出，人
工智能三巨头大手笔令人惊出一身冷汗！……
年初，马斯克状告奥特曼还没有了解、AI 三巨头大佬又齐头并进升级开源、推出5.0、爆光 GB200，全球 AI 魔幻般在美国硅谷“碾压”世界 AI……马斯克的Grok 从去年 3 月起航注 册成立 xAI。团队 12 名初创人员都是“挖”自DeepMind 、OpenAI、谷歌研究院、微软研究 院、特斯拉、多伦多大学等，据悉曾参与过 DeepMind 的 Alpha Code 和 OpenAI 的 GPT-3.5 和 GPT-4 等项目；成立公司半年多，xAI 就发布了Grok——只训练了两个月，小部分能力 就超越 GPT3.5，可为是一个善于讽刺的聊天机器人，颇有马斯克本人怪癖多刺大家风采。 仿佛在诉说着 OpenAI 创始人奥特曼没有带给 OpenAI 公司一丁点“open”、违背协议没有 开源大模型，一气之下就开源了自己的大模型 Grok-1……私下却留了一手，最新版的 Grok- 1.5 不能开源（大模型差半代，差之毫厘拗之无限遥远）毕竟马斯克还是有点小心眼……呵 呵可！
奥特曼在硅谷出席一个活动时现场表示，GPT-5 的性能提升的程度将超出预期，甚至 还表示，低估 GPT-5 能力的初创公司将被下一代模型所碾压。
马克思 Grok-1 的开源可谓条条大路通罗马 -“多个方向、多条路总是美好的呀！的”
九、突发“2024.4.10”英特尔 CEO 帕特·基辛格手舞足蹈地亮出了 最新 AI 芯片——Gaudi 3AI 算力一浪更比一浪高
看下 Gaudi 3 的性能结果，就一目了然了： 训练大模型：比英伟达 H100 快 40%
推理大模型：比英伟达 H100 快 50%
不仅如此，虽然基辛格没有在现场给出直接的数据，但他还表示：
Gaudi 3 的性能将与英伟达 H200 相当，在某些领域的性能甚至会更好。
CEO 基辛格手舞足蹈的亮出了新一代 AI 芯片硬刚英伟达的Gaudi 3：竞争残酷啊 1
英特尔表示，Gaudi 3 已经在 Llama 上做了测试，可以有效地训练或部署 AI 大模型，包 括文生图的 Stable Diffusion 和语音识别的 Whisper 等等……
Gaudi 3 性能上直接碾压英伟达 H100 附近大模型，训练时间缩短 40% 推理能力。算力 也提高了一半。甚至能直接超越英伟达的 H 版。他现场展示了集成到第三个 IPC，比如让 他回复邮件。处理语音、渲染图像等等……不仅速度快，效果也是没话说。这款芯片预计今 年第三季度向客户大规模提供，戴尔、惠普等公司都会使用该芯片系统。至于具体价格，英 特尔还未透露，许多 AI 商家表示英伟达一家独大的日子就要过去了……
真正是惨烈性的残酷啊！
第四章 诡秘的 7 万亿引爆创造世界莫名其妙猜想
2024 年 2 月 11 日，网络报道：山姆奥特曼融资 7 万亿美金只是为了做芯片吗？ 7 万亿 美金？ 50 万亿人民币。全球只有中美两个国家的GDP 才能超过这个数额，我国全部 5000 多家上市公司加起来的总市值也不过 80 万亿人民币。用 1/11.4 中国 GDP 去制造芯片是一 种单相思！也许，是做拯救世界、很过瘾的 AI 实验，彰显一个美国团队利用人工智能在全球 攫取巨量财富，最后掌控整个世界的全过程吧！？
二、奥特曼再回应 7 万亿美元半导体计划世界需要更多 AI 芯片投 入超出想象
2 月 11 日 3 天后，奥特曼再一次回应 7 万亿美元半导体计划：帕特 , 山姆 , 基辛格 ,ai 芯片 , 格斗游戏 , 动作游戏 , 半导体计划 , 任天堂游戏 , 奥特曼 ( 游戏 )……也许，这不是地 球神话——它超过了目前世界上前几大芯片公司的总市值。例如：
英伟达目前市值约 16665.58 亿美元； 台积电目前市值约 6500.63 亿美元； 博通目前市值约 5746.19 亿美元；
阿斯麦目前市值约 3573.1 亿美元；
超威半导体（AMD）目前市值约 2654.58 亿美元；
英特尔目前市值约 1837.91 亿美元； 高通目前市值约 1696.43 亿美元；
德州仪器目前市值约 1491.96 亿美元； ARM 目前市值约 1268.54 亿美元；
亚德诺目前市值约 960.6 亿美元；
美光科技目前市值约 899.58 亿美元；
恩智浦（NXP）目前市值约 606.57 亿美元；
迈威尔科技（Marvell）目前市值约 566.42 亿美元； 微芯科技（Microchip）目前市值约 451.12 亿美元；
泰科电子目前市值约 434.6 亿美元；
意法半导体目前市值约 402.82 亿美元； 芯源系统目前市值约 342.88 亿美元；
安森美半导体目前市值约 331.69 亿美元；
GlobalFoundries（格罗方德）目前市值约 295.35 亿美元； 日月光半导体目前市值约 209.37 亿美元
AI 火热的最大受益人——英伟达
自 OpenAI 公司 2022 年 11 月 30 日发布 ChatGPT 3.5 以来，AI 领域相关的投资一直 很火热。以英伟达为例，2022 年 11 月 30 日英伟达的市值大约为 4163.06 亿美元，而现在 的市值约 16665.58 亿美元，大约是原来的 4 倍。英伟达市值的提升一方面可以归结为芯片 市场的回暖，另一方面则是“AI 红利”的影响。
▲ gpu 打败 cpu 是英伟达垄断之路的起点
英伟达 ai 大战核心到底是什么？
曾几何时，英特尔和 md 集成到了主板上并集成到cpu 上，在笔记本和个人电脑上赚的 盆满钵满、因此如日中天……当时在电脑领域可以说一家独大！
1999 年黄仁勋提出 gpu 已经 20 多年过去了，一直默默无闻；gpu 是什么？就是显卡上 的核心芯片，gpu 最早在英伟达诞生，突然后来居上。
那么，英伟达靠的是什么？毫无疑问是算力，即显卡；目前算力突显神灵就相当于在众 多硬件中胜出；显卡越大大模型越领先。
目前市面上能够提高 ai 算力的主要有英伟达的 gp um 与 md 的 gpu、谷歌的 t pu。但英 伟达的显卡最强劲！但是，为什么要这样说呢？
gpu 打败 cpu 是英传统的是 cpu 。cpu 一个核心只能处理一个任务，就像人脑一样处理 大量数据就犯难，只有 gpu 拥有大量的计算核心，可以同时执行很多相似的计算任务，可以 在短时间内处理大量数据，此外传统的 cpu 训练深度神经网络以效是嘀嘀响而且是微信为
事实上，英伟达 1999 年一直做独立显卡，以游戏为目标、在游戏兴起后才开始大显身 手；显卡在全球真正的转折点是在 2022 年 11 月 open ai 的 char g pt 横空出世让！……
人们突然意识到算力和并行处理能力在深度学习和推理任务中的巨大作用。英伟达的 gpu 加速卡、就像一个算力神器大爆发那样引爆股价市值爆涨、到目前仅次于微软、苹果的 第三位；并且和苹果的第三位差距越来越小，有望全球第一！
为了进一步提高算力英伟达因而开发了扩达技术，这是一种并行计算平台和编程模 型，允许开发者利用英伟达的 gpu 进行高性能的计算操作，可以用比传统 cpu 更高的计算效 率，执行复杂的科学计算和大规模的数据处理任务；但最关键的还不是 pd 而是英伟达围绕 这一技术构建的包括各种深度学习和并行计算库编译器调试工具和性能优化工具的全面生 态系统。大大降低了 ai 模型开发和训练的门槛，吸引了大量的研究者和开发者、从 H100 到 H200 、2004 年已经进入 B200——英伟达 18 日（2024.3.18）在加利福尼亚州圣何塞市举 行一年一度的开发者大会。首席执行官黄仁勋在会上发布这一产品。B200 的 B 取自数学 家戴维·布莱克韦尔。他是首名入选美国国家科学院的黑人学者。
黄仁勋介绍，B200 的体积比英伟达上一代 AI 芯片 Hopper 大了一倍，集成有 2080 亿 个晶体管，是上一代芯片 800 亿个晶体管的 2.6 倍，在处理给聊天机器人提供答案等任务时， B200 芯片的速度比上一代芯片快 30 倍。
可见，黄仁勋是十年磨一剑，当初如果和英特尔一同研发 cpu 至今，而不是坚持下来哪 能有今天的无比辉煌啊！……
▲台积电贵在坚持 30 年如一日
台湾积体电路制造股份有限公司，中文简称：台积电，英文简称：TSMC，属于半导体 制造公司。成立于 1987 年，2022 年营收 2.264 万亿新台币，是全球第一家专业积体电路制 造服务（晶圆代工 foundry）企业——台积电企业定位：一直坚持做芯片代工不与上游芯 片设计企业抢饭碗！
事实上，台积电真正赚钱的是芯片的封装，凭借独有的 cos 封装技术。比如：英伟达 H100 卖 35000 美元一个，其中成本约3000 美元，那么台积电赚了里面的大约900 美元！事 实上，台积定每个 h100 加速卡要赚 723 美元，远远高于芯片生产赚的钱。五纳米的 h100 也 许其他厂家也可以生产，但封装却只有台积电能够做到。
为什么会这样呢？
因为，扣也就是 chi wafer on sub streetrate 芯片堆叠到晶圆到基板，也就是把芯片堆叠起 来封装到基板上，这是一种复杂的二点五 d 封装技术。是台积电 2013 年就开发出来的；可 以把多个半导体芯片包括处理器和存储器集成在一个硅中介层上，在连接到底层基板上可 以缩短芯片间的连接线路，减少芯片间的通信距离从而减少数据传输延迟。据传输延迟提 高整体推出了 b100、每一代都是对上一代的颠覆性的提升，让对手没有任何办法去追赶，并
不断的巩固本来就已经固若金汤的地位、想不垄断市场都不可能！ ……
据报导台积电自 2004 年 12 月试产迄今，已成功建置 0.35 微米至 0.18 微米各型工艺技 术并大量投产，其主要应用为手机芯片、智能卡、电脑周边控制器、DVD 控制器、LCD 驱 动器等，产品良率达国际水平。经 2006 、2008 、2010 年三次扩充，2010 年月产能达 4 万 8 千片 8 吋晶圆，全年产出逾 50 万片 8 吋晶圆，获利逾 4 千 3 百万美元。随着 AI 进入风口浪 尖英伟达如日中天，台积电水涨船高引爆台积电利润暴涨。
【台积电（NYSE:TSM）是全球最有价值的十大公司之一，在过去 12 个月里其股价上 涨超过 50% 后，该公司自2020 年以来首次加入该俱乐部。台积电在半导体行业的量化评 级股票中排名第一，其强烈买入评级为 4.87，超过市值最接近的行业竞争对手，包括英伟达 (3.49)、博通 (3.45) 和 AMD(4.77)。】
事实上，台积电全球垄断贵在坚持数十年如一日的坚持、持之以恒并把专一发挥到了极 致、不离不弃，精工封装恰到好处、无怨无悔、客户至上、质量第一、战略长远、直至永远的企 业文化！……
▲三星集团成立于 1938 年，由李秉喆创办，是家族制企业，李氏家族世袭，旗下各个三 星产业均为家族产业，并由家族中的其他成员管理。
旗下子公司包含：三星电子、三星 SDI、三星 SDS、三星电机、三星康宁、三星网络、三星 火灾、三星证券、三星物产、三星重工、三星工程、三星航空和三星生命等，由家族内的李氏成 员管理，其中三家子公司被美国《财富》杂志评选为世界 500 强企业。三星电子是旗下最 大的子公司，2009 年全球 500 强企业中三星电子排名第 40 位，全球最受尊敬企业排名第 50 位，三星的品牌价值排名第 19 位。2011 年的全球企业市值中三星为 1500 亿美元。 2020 年7 月，三星名列福布斯2020 全球品牌价值 100 强第8 位。2021 年9 月，三星位列2021 年《亚 洲品牌 500 强》排行榜第 6 位。
2022 年，三星电子利润约 43.3766 万亿韩元。
虽然 Coco 封装是台积电最先发明，HBM 却是三星海力士最先开发、制造的；可是啊 ! 都经历了 10 年的不瘟不火，一度三星曾怀疑上 HBM 有点错了，科技路径不好赢利？继续 干下去？还是换赛道众说纷纭。老总说坚持下来吧！一下子就坚持 10 年之久呢？
坚持就是胜利！……
十年海力士仍然不离不弃！多年来进行了三次技术升级，2024 年 11 月 GPT3.5 横空 出世，全球新一轮 ai 大革命潮流海力士一飞冲天，在 2024 年海力士的所有产能都已经被预 定一空，股价同样翻了一番、三星也凭借自己的晶圆厂和半导体深厚的长年技术创新积累， 尽可能扩大自己的市场份额！翘楚 AI 三巨头……海力士在全球算力三分天下有其一。
韩国三星预计到 2030 年 bm 市场将爆增十多倍、达到六、七百亿美元……海里士約能 占据一半以上的份额！
预计未来垄断 ai 命运的三大巨头英伟达、台积电、海力士正在提前布局十年产能…… 发挥往日十年磨一剑精神，继续隐忍负重，厚积薄发创造更伟大的辉煌！ ……
小结：实际上AI 大模型的性能，有四部分组成，分别是软件生态、算力、显存、多卡互联， 并不是分散在英伟达、台积电、海力士每一个单一性能上。大模型最重要 AI 性能领域核心 技术，就是千卡互联的能力。鉴此，英伟达的 B200 的体积比英伟达上一代 AI 芯片 Hopper 大了一倍，集成有 2080 亿个晶体管，是上一代芯片 800 亿个晶体管的 2.6 倍，在处理给聊天 机器人提供答案等任务时，B200 芯片的速度比上一代芯片快 30 倍。
2006 年达特茅斯会议当事人重聚，左起：Trenchard More 、John McCarthy 、Marvin Minsky 、Oliver Selfridge 、Ray Solomonoff。看 2022 年 11 月 ChatGPT 横空出世， “人工
智能”命名确实有一种传奇性超前之辉煌与伟大，与会科学家期盼在一种能力上表现的超 凡脱俗，这就是编写人工智能系统的能力（传说发起人留下了一个“普罗米修斯工程方案” 仿古希腊命名“铁卷 +，因为他们坚信英国数学家欧文古德的”智能爆炸“理论）- 普罗米 修斯（古希腊语：Προμηθε囚囚；英语：Prometheus），在希腊神话中，是最具智慧 的神明之一，最早的泰坦巨神后代，名字有“先见之明”（Forethought）的意思。泰坦十二 神伊阿佩托斯与海洋女仙克吕墨涅的儿子。普罗米修斯不仅创造了人类，给人类带来了火， 还很负责的教会了他们许多知识……
有神秘消息人秘密说，当山姆 . 奥特曼得到微软 100 亿美元资金 OpenA 同时得到普罗 米修斯铁卷模型、圈内默默认为一切准备就绪的时候，在一个星期五的早晨 9 点钟整，精英 团队按密码“铁卷”正式秘密启动；审慎地没有指令让普罗米修斯铁卷模型进入互联网，
仅仅在硅谷本地存储着一份包含部分内容的副本作为训练数据，以便“铁卷”从中学习大 语言模型。最开始通过游戏编写人工智能系统，发现“铁卷”表现的比人类逊色，令奥特曼 想不到后来只用了 1 个小时，“铁卷”就以极快的速度追上来，到了早上 11 点钟， “铁卷” 完成了对自身的第一次迭代，升级到了 2.0 版本；团队认为换算成人类演化时间将需要几 千年……
事实上，2023 年 AI 发布新一代生成语言模型，是去年的3.0 母版。目前我们用的这个 chat g PT 是基于 GP3 模型开发的一个缩小版本，g3.0，才是母体更强大而这个母体在未来 就会升级迭代变成更为强大、更为智能的语言模型，全世界用户量必将突破百亿。而考虑到 算力负荷的问题就必须用天量资金全力制造芯片的呀 !
团队没有想到，到了下午 3 点钟，“铁卷”竟然主动迭代到了 3.5 版本，整个团队都惊 呆了！……
不知道为什么？过了 N 年 11 月奥特曼就不顾一切地把 3.5 版上传到互联网；极大超 越了达特茅斯会议当事科学家团队“铁卷”预期；不仅仅有前辈大惊失色悄悄问：
难道“智能爆炸”在团队眼前真的发生啦吗！？
突发！美英等 10 国发表联合声明，支持 6G 原则【附 6G 行业发展现状分析】 前瞻网 2024-02-27 11:54
图源：摄图网
距 2024 年 2 月 17 日演示会后 9 天——巴塞罗那当地时间 2 月 26 日，在 2024 年世界 移动通则。参与此次联合声明的国家有：美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、捷克共和国、芬兰、法国、 日本、韩国、瑞典和英国政府。
声明称，通过共同努力，我们可以支持开放、自由、全球、可互操作、可靠、有弹性和安全 的连接。我们相信，这是为所有人建设一个更加包容、可持续、安全与和平的未来不可或缺 的贡献，并呼吁其他政府、组织和利益相关者与我们一起支持和维护这些原则。
与此同时，AI-RAN 联盟亦于当日成立，这是由英伟达牵头，为的是技术创新，在即将 到来的 6G 时代抢占更有利的地位。该组织共有 11 个初始成员，包括三星、ARM、爱立信、 微软、诺基亚、英伟达、软银等半导体、电信、软件巨头。
据格隆汇今天早上快讯，美英等国发表声明，支持 6G 原则。
据此声明全文，美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、捷克共和国、芬兰、法国、日本、韩国、瑞典和英 国政府就 6G 无线通信系统研发的共同原则达成一致；并认识到，通过共同努力，我们可以 支持开放、自由、全球、可互操作、可靠、有弹性和安全的连接。我们相信，这是为所有人建设 一个更加包容、可持续、安全与和平的未来不可或缺的贡献，并呼吁其他政府、组织和利益相 关者与我们一起支持和维护这些原则。合作与团结是解决 6G 发展面临的紧迫挑战的关键， 我们在此宣布，我们将在各国采取相关政策，鼓励第三国采取此类政策，并推动研发和应用。 满足以下共同原则的 6G 网络标准化：
一）、 值得信赖的技术和国家安全的保护。6G 技术得到安全和弹性技术的支持，作 为更广泛的安全可信通信生态系统的一部分，提高参与政府和合作伙伴保护国家安全的能 力。
二）、安全、有弹性且保护隐私。由拥有系统网络安全方法（包括通过使用技术标准、 接口和规范）的组织开发的 6G 技术；设计安全等方法能够确保基本服务的可用性；以及 设计用于安全故障和快速恢复的系统。6G 技术可靠、有弹性、安全并保护个人隐私。6G 技 术和架构为通信网络提供高水平的安全性，包括减轻网络复杂性或攻击面更大带来的潜在 风险。
三）、 全球行业主导的包容性标准制定和国际合作。6G 技术建立在全球标准、接口 和规范的基础上，这些标准、接口和规范是通过公开、透明、公正和基于共识的决策过程制定 的。6G 技术基于尊重知识产权的全球标准，促进可持续性、可访问性、包容性参与、互操作 性、竞争力、开放性和安全性。
四）、 合作实现开放和互操作的创新。6G 技术使用符合全球行业主导和包容性标准 制定与国际合作原则和接口规定的标准，以实现不同供应商的产品（包括软件和硬件）之 间的无缝互操作性。6G 技术认识到国际合作在促进开放、安全、弹性、包容性和可互操作网 络（例如开放无线电接入网络）以及安全、弹性、包容性和可持续6G 生态系统方面的重要性。 6G 技术受益于联合研究、开发和测试，并利用虚拟化、软件定义网络、人工智能等创新技术。
五）、 经济性、可持续性和全球连通性。6G 技术可实现节能部署和运行，提高环境可 持续性、设备的可修复性和可回收性，以及支持社会可持续发展所需的负担能力。6G 技术 可通过规模经济等机制获得，通过标准化和竞争环境实现，能够弥合数字鸿沟，提供可靠的 覆盖范围和一致的体验质量，尽可能减少服务水平的差异，同时允许创新用例。6G 技术有 助于增强其他行业和部门的能力，通过促进数字化转型来减少对环境的影响。发展中国家 可以广泛使用 6G 技术。利用卫星和高空平台站 (HAPS) 等非地面网络 (NTN) 的 6G 技术。
六）、 频谱与制造。拥有安全且有弹性的供应链的 6G 技术。6G 技术可与多家软件
和硬件供应商合作，促进 ICT 价值链以及计算和连接连续体的所有要素的全球竞争市场。 6G 技术可以利用新的频谱分配或已分配给无线服务的频谱。6G 技术可有效利用频谱，并 在设计上纳入频谱共享机制，以便与现有服务提供商共存。
同时催生另一个联盟：AI 晶片龙头英伟达（NVIDIA）进攻电信版图，携手亚马逊网 络服务公司（AWS）、安谋（ARM）、软银、爱立信、诺基亚、三星电子、微软和 T-Mobile 等 科技巨头成立 AI-RAN（无线存取网络）联盟。
七、“7 万亿美元是怎么回事？”奥特曼回复 AI 的发展需要“天文 数字”的资金
2024 年 2 月 22 日，在加州圣何塞举行的英特尔“IFS Direct Connect”代工战略活动中， OpenAI CEO 萨姆·奥特曼（Sam Altman）和英特尔 CEO 帕特·基辛格（Pat Gelsinger）进 行了一场头脑风暴对话。
此举也正值英伟达刚刚发布了强劲的2024 财年第四季度财报。在活动中，基辛格问：“7 万亿美元是怎么回事？ ”近日有报道称，奥特曼正与潜在投资者谈判，目标是最多融资 7 万 亿美元来建立一家 AI 芯片工厂。
而奥特曼回答说：“我还能说什么呢？任何人都可以写文章。我们也经常能看到这样 一些文章，援引匿名人士的消息。我的主要工作不是到处修改这些错误的文章。”
虽然如此，奥特曼还是承认，AI 的发展需要“天文数字”的资金。他说： “仅就 AI 芯片组而言，我们需要的全球基础设施投资，远比我们想象的要多得多。具体的成本，我也 不知道是多少。”
奥特曼还强调了加速 AI 技术的重要性。他说： “在加速 AI 技术的过程中，可能会有 不利因素，但它将引领人类走向更美好的未来。我们将走向一个 AI 创造的内容比人类更多 的世界，总体来说，这将是一个有益的变化。”
此外，奥特曼还重申，有必要让政府参与建立 AI 监管框架，以防范 AI 风险。他说：“我 们确实有一些事情要弄清楚，有很多新发现摆在我们面前。令人欣慰的是，相关对话已经展 开。”
2024 年 2 月 23 日，美国商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多（Gina Raimondo）以电话视频的方式参 加了美国芯片巨头英特尔在加利福尼亚州圣何塞举行的首次晶圆代工活动。
雷蒙多还主动提到了 OpenAI。雷蒙多表示，她已经和 OpenAI 的首席执行官 Sam Altman 进行了交谈，Altman 目前正在寻求美国政府批准一项重大的合资企业计划。而在谈及 AI 芯片的时候，Altman 和芯片行业的其他客户都曾经向雷蒙多表示，他们预测自己未来需要 的芯片数量将会令人难以置信。
根据 Altman 的计划，这 7 万亿美元不仅仅是用于建设晶圆厂，而且还会在晶圆厂的周围 建立一个全新的生态，甚至还包括发电厂。
总的来看，Altman 芯片计划的本质其实就还是解决美国半导体供应链短缺的问题，而 且是想要大力出奇迹，通过大量砸钱的方法在 3-5 年的时间里彻底解决芯片供应问题。
雷蒙德划的时间红线是在 2030 年彻底解决美国 AI 芯片本土制造；也就是说，7 万亿 是必须的！ 6 年后美国将主导全球 AI 芯片设计、制造、封装……走在世界前面 !
这样去看，奥特曼是不是很早以前骨子里就美国政府的浓重色彩！ 7 万亿就不足为奇 啦？……
是算力！算力！算力是什么呢？
简单的理解就是计算的能力，或者是数据处理的能力。
那么怎么衡量算力呢？用每秒浮点运算的次数也叫做 F 来衡量，1 亿 F 就是 10 的 18 次方，100 亿亿次的浮点运算，约等于两台超级计算机。以银河 2= 十亿次机来考量（根据 查询相关资料信息 , 中国生产的银河 2 号计算机为十亿次机）。每秒运算 10 亿次 , 。CPU 输出的算力看，据 2022 年中国信通院的数据显示： 全球约有总的算力规模是 906 亿，基础 算力是 441、老智能算力是 451 亿 F，超级算力是 16 亿；也就是说，智能算力和基础算力的 占比相差无几，智能算力略占优。
全球算力排名前四的呢，分别是美国，中国，欧洲和日本，占比呢，分别是 34% ，33%， 17% 和和 4%；
从数据上看呢，中国的算力资源第一。然而，中国的智能算力资源占比较低的：2023 年中国发出的算力基础设施高质量发展行动计划中要求中国要在 2025 年总的算力规模达 到 300 亿 F，其中要求智能算力资源要超过百分之 35%。可谓雄心勃勃……
可是啊！全球智能算力的核心资源 GPU 芯片完全由美国英伟达控制 z 在 90% 以上， 甚至称霸全球……
2022 年 8 月美国《芯片法案》禁止英伟达向中国出口顶级芯片 A100 和 H100，仅允许 出售阉割版 A800 和H800；
2023 年的 10 月份，连这样被阉割过的芯片呢，也不允许。更疯狂的是 2024 年 1 月一开年， 美国商务部宣布禁止美国的云计算厂商向中国出租智磷酸锂资源。
表面看算力资源战略竞争的核心是英伟达芯片！本质看竞争本质是能源！
以台积电为例，2022 年台积电的数据显示耗电 224 亿度。较 2021 年增幅是 16.7%，占 台湾总用电量的 5.9%；预计 2025 年台积用电将会占到台湾总用电量的 12.5%，几乎翻了恐 怖的一倍，令人不寒 4 而颤！
再看一看数据中心，据 IEA 的数据显示，2022 年全球的数据中心耗电是 460 太瓦时 1 占全球的总用电量是 3%，预计到 2023 年占比将上升到 8% ……
看中国，2022 年中国的数据中心的耗电量是 2700。占全社会总用电量的 3%；可是啊！ 连续八年保持了 12% 的增长。2025 年总耗电量将超过四千二百一度——显然可见，未来人 工智能决定胜负的是算力和能源——发电量和算力 - 英伟达芯片！
这样去看奥特曼的 7 万亿是去买英伟达芯片？怪不得奥特曼要用 AI 研发新型可控核 聚变公司并投资 -（百度一下：核聚变（nuclear fusion），又称核融合、融合反应、聚变反应 或热核反应，即两个较轻的核结合而形成一个较重的核和一个极轻的核（或粒子）的一种 核反应形式。 质量小的原子，主要是指氘，在一定条件下（如超高温和高压），能让核外电 子摆脱原子核的束缚，两个原子核能够互相吸引而碰撞到一起，发生原子核互相聚合作用， 生成新的质量更重的原子核（如氦），中子虽然质量比较大，但是由于中子不带电，因此也 能够在这个碰撞过程中逃离原子核的束缚而释放出来，大量电子和中子的释放所表现出来 的就是巨大的能量释放
人类已经可以实现不受控制的核聚变，即氢弹的爆炸。而目前，科学家正在努力研究可 控核聚变，核聚变可能成为未来的能量来源。）呢！？ ……
看到了吧！奥特曼的战略眼光有多远、有多毒！ ……
这就是我们的书名为什么叫“Srao 能创造世界麻？ ”从奥特曼野心看是要决心系统性 改变世界的啊！
不是么！？
我们面对 Sora 史诗级的文字生视频的神奇惊呆过、激动国、赞叹过……可是啊！我们 做梦都想不到——在 Sora 精英团队有这么多东方人的面孔：Sora 核心团队有 13 人，全职 58 人，占比 1/23，分别是李静、北大本科，麻省理工学院博士王瑞琪，南京人，加州大学分校 的本科生有两人其中郭与非。其中 GPT4 的整个团队中，华人超过 60 位，占到 1/4 鲜为人知 的 DA15 位核心技术成员中，华人竟然有 9 位。除了刚才提到的李静，还有清华本科耶鲁博 士庄俊汤、中科院本硕博王剑锋、北理工本科伊利诺伊理工学院博士李林杰等等……
面对 Sora 核心团队 13 人，其中华人 4 位，占比高达 1/3；这仅仅是小巫见大巫呜呼哀 哉……
从蒙代尔不可能三角看新一轮人工智能 AI 浪潮趋势法则，国人大概率是错过了，直接 的后果是非常严重的。全球前 100 万网页中，中文的内容占比是 1.3%，排名第一的英文是 59.3%，也就是说那么无论中国企业训练的 ai 模型有多聪明、勤奋能接触到的信息只占全 球信息版图的百分之一点三与蒙代尔不可能三角在金融领域一样，既要又要还要……事实 上，在科研领域是不可能实现的。经济学里面有一个非常经典的理论叫蒙代尔不可能三角； 该理论是由欧元之父经济学大师蒙代尔提出，就是指一个国家不可能同时实现资本流动、自 由货币政策独立和汇率稳定性。通俗点讲就是你只能从三个条件里，选择两个而放弃一个！ 各行各业也有不可能三角，比如说生产商品有三个重要的指标：速度快、质量好、成本低； 这三个指标无法全部兼得！生产快成本又低高品质就无法保证、质量高用量做工就得好时 间线就得拉长等等……不一而足。这就是中国古代“鱼和熊掌不可得兼”——鱼和熊掌不 可得兼；
“鱼和熊掌不可得兼”这句话出自《孟子》囚中的《鱼我所欲也》，也就是说，古代孟 子用这个比喻来表达一个深层次的思想，即在某些情况下，人们必须在两种他们都想要的事 物之间做出选择，而不能同时拥有两者。在这个比喻中，“鱼”象征着人们想要得到的东西， 而“熊掌”则象征着更珍贵、更重要的东西。孟子通过这个比喻，强调在必须放弃一些东西
来保全更重要的事物时，人们应该如何做出选择？ 这就是蒙代尔理论的现代版。
新知识会以微妙的姿态融入你现有的神经网络，这将是一个非常挠头的问题！？也许， AI 将是非常重大的一个投资机遇，或者是发展的一个领先世界的巨大挑战！？
阿博夫通过意念下棋（图源：澎湃新闻）
报道称，29 岁的诺兰·阿博夫是脑机实验的首位人类患者，他因 8 年前的一次潜水事故 导致肩部以下瘫痪。在植入脑机后，阿博夫表示自己现在可以利用意念在屏幕上移动计算 机光标、下国际象棋、玩游戏《文明 VI》。
3 月 20 日的直播中，阿博夫描述了自己如何学习使用脑机， “我会尝试移动我的右手， 向左、向右、向前、向后，然后，从那里开始想象光标在移动。”
他一边移动棋子一边说，“如果你们都能看到光标移动，没错，那就是我，这很酷吧？” 此外，他表示自己很幸运能成为首位脑机测试者，“它已经改变了我的生活。”
威斯康星大学转化神经工程研究所联席主任 Kip Allan Ludwig 评价说，“我为他感到 高兴，因为他能够以植入前无法做到的方式，与电脑进行交互。”针对技术本身，Ludwig 表示，“与此前其他人所展示的成果相比，这并不是一个突破。但这无疑是一个很好的起点。”
马斯克（图源：澎湃新闻）
第一日，上帝说：" 要有光！ " 便有了光。上帝将光与暗分开，称光为昼，称暗为夜。于 是有了晚上，有了早晨。
第二日，上帝说： " 诸水之向要有空气隔开。" 上帝便造了空气，称它为天。
第三日，上帝说：" 普天之下的水要聚在一处，使旱地露出来。 " 于是，水和旱地便分开。 上帝称旱地为大陆，称众水聚积之处为海洋。上帝又吩咐，地上要长出青草和各种各样的开 花结籽的蔬菜及结果子的树，果子都包着核。世界便照上帝的话成就了。
第四日，上帝说：" 天上要有光体，可以分管昼夜，作记号，定节令、日子、年岁，并要发光 普照全地。" 于是上帝造就了商个光体，给它们分工，让大的那个管理昼，小的那个管理夜。 上帝又造就了无数的星斗。把它们嵌列在天幕之中。
第五日，上帝说，" 水要多多滋生有生命之物，要有雀鸟在地面天空中飞翔。" 上帝就 造出大鱼和各种水中的生命，使它们各从其类；上帝又造出各样的飞鸟，使它们各从其类。 上帝看到自己的造物，非常喜悦，就赐福这一切，使它们滋生繁衍，普及江海湖汊、平原空谷。
第六日，上帝说：" 地要生出活物来；牲畜、昆虫、野兽各从其类。" 于是，上帝造出了 这些生灵，使它们各从其类。
上帝看到万物并作，生灭有继，就说：" 我要照着我的形象，按着我的样式造人，派他们 管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜和地上爬行的一切昆虫。" 上帝就照着自己的形象创 造了人——耶和华·神创造了人类：亚当与夏娃！圣经记载耶和华用泥捏出一个人形叫亚 当，是世上第一个人类与第一个男人。然后，耶和华又用亚当的一根肋骨创造了第一个女人 叫夏娃；让他们结为夫妻，男精女血繁衍子孙、在伊甸园男耕女织、幸福生活美满。天有不 测风云，一日夏娃受蛇的诱惑，偷食了禁果，还让亚当食用……耶和华发现大怒，对亚当和夏 娃进行了惩罚，把二人逐出了伊甸园，这样亚当夏娃就成为了人类的祖先。
于是，上帝定第七日，休息…… 这就的礼拜天！
二、上帝创造人类完全严格遵循精确物理学定律而为之
比如 第三日，上帝说：" 普天之下的水要聚在一处，使旱地露出来。" 陆地和水便用黄 金分割比分开，水 71%、陆地 29%——
同样，人类亚当夏娃和个体人的所有各个部分也同样进入了黄金比例：为什么是黄金 比三比一，而不是二比一，或者是四比一、五比一呢？天地万物与人体遵循的是哪一种数字 规则呢？
黄金比例！原因在于 3 是大自然最小的奇素数、1 是最小的奇数，也就是说宇宙与生
命所有生物性状杂交的遗传组合，是大自然 数列中最小的奇素数和最小的奇数比 3：1 ， 这种比在自然数中只有一个，也仅仅只有一 个。这就是生物性特色、地球特征、宇宙特 征。也就是说莫得经典遗传学规律是天地万 物的规律！二代杂交的性状分离或组合比， 必须具有最小的奇数和最小的奇素数的数理 性。最小的奇数是 1，是不能再分的正整数， 最小的奇素数是 3，是不能再有小于它的奇 素数，含有本来固有的数理性，即种性最本质 的数字化表述的事物的最基本成分。最小的 正整数决定了性状的计数最小单位，也就是 说性状的自由组合和分离只能以 1 为单位 进行，表现为 1 ：1 ：1 ：1，只有这样才能保
证父母系性状的完整无损，像多数胎生的卵细胞在胚胎中都以 1 存在，而精细胞却以不小与 3 的数比与之交配，父母亲的性状是以完整的最基本的整体性，进入分离或选择的全过程杂 交进行的，而且这种配比是以大自然 M:M≈3 ：1 数字比最完善，接近黄金分割比的形式体现 的，以保证生命的完美。因为大自然再也找不到除此之外的最小奇素数，同时再也找不到除 此以外的最小奇数，这种数理性就规定了生命的繁殖，以密码存在的最小范围，选择变异的 种性安全，保证了性状的种性遗传的可操作性，同时也规范了种的变异的简单序列， ·这是 简单性原则在生命繁殖过程的体现，实现种性最基本成分的种在种的个体繁衍中，不产生丝 毫本质性差异，从而实现种的延续，这种十分艰难而漫长的生物自然工程使种的灭绝变得十 分漫长，十分困滩，甚至不可能灭绝，这是保存种性生命无限延长的需要。反过来就构成种 性制约机制， ·这就是种性数理制约的秘密。
生物遗传自然工程以最小的奇数和最小的奇素数比展开，为什么会形成无限繁纷复 杂，没有绝对相同的个体存在的千变万化的奇异变数呢？
这从构成现代计算机数理变化中可以得到启示。目前计算机的功能发展到异乎寻常的 神奇，广泛运用在人类科学与生活的各个领域，可他的数理机制是那样的简单。是 0 和 1 的 二进制，是以数理变换的有限性为始，达到无限集合的 0 和 1 的无穷变幻。这和 1 和 3 的生 物二进制遗传数理变换是极其相似的，0 在自然数列中表示空位，可以是任何自然数，1 是 最小奇数，也是最小正整数，0 小于 1、也（可以）能大于 1，这就构成了计算机无穷变幻的 最小数理变换机制。1 和 3 应该是最简单物的生物种性进化数理的自然体现。他们都有共 同的属性：以最小的有限性展开无穷大的变换模式，无边际的变换相位、无终点循环数论机 制的特征。所以，我们说（事实同样是）上帝创世纪、创造人类完全严格遵循精确物理学定 律而为之！
这样的例子举不胜举……
二、鉴此上帝关上了万物生命物种个体“种间隔离繁殖”生命延续 最重要的大门
上帝说：由于接合前隔离的机制，不同物种的生物可能首先生殖器官不适合，它们可能 有不同的生殖部位，因此彼此不相遇，或者它们可能有着不同的求偶方法——上帝曰：不同 物种之间的生殖隔离。
所以，历代科学家都遵循上帝的旨意。故林奈解释：
林奈说：1、由于不存在新种；2、由于一种生命总是产生与其同类的生物；3、由于每种
生物的每个个体总是其后代的开始，因此必须把这些祖先的不变性归于某个全知的……这 是被每个有生命个体的机制、原理、定律、体质和感觉所证明的”
约翰·雷说：“我相信在确定一个物种时，除了应该把通过种子繁殖而使之永远延续的 特点作为标准外，没有其他更合适的标准。”
托马斯·赫胥黎认为：物种稳定不变是由于生物的胚种存在 B 部分。他说： “从整体 来看 B 从来不遭受死亡，只是它的某些部分被吞掉…… ”
杰拉德·皮尔说：“从寒武纪以来没有一个门绝灭。”
薛定谔说： “即基因结构似乎只包含比较少的数量的原子（1000UM 数量级，可以还 要少）。然而，它却表现出最有规律，最守法的活动——并有如此持久性永久性，这就是一 种奇迹”。
……
生命亘古历史的结论： 自寒武纪以来，经过 35 亿年自然选择的时间进化，并没有产出 一个新的形态类型（门）。
不是么？在人类的全部生命史中，我们找不到一个物种个体变异成另一个物种个体的 真实例证，更没有实验证据存在。人类五千年文字记载的生物进化事实，并不支持一种生物 能演变成另一种生物的命题。即，种间个体的跨种变转换型——演化。
事实上，上帝打开的一扇门诠释遗传是淘汰的选择过程，它是通过动植物生殖（分裂） 实现的种内生命现象，离开了生殖就根本谈不上生存斗争，自然选择，自然淘汰、渐进趋势； 由于上帝关上了宇宙生命种间生殖这扇大门，种和种性的概念规定了——种间个体不能交 配，即便交配也不育，即不能生育生殖，子代又不育，这就从根源上阻断了不同种类生物的混 同遗传，这就自然形成了种的持久和保存同种个体生命种性纯洁的机制——种性制约机制 的存在。简单说，我们把同种生命个体保持自己种性的自然选择过程叫做种性制约机制。 再简单地说：就是同种趋同”或“不同种排异”。这就是自然体系告诉我们的生命本性规 律——也就是说，上帝永久关上了万物生命物种个体“种间隔离”生物繁殖最重要的大门， 才有了人类长治久安！
三、马斯克的“硅机物种”踢到上帝关闭生命延续的大铁门
上帝关闭的大铁门就的造物主的“生殖隔离指由于各方面的原因，使亲缘关系接近的 类群之间在自然条件下不交配，或者即使能交配也不能产生后代或不能产生可育性后代的 隔离机制，若隔离发生在受精以前，就称为受精前的生殖隔离。”
2022 年 11 月到 2023 年天注定是不平凡的岁月，马斯克突发奇想、面对 tGPT 这种历史 性突破说：
“有一段时间，我突然意识到，你可以在某种程度上把人类看作为一个生物引导程序。 引出一种超级数字智能物种。人类社会是一段非常小的代码，没有它，计算机就无法启动。 人类的产生就是为了让计算机启动。硅基生命似乎不能自我演化，它需要生物作为前导才 能进化。人类只是硅积生命的开启程序…… ”
马斯克这种猜想完全是违背生物学的悖论，马斯克的“硅基生命”物种确确实实踢到 了上帝关闭的大铁门、惨不忍睹……
面对上帝关闭的这道大铁门“生殖隔离指由于各方面的原因，使亲缘关系接近的类群 之间在自然条件下不交配，或者即使能交配也不能产生后代或不能产生可育性后代的隔离 机制，若隔离发生在受精以前，就称为受精前的生殖隔离。”别说一个马斯克，就是一亿亿 亿个马斯克也踢吧、也踢不开
1982 年科学界对物种的定义：认为物种是由居群组成的生殖单元和其它单元在生殖 上是隔离的， 在自然界占据一定的生态位。也就是说，物种有三大要素：生殖单元、单元
外生殖隔离、在自然界存在生态位。一种可以追溯到宇宙大爆炸的“奇点”——希望踢开 铁门的不在少数，最经典的是俄罗斯的伊万诺夫……
四、俄罗斯白痴科学家伊万诺夫人猿杂交得到上帝眷顾流放惨死狱 中①
1927 年白俄报纸《俄国日报》刊登了一则“人猿”的消息，曾轰动一时，后来到了 80 年代，据解密的俄国档案记载，道出了“人猿”事件的原委——1929 年 5 月 19 日到 1932 年 3 月 20 日，俄国（前苏联）曾进行了人猿杂交的计划，由科学家伊万诺夫实施，但由于非 洲妇女拒绝而夭折；同时也透露了沃罗诺夫教授的《论从猿猴身上向人身上移植性细胞》 组建“猿猴城堡”，并在格里马尔迪动物繁殖中心，养了 100 头动物，进行人猿杂交实验…… 据说产生了“雪人”或身高二米的“怪物”，均力大无穷，却不孕。
欧洲西伯利亚确实有关于“雪人”的传闻，后经科学家考察证实，这只是一只巨大的鲸， “雪人”只是一场子虚乌无有的闹剧。
20 世纪 60 年代，西方科学家开始了异种器官移植研究，结果当人的血液循环通过猿 的心脏，该异种器官在几分钟内，就被一种超急性排斥的机制所毁，这一损毁过程十分快而 短，又十分激烈；研究者希望用免疫抑制药物控制，却根本无法抵消这种损毁，其症状让科 学家无法理解。虽然，随着 20 世纪世界人类医学的快速发展和医疗技术的提高，但一个世 纪的异种移植实验，从没有成功过，其原因十分复杂，但异种无法交配的生殖隔离产生的稳 定是异种器官无法移植成功，它产生人“猿”不可逾越的天然鸿沟，这就是生物普遍存在的 种性制约机制——异种无法交配，交而不育的种性，是个体层序生育不可逾越的种性制约， 这必然表现在异种不存在性选择也无法选择上，但种性制约仍有更深层次的原因，从染色体 看，人有 46 条，猿有 48 条，染色体的差异是不可忽视的，它也是限制驴马交配杂种不育的鸿 沟——64 个染色体条的公马和62 个染色体条的母驴杂交产生的杂种骡，只有 63 个染色体 条，染色体条的不对称，又如何能有生殖能力呢？
更深层次的种性制约因素，随着基因论的发展深入，最近又有了新的突破。据报道 2002 年科学研究成果，已证实人与黑猩猩基因只有 1.23% 的差异，比以前 2% 的结论更小。成果 还提出人与黑猩猩仅在第 23 号染色体与人的 21 号染色体功能对应，两者染色体有 98.27% 的碱基序列相同。但功能差异却达到 5.3%，而且特定的基因片断，只有在黑猩猩的 DNA 中 存在，人类也有自己的特定基因片断，这样的特定基因片断达 6.8 万个；在基因编码的蛋白 质亦有所不同，所编码产生的蛋白质 80% 以上有氨基酸序列的改变，这些氨基酸序列变化 的蛋白质有 4 分之一可以造成成明显的结构变化（《科学》杂志 2004 年第一期）。可见， 人与猿的种性差异，不仅存在于种间个体不育，更深层次存在于内在的染色体数量、DNA 片断、RNA 信息流、蛋白质、酶、血、氨基酸序列、细胞、组织、器官排异等……一个整体层次 的体系差异，并不是经过漫长的时间演化就能把两个种的个体整合到一起的，也绝不能从爱 尔维修的人与猿外在形态比较就能证明“人猿同祖论”是进化史的事实！
五、俄罗斯白痴科学家伊万诺夫人猿杂交得到上帝眷顾流放惨死狱 中②
事实上，伊万诺夫早在 1910 年就开始了人猿杂交；
最开始，伊万诺夫试图将人类精子注射到雌性猩猩体内，但造成许多猩猩死亡，无奈之 下，伊万诺夫只好另辟蹊径，选择将猩猩的精子注射到人类女性体内。
伊万诺夫立刻去非洲建立，在当地招募女性进行实验，却隐瞒了实验的内容，那些招募
来；
没有女性愿意接受实验，伊万诺夫只好偷偷潜入到医院，的女性直到实验开始才了解到 具体的实验内容，纷纷被吓跑了……
伊万诺夫本以为病人检查身体为借口，试图将猩猩精子注射到女性体内。这种行为很 快就被发现了，伊万诺夫也由此被驱逐出非洲，但回到苏联的伊万诺夫并没有放弃这种想 法，经过不懈努力终于招募到了 5 名女性。，这 5 名女性被洗脑了，但最后进行与黑猩猩交 媾、却进不去现场惨不忍睹、多次仍然未能受孕……
传说，在苏呼米实验楼里有不明生物出现，有极大可能是当年的人猿杂交产物。同时也 有传言说美国与苏联一样，都做过类似的实验，不过目前为止，还没有相关证据能证明美国 做过人猿杂交实验，而苏联则是铁证如山。这些说法并没有确切的证据，随着时间的推移， 逐渐被人遗忘。一直到 1990 年，俄罗斯《新真理》才刊登相关消息，并公布了此项实验的 有关报告文书，在这些报告上，还有着苏联官方的签名和盖章证明，可以说是各项证据充足 了，前苏联白痴科学家伊万诺夫难辞其咎！
黑猩猩拥有 24 对染色体，但人类却只有 23 对染色体，基因序列上存在着难以逾越的差 距，而红毛猩猩与人类在基因上的差距更大，按生命 1.0 去计算
人类女孩和猩猩和平共处
现在各国都建立了相关的科学伦理制度，任何人都不能以任何理由违反，否则就会受到 法律制裁，要比伊万诺夫当年受到更致命的伦理道德摧残，永远都只能钉在历史耻辱上永世 不得翻身的呀！
传闻中
马斯克对前苏联伊万诺夫罪孽深重（人猿交媾得到上帝眷顾流放惨死狱中）的反人类 罪编年史应该研究过并清楚知道、并不陌生的吧！？
为什么竟然在 21 世纪 20 年代提出【可以在某种程度上把人类看作为一个生物引导程 序。引出】“硅基生命”物种？ ?
难道马斯克不知道这必然导致人类进入生命 3.0 而灭亡的吗！？……
人猿杂交的后代
→人类和近亲的分化时间介绍图
前一段时间，马斯克星链成功得以自豪的是依赖马斯克的第一性原理，这仅仅在物理学
行之有效的奇迹！……
可是啊！面对生物学、人类学就失去了功效；上帝已经关上了“异种繁殖”这扇门！ 如果照搬物理学到人工智能、“硅基生命”领域——物种科学领域就必须提出生物学的第 一性原理而碰得头破血流，又怎么能去重述上帝造人那样的创世纪伟大与辉煌呢？！ ……
第六章 奥特曼视金钱如粪土与金钱观
奥特曼弱智金子唯独关注 AI 迭代
莎士比亚的金子啊！金子，也许是生命 2.0 的久远记忆——金子 ~! 黄黄的发光的 , 宝 贵的金子 ~! 这个东西 , 只这一点点儿 , 就可以使黑的变成白的 , 丑的变成美的 , 错的变成 对的 , 卑贱变成尊贵 , 老人变成少年 , 懦夫变成勇士 .~!
这黄色的奴隶可以使异教联盟 , 同宗分裂 , 它可以使受诅咒的人得福 , 它可以使黄脸 寡妇重做新娘 , 啊 ~! 你可爱的凶手 , 帝王逃不过你的掌握 , 亲生父子被你离间 , 啊 ~! 你有 形的神明 , 你会使冰炭化为胶漆 , 仇敌互相亲吻 , 使每一个人唯命是从……
从奥特曼的过去他并不爱金子：2015 年，时任特斯拉和 SpaceX 首席执行官的马斯克 出资 10 亿美元与奥特曼共同创立了 OpenAI。他们成立这家非营利性人工智能公司的目标 是确保人工智能不会消灭人类。奥特曼并不看重金子，后来马斯克就退出啦！显然，AI 安 全的过度考量，却有可能拖住公司前进的脚步。显然，过度关注 AI 安全对 OpenAI 进一步 商业化扩张并不友好。
奥特曼唯独惦记新版本的 ChatGPT 不断迭代，特别是新领域上的硬件开发、AI 芯片 也成了奥特曼布局的重要一个环，值得一提的是，在前不久，OpenAI 举办了首届开发者大 会，推出了“加强版”ChatGPT-4 Turbo，还宣布要围绕 GPT 打造 AI 平台，推出 GPT Store ， 更提出了人人可以开源，创造自己的 ChatGPT 的“划时代”概念——GPTs。， 甚至开发 ChatGPT-5.0……这样，奥特曼和苏茨克维始终存在纠结与分歧。
让人们想不到是于是，发布会之后矛盾终于爆发了儴成 100 小时“宫斗”大戏……奥 特曼回归 OpenAI 后 3 个月 -2024 年 2 月 17 日，Sora 突然发布惊爆全球、一刹那激起 AI 千 层浪！
这就是奥特曼藏在心底的莎士比亚金子观念！…… 奥特曼对可控核聚变的大胆投资
第七章 人工智能中外五大流派
一、泰格马克“生命 3.0”未来派
泰格马克代表作《生命 3.0》2018 年出版，是一部划时代巨著，彰显人工智能未来派。
泰格马克的未来派观点：认为生命 1.0 在 49 亿年开始，如“这些细菌就是被我称为“生 命 1.0”的一个例子。生命 1.0 是说：生命的硬件和软件都是靠进化得来的，而不是靠设计。 不过，你和我却属于“生命 2.0”（大約在 10 亿年左右）：生命的硬件是进化而来，但软件 在很大程度上却是依靠设计的。在这里， “软件”指的是你用来处理感官信息和决定行 动时使用的所有算法和知识，从你识别某人是不是你朋友的能力，到你行走、阅读、写作、计 算、歌唱以及讲笑话的能力，这一切都属于软件。”
那么，生命 3.0 呢？
还没有出现、、或者正在出现…… “生命 3.0 何时出现
这个问题极富争议，而且争议得十分精彩。全球顶尖的人工智能研究者不仅在做出预 测时众说纷纭，他们的情绪反应也截然不同：有的是充满信心的乐观主义者，有的则怀有严 肃的担忧；甚至于，对于人工智能会在短期内对经济、法律和军事方面造成什么影响，他们 也都难以达成共识。如果我们将讨论的时间范围扩大一些，把通用人工智能，特别是达到或 超过人类智能水平、使得生命 3.0 成为可能的通用人工智能涵盖进讨论的话题，那么他们的 分歧就更大了。与包括下棋软件等狭义人工智能不同的是，通用人工智能几乎可以完成任 何目标，包括学习。
有趣的是，关于生命3.0 的争议围绕着两个而不是一个问题展开，这两个问题分别是“何 时”和“什么”，即如果生命 3.0 真的会出现，那何时会发生？这对人类意味着什么？我认 为，存在三个截然不同的学派。这三个学派都值得我们认真对待，因为它们之中都包括一些 世界顶尖的专家。我在图 1-2 中描绘了这三个学派，它们分别是：数字乌托邦主义者（Digital Utopians）、技术怀疑主义者（Techno-Skeptics）和人工智能有益运动支持者（Members of The Beneficial-AI Movement）。”——摘自《生命 3.0》
二、数字乌托邦主义者，代表人物是拉里·佩奇
佩奇认为数字生命是宇宙进化的必然结果，应该让它们自由发展，只要人类不强加干 涉，结果一定是好的。即使是「超级人工智能」也只能遵循线性的智力发展速度。本文发 表仅数小时便迅速在社交网络中引发大量关注——全名劳伦斯·爱德华·佩奇，曾就读于美国 密歇根大学安娜堡分校的荣誉毕业生，是 Google 公司的创始人之一，也是谷歌 CEO 。2020 年在全球百强企业家排名第 13 位。拉里·佩奇曾在奥基莫斯的蒙台梭利学校上学，在美国 安阿伯就读期间，担任密西根大学学会的会长， 在大学期间还用乐高积木制成一台喷墨打 印机，随后佩奇进入斯坦福大学学习。
三、技术怀疑论者
他们觉得超级人工智能几百年内根本不可能实现，没必要现在就杞人忧天。能 (AI) 怀 疑论者批评当前技术中存在的内存瓶颈，认为无法加速处理器和内存之间的数据传输，从而 阻碍了实际应用的推广。用于在数据中心训练 AI 模型的 AI 加速器需要最高的可用内存带 宽。虽然将整个模型存储在处理器中，这不是一个可行的解决方案，因为最大的模型需要测 量的参数达数十亿或数万亿个。
四、人工智能有益运动支持者
这是派目前最主流的一，他们认为，人工智能总体上是有益的，认为人工智能可以使决 策向自动化发展，在非程序化决策过程中采用计算机技术可以促使决策自动化。并指出计 算机不仅可以使决策自动化，也会对社会进步人体健康带来巨大的影响但是必须以安全为 前提，扎扎实实，不能冒进。
五、卢德主义者
卢德是第一次工业革命时期的一个工人，他觉得机器的普及会让他失业，就带头破坏了 纺织机，后代人就用他的名字来指代那些憎恨机器、厌恶科技进步的人。在卢德主义者看 来，人工智能的前景就跟灾难片一样，一定会带来毁灭性的结果，坚决反对——卢德主义的 背景是工业革命囚时期，由于新机器和技术的推广，一些工人被机器取代，被迫失业，或虽然 保住了工作，但收入降低，生活水平下降，这些工人将失业和生活困境归咎于新机器，从而开 始破坏和捣毁这些机器设备。其中，奈德·卢德是一个著名的例子，相传他于 1779 年摧毁了 两台织布机，成为卢德运动的象征性人物。卢德主义虽然反映了当时工人对失业和收入下 降的担忧，但这种反抗是自发的、无组织的，且与历史进步的方向相悖，因此被视为逆历史潮 流的行动，最终没有成功；是反对 AI 的。那么，面对 21 世纪人工智能的迅速崛起，新卢德 主义能阻止伟大 AI 历史潮流吗！？【，在 OpenAI 的一份内部备忘录中，公司高管对马斯 克的指控提出质疑，并表示这是对自己不再是公司的一员感到不满……
OpenAI 首席战略官 Jason Kwon 在内部备忘录中写道， “我们认为，这起诉讼中的说 法可能源于埃隆对如今不再参与公司事务的遗憾……看到埃隆对他帮助创办的公司采取这 种行动，尤其是考虑到他与你们中一些仍在这里为使命而努力的人的密切合作，我深感失 望”。】
六、人类物种自然系统永恒学派
代表作《ChatGPT 永远不能超越人类》2024 年 4 月美国联合文化出版社、强燕平认 为：2006 年达特茅斯会议确立了“人工智能”它是五千年人类文明的分水岭，作为公元前 300 年亚里士多德的工具论之一种，古希腊励炼 2500 年后人类奥特曼英才才在大语言模型 于 2022 年 11 月突破横空出世，当全球人类欢呼一种传奇性 GDP 超前之辉煌时，居然是“人 工智能”在我们 138 亿年的宇宙历史中超越世纪性的辱没与迟到、霍金沉思录有云：未来 全人类将在计算机、芯、AI、互联网、机器人、脑机接口……诸多挑战愈演愈烈的“人工智能” 群雄逐鹿之人神大战励炼之主导中心，依然彰显“ChatGPT 永远不能超越人类”神赋主旋 律，天注定全人类必将从一个 AI 胜利走向一个 AI 更伟大的辉煌与胜利！本书目录
第一章 ChatGPT 横空出世震惊世界
第二章 人类进化的一个空白 - 人两手空空来到这个大千世界与后天获得性遗传 第三章 感觉器官的关键是由智能脑细胞构成与教育潜移默化后天获得
第四章 庚子赔款美国退还诞生了清华大学教育之概览
第五章 “智能外脑”GPT-4.5 不断迭代人类面临智能世纪巨大挑战
第六章 AI-DOTA2 一直到 DOTA4.0 如何迅速迭代 N 次大语言反馈的知识无一例外都是【过去时】 第七章 算力显卡与 DOTA2-4.0 的迭代和马斯克暗度陈仓的 AI 加速器
第八章 “好莱坞”前所未有 A[ 引爆世纪性大罢工 第九章 人类语言与文字的起源与大语言模式突破 第十章 脑理性概念、感官原理与哲学家竞争
第十一章 马尔萨斯原理天定“硅基生命”无性无食性与无生殖“物种”本能 第十二章 马斯克会不会用“脑机接口”来达到“硅基生命”进化成物种
第十三章 古希腊哲学家已研究人脑20 世纪“割裂脑实验”揭示人脑左右半脑功能各不相同整体和谐。 第十四章 古希腊文字转圜形成西方文明的语言文字学好英语“最终就是成功”
第十五章 费米陷阱与宇宙大爆炸外星生命由来已久
第十六章 ChatGPT 正引爆天翻地覆的全球教育大变革
第十七章 AI 教育变革成功核心职教、创新与高端制造相得益彰 第十八章 DOTA4.0 插件的由来
第十九章 AI+ 机器人的未来凶猛大爆发挑战人类趋势严峻
第二十章 AI+ 硅量子颠覆 0 、1 计算机原理创造硅量子智能计算机
第二十一章 计算机、人工智能、元宇宙、机器人的人类科学技术编年史（以时间顺序编年） 第二十二章 附录
第八章 AI 起源柏拉图亚里士多德人类智能逻辑哲 学与知识产权
一、如果把全球第 4 次技术革定义为人工智能的话
她应该最早起源古希腊、特别是亚里士多德的哲学代表作《工具论》；五千年以来科 学的底层逻辑认知起因是对哲学的追根问底，希腊、罗马一直追溯到 17 世纪的笛卡尔、霍布 斯、洛克休谟二元论；开创人类思维形式逻辑甚至黑格尔的辩证法思想（包括对自然界、社 会和思维的不断运动变化和发展的过程的理解）黑格尔辩证法的恩格斯辩证唯物主义……
同样西方英国与美国哲学、逻辑学与文明起源也是古希腊！薛定谔的划时代历史巨著 《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》坦然向全世界提出一个科学前沿问题：“为什么要回到 古代思想”（这是千百万科学家想问的难题。） 薛定谔这样说：【我认为，在人类思考世 界的最早记录中偶尔发现非常深刻的哲学思想，发现我们今天需要一番努力、作一番抽象才 能形成和掌握的一些观念，我们一般不应感到太惊讶。或许可以认为，人类思想的这一婴儿 期（比喻的说）“离自然更近”。理性的世界图景尚未获得，“我们周围真实的世界”尚 未构造完成，无论如何，在印第安人、犹太人和波斯人等许多民族古老的宗教著作中，我们的 确看到了这种早期深刻思想的许多例子。 在对这些早期的深刻思想进行比较时，我不禁想 起了多伊森（P.Deussen）这位伟大的梵文学家和风趣的哲学家的一句话：“儿童在其生命 的头两年不能讲话真是一个巨大的遗憾，否则，他们也许会谈论康德哲学。”】——这里， 薛定谔把人类自然科学“儿童期”首创定位在公元前 6 世纪希腊人最著名的“毕达哥拉斯 学派”！
二、让我们阅“读第三章毕达哥拉斯学派”
【第三章毕达哥拉斯学派
对于像巴门尼德和普罗泰戈拉这样的人 , 他们所持有的极端观点对科学能起什么作用 , 我们很难做出推断 , 因为他们不是科学家。然而 , 有一个学派的思想家却既有强烈的科学 倾向 , 又有一种近乎宗教先人之见的明显偏见 , 要把自然体系还原为纯理性，这就是毕达哥 拉斯学派(Pythagoreans)。他们主要在意大利南部活动 . 即克罗顿(Croton)、锡巴里斯(Sybaris) 和塔兰托 (Tarentum) 等位于半岛“脚跟”与“脚趾”之间海湾周围的一些城镇。该学派的 信徒非常类似于一个宗教团体 , 要求在进食或做其他事情时要有古怪的仪式 , 对外人严守 秘密 , 至少是有关教义的内容。该学派的创始人毕达哥拉斯活跃于公元前 6 世纪下半叶 , 他必定是古代最不寻常的人物之一。关于他的超自然力量有很多传说 : 他能记 35 起灵魂 转世 ( 灵魂的迁居 ) 过程中的所有前世 ; 有人在偶然翻动他的衣服时发现他的大腿是纯金 的。他似乎没有留下任何著作。正如“师曰”这一众所周知的说法所证明的 , 对其学生而 言 , 他的话就是准则 , 可以解决学生之间的任何争论 , 最终确定无误的真理。据说 , 学生们 敬畏于直呼其名 , 遂称他为“那边的人”(yonder man)。不过 , 由于该群体所具有的以上特 征和态度 , 我们有时并不容易确定某一特定学说是否可以追溯到他或者起源于他。
毕达哥拉斯学派深深地影响了柏拉图及其学园 (Academy)，后者明显继承了这个意大 利南部学派的先验论观点。事实上，从思想史的角度来看 , 我们或可把这个雅典学派称为 毕达哥拉斯学派的一个分支。柏拉图主义者并未正式遵守“准则”, 这没有什么关系 , 他 们急于掩饰而不是强调自己的依赖性 , 以提升自己的原创性，这就更无关紧要了。关于毕 达哥拉斯学派 , 我们的信息主要来自于亚里士多德忠实而诚恳的记录……
鉴此，人类人工智能最早可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德
到底什么是人工智能呢？当年，古希腊称人工智能（现代 AI）称为：人类智能，仅仅 是古希腊先哲对哲学数理逻辑学的统称；
什么是人类智能？这是古希腊研究的两个主流派系，一个叫符号主义，一个叫连接主 义。古希腊哲学家认为，人类智能就是人类推理的一种思维形式，数理逻辑推理就属于符号 主义这一派系。这一派的哲学鼻祖柏拉图一直到英国哲学家霍布斯。
托马斯·霍布斯（Thomas Hobbes ，1588 年 4 月 5 日－ 1679 年 12 月 4 日）英国政治家、 哲学家。生于英国威尔特省一牧师家庭。早年就学于牛津大学，后做过贵族家庭教师，游历 欧洲大陆。他继承亚里士多德数理逻辑学派，创立了机械唯物主义的完整体系，指出宇宙是 所有机械地运动着的广延物体的总和。他提出“自然状态”和国家起源说，指出国家是人 们为了遵守“自然法”而订立契约所形成的，是一部人造的机器人，反对君权神授，主张君 主专制。他把罗马教皇比作魔王，僧侣比作群鬼，但主张利用“国教”来管束人民，维护“秩 序”。霍布斯就是英国的一个经验主义哲学家《利维塔》的作者、《利维坦》（Leviathan， 全名为《利维坦，或教会国家和市民国家的实质、形式和权力》，可谓现代人类 AI 之先祖， 他说所有人类的思维，无论是数学物理的，还是政治法律的。只要是理性推理的。思维活 动都和机器差不多，都可以用同一个机器模型。在 16 世纪末叶预告了AI 专家设计的通用 哲学逻辑与求解器！？古希腊人类智能只不过是人类心灵的联想，把各种感觉联系到了一 起，那么你就属于廉洁主义流派。而这个哲学传统也可以要归功于以《人性论》著称的休 谟三原则；英国计算机科学家杜夫贝加曾说：“我相信这样的日子啊，不远了。当计算机 科学家某一天早上醒过来的时候，他忽然意识到他实际上是个哲学家。”所以，现代人工智 能这个课题虽然在 1956 年的美国达特茅斯会议上第一次提出来的。但是整个古希腊从柏 拉图到西方哲学都在为这个课题提供丰厚的思想资源！……也可以说是哲学这门所谓无用 之学又在 600 年之后结出了丰硕的果实
三、休谟三原则与知识产权法（知识私有化）
大卫·休谟（David Hume，公元 1711 年 4 月 26 日—公元 1776 年 8 月 25 日），苏格兰 不可知论哲学家、经济学家、历史学家，被视为是苏格兰启蒙运动以及西方哲学历史中最重 要的人物之一。提出著名的休谟三原则：
私有财产权的确立与稳定：这是确立人类社会的一切条件中最必要的条件，简单来说， 就是确定某些财物 , 是属于你 , 还是属于我的基本规则。
财产转让囚
必须基于自愿与同意：也就是说 , 财产转让不能是出于暴力、欺诈等手段而获得 , 而是 必须是基于同意 , 经财产所有者同意的财产转移才是公正的 , 也才是为法律所允许的。
履行承诺囚
即承诺必须得到履行，这体现了对信用和合同关系的尊重。
休谟这三原则是休谟在《人性论》中提出的，他认为人类社会的和平安全，经济社会的 发展必须要遵循这三条原则，凡是这些法则遭到忽视的地方，人们也不可能建立良好的交往 关系。
休谟三原则和自然主义中心思想随着培根“知识就的力量”的深入人心逐渐成为西方 知识产权法的过渡理论 - 弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon ，1561 年 1 月 22 日—1626 年 4 月 9 日），第一代圣阿尔本子爵（1st Viscount St Alban），英国文艺复兴时期散文家、哲学家。 英国唯物主义哲学家，实验科学的创始人，是近代归纳法的创始人，又是给科学研究程序进 行逻辑组织化的先驱。主要著作有《新工具》、《论科学的增进》以及《学术的伟大复兴》 等……
四、《论科学的增进》到休谟《人性论》 200 年确立了科学知识私 有化章程知识产权法
私有制诞生了地租维持了封建社会进千年体制，强化了休谟三原则、“科学的增进”和“知 识就是力量”改变了科学知识超越封建社会对科学知识的困惑，开启科学知识私有化法则； 尽管这种转型悄悄夹杂着人类智能成分一同进入资本社会。它的最大优势的知识必须完成 “力量转移”- 这在洛克菲勒表现得最经典——1870 年，洛克菲勒与人合办埃克森－美孚 石油公司，1882 年，洛克菲勒首创美国历史上第一个托拉斯——信托！是洛克菲勒在英国 历史的字缝中找到的，进行偷换概念转圜成企业集团垄断模式：垄断组织的高级形式强强 联合优势——由许多生产同类商品的企业或产品有密切关系的企业合并组成。旨在垄断销 售市场、争夺原料产地和投资范围，加强竞争力量，以获取高额垄断利润。参加的企业在生 产上、商业上和法律上都丧失独立性……100 多年后，比尔·盖茨借鉴洛克菲勒托拉斯，仅仅 用一封信就轻而易举完成了全球软件知识产权保护，开创世界 TI 知识产权法 - 知识产权法 是调整因创造、使用智力成果而产生的，以及在确认、保护与行使智力成果所有人的知识产 权的过程中，所发生的各种社会关系的法律规范之总称。1624 年英国颁布的《垄断法规》 (TheStatue of Monopolies) 为标志，它规定了发明专利权的主体、客体、可以取得专利的发明 主题、取得专利的条件、专利权的有效期等……其后，美国于 1790 年、法国于 1793 年分别颁 布了各自的《著作权法》( 或称《作者权法》进而形成的西方整体专利垄断，经过两个世纪 的不断强化，西方形成共识而达到了“专利壁垒”出神入化的境地——全球人工智能毫无 悬念地进入知识产权法法律保护系列！
这就是为什么人类看重在 3 月 18 日，特斯拉创始人埃隆·马斯克兑现了此前的承诺，宣 布推出开源大语言模型 Grok-1 的历史和现实意义！……
五、黑格尔哲学诞生与康德自由主义由来
黑格尔哲学起源于康德自由主义，康德的自由主义由来古希腊德谟克利特“原子”，是 “原子和虚空的整个这幅图景仅仅是人的心灵根据感官知觉的证据而形成的”——薛定谔 在《科自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》确认并说：“德谟克利特第一次完全意识到了这个 困难 , 但没有理会。我想这是非常明智的。虽然他坚持把“原子和虚空”当作理解客观自 然界的唯一合理方式 , 但从他留传下来的一些说法可以看出 , 他也意识到 , 原子和虚空的 整个这幅图景仅仅是人的心灵根据感官知觉的证据而形成的 ; 在其他一些地方 , 他几乎以 康德的口吻表示 , 关于事物本身究竟是什么 , 我们一无所知 , 最终的真理仍然深藏于黑暗 之中。”
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔（德语：Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel，常缩写为 G. W. F. Hegel；公元 1770 年 8 月 27 日 – 公元 1831 年 11 月 14 日），德国哲学家。黑格尔出生 于今天德国西南部巴登 – 符腾堡首府斯图加特；是柏林大学（今日的柏林洪堡大学）的校 长。黑格尔时代略晚于康德，是德国 19 世纪唯心主义哲学的代表人物之一、德国古典哲学 的代表人物之一。他对德国的国家哲学作了最系统、最丰富和最完整的阐述。许多人认为， 黑格尔的思想，标志着 19 世纪德国唯心主义哲学运动的顶峰，对后世哲学流派，如存在主义 和马克思的历史唯物主义都产生了深远的影响。更有甚者，由于黑格尔的政治思想兼具自 由主义与保守主义两者之要义，因此，对于那些因看到自由主义在承认个人需求、体现人的 基本价值方面的无能为力，而对觉得自由主义正面临挑战的人来说，他的哲学无疑是为自由 主义提供了一条通往自由王国坦途……
六、费尔巴哈批判黑格尔哲学
费尔巴哈早年在黑森州的海德堡学习神学，受到当时教授的影响，对黑格尔的哲学感兴 趣，不顾父亲的反对，到柏林跟随黑格尔学习哲学，随后他成为“青年黑格尔学派”的成员。 1838 年，发表《比埃尔·培尔》、1839 年，发表《论哲学和基督教》，宣称“基督教事实上 不但早已从理性中消失，而且也从人类生活中消失，它只不过是一个固定不变的概念”，公 开反叛当时的观念。同年发表了《黑格尔哲学的批判》，对黑格尔的唯心论作了分析批判。
1841 年，发表《基督教的本质》，重申对基督教的看法。进一步地批判了宗教和唯心 主义哲学。并在这部著作中直截了当地宣称：自然界（包括人在内）是第一性的东西，精 神是第二性的东西，人和人的思想都是自然界长期发展的产物……
七、哈耶克认为马克思资本论是制造奴隶的学说
弗里德里希·奥古斯特·冯·哈耶克，（又译为海耶克，Friedrich August von Hayek ， 1899 年 5 月 8 日－ 1992 年 3 月 23 日）是奥地利出生的英国知名经济学家、政治哲学家， 1974 年诺贝尔经济学奖得主，被广泛誉为二十世纪最具影响力的经济学家及社会思想家之
一。
哈耶克的学术生涯主要任教于英国伦敦政治经济学院、美国芝加哥大学以及德国弗赖 堡大学，他被广泛视为奥地利经济学派最重要的成员之一，但与芝加哥经济学派关系密切。 他坚持自由市场资本主义、自由主义，主要代表作包括《通往奴役之路》、《自由宪章》、 《致命的自负》、《自由秩序原理》等。
弗里德里希·奥古斯特·冯·哈耶克
哈耶克对马克思的按需分配提出质疑，认为物质极大丰富了只是数量的表述，没有质量 的表述，在社会中普遍存在质量差异、如，男人女人差异、贫富差异、权利差异等等……质量 的差别随处可见，不可能用数量替代！按需分配（在《哥达纲领批判》中所提到的分配原则， 是共产主义高级阶段的分配原则）是《通往奴役之路》……
第九章 《圣经》是一个原古社会的创造不是奇妙的
神话进化论才是举世骗局
一、《进化论》猴子变人和《圣经》自由意志存在天壤之别
人类自《圣经》6000 年至今不检间断在思考生命起源总是无法摆脱神创、总是去不掉 唯物、唯心信仰、甚至宗教和传闻、迷信的桎梏……然而，人类最伟大的科学理论又多是教的 叛逆、和异教徒反叛的圣果！像神父哥白尼的《天体运行论》、信奉上帝的牛顿的《自然哲 学的数学原理》、修道院的孟德尔遗传学实验报告刊载在《布隆自然科学会会志》35 年后 奇迹般大功告成！……他们是人还是神无法诉说明白！？
其实，科学历史上比较简单的实验即可证伪自然发生说或者各种异想天开的杂交往往 是打着科学的幌子欺骗全人类；比如达尔文的“进化论”穿着《物种起源》华丽外衣，行“人 是猴子变的”之骗局；尽管如此，著理论的人、动物与地球起源的远古神话、鱼龙混杂，至今 谎言从未绝迹，特别是化石欺骗比比皆是甚至几经改头换面，一直从达尔文、赫胥黎不间断 地延续到 19 世纪、穿越到 21 世纪 20 年代——这并不是神话、而是确确实实的谎言、骗局！
猴子变人和《圣经》创世纪全球不在一个高端智慧层面；创世纪是真实存在的历史： 诺亚方舟得到考古发现诺亚方舟遗址！
二、《圣经》记载诺亚方舟遗址得到考古家裸恩证明
2000 年前，美国人 Porcher Taylor 在经过长达十年的探索研究后宣布，通过卫星图片发 现了诺亚方舟的遗迹。就在美国对疑似诺亚方舟遗址进行爆破调查，并宣布此地毫无任何 考古价值后，有一位业余考古学家罗恩怀亚特觉得这个地方一定还有秘密。根据记载，诺亚 方舟长 300 轴，若是以古埃及的肘长来看，长 300 肘就等于 157 米，和杂志报道中的遗址长 度惊人相似。罗恩决定必须去一趟土耳其，一探究竟。1977 年，当罗恩到达现场后，看到了 和文章上一模一样的船形物体。但大部分的船体都深陷在土壤里面。他意识到这个遗址只 有挖掘才会揭开真相。于是，罗恩向土耳其政府申请挖掘许可。在此期间，只能从附近寻找 其他的证据。就在几次搜索后，罗恩一行人在一个小村庄里发现了一块非常大的古地质岩 石，岩石和地中海发现的古代毛石一模一样。但只有一件事除外，这块岩石要大很多很多倍。 当他仔细观察时，他发现上面刻满了十字架。后来，他们还在附近找到了奇怪的石碑，上面 隐约可以看到两只鸟和一艘载满 8 个人的船。与创世纪记载方舟总共搭载了 8 个人的记载 一致。石碑清楚的表明，在古代的某个非常遥远的时期，一个八口之家曾居住在这里。而图 中的山很有可能就代表了亚拉腊山。与创世纪记载方舟总高度超过 4000 米、方舟在山上是 轻微倾斜、而且是棕红色的木头、颇长的长方形，罗恩称，已有大量的证据表明，这个木结构 就是《圣经》《古兰经》 中记载的诺亚方舟遗迹。
方舟古船，并且经历了腐烂和塌陷，考古科学家看到了甲板、拖梁和夹板支撑桩。值得 注意的是，这艘船好像被一块露出地表的大石灰岩所穿透，于是，尝试得出结论。这里不是 方舟当初第一着陆的位置，并认为方舟本来应该是着陆在更高的地方。由于亚拉腊山是一 座活火山，在几次小型的火山喷发后，泥石流带着上方船体滑落到了现在的位置，并被露出 地表的大型石灰岩刺穿卡住，最后还遭到了岩浆掩埋。事实上，罗恩进行了一个自己称之为 微型挖掘的工程。用的铁锹就像一个巨大的剃须刀，和助手刮去了一层非常薄的土，使船体 露出了每层结构不同的颜色和龙骨。尽管有了这些惊喜的发现，已经可以证明眼前的遗址 古船就是诺亚方舟。想要证实自己的研究，就必须经过现代科学仪器的分析化验……罗恩 仿佛在冥冥中仿感觉到有一双看不见的大手阻挡罗恩的继续调查。
随后，罗恩收到宝藏猎人的举报，被指控间谍和非法携带文物出境。并被驱离遗址，并 被监禁了 78 天！
就在罗恩顶不住土耳其压力，准备放弃遗址考古调查时、就在罗恩兴奋的认为马上就能 揭开诺亚方舟的面纱时，土耳其政府却驳回了他的挖掘申请。无能为力的罗恩只能折返回 家，并不断祷告，希望有生之年能看到遗址的秘密。也许自然之神听到了他的祈祷，做到了 罗恩无法做到的事情。浮现在眼前的。更像是一个腐烂的。
一个意想不到的事出现了；1978 年的时候，当地真的发生了地震，刚好这块地貌裂开 了一个口子。这简直就是天赐良机，罗恩 . 怀亚特真的在这块地貌中找到了已经成为化石 的木头和一些金属……
三、诺亚方舟遗址得到中国香港和土耳其探险证明创世纪并非空穴 来风
33 年后的 2010 年 4 月 28 日，由中国香港人和土耳其人组成的探索队在北京宣布，他 们在土耳其东部的亚拉腊山海拔超过 4000 米处发现了诺亚方舟遗迹。
荷兰著名方舟探索家格力特 - 艾顿介绍说，这次发现的诺亚方舟遗迹，有非常多的细节 与历史记载吻合：高度超过 4000 米、方舟在山上是轻微倾斜、而且是棕红色的木头、颇长的 长方形，艾顿称，已有大量的证据表明，这个木结构就是《圣经》《古兰经》 中记载的诺亚 方舟遗迹。
土耳其亚勒省文化局局长米辛 - 布卢表示，两千多年以来，历史记载及目击者证据都指 出，有一艘古老的大船避过洪水而停泊于朱迪山上，人们相信那是诺亚方舟。而这次探险队 发现的这个长方形木结构，以及初步的科学研究，人们相信这就是历史记载中的诺亚方舟遗 迹。
探险队成员在接受腾讯科技专访时称，可以 99.9% 的肯定，我们所发现的遗迹就是当年 的诺亚方舟。方舟共有 7 个空间，最大的空间高 5 米、长 10 米。方舟共分上中下三层，里面 还有数个隔间，其中一间带有木杆围栏和一些绳索，我们猜测是诺亚用来圈养动物的。
对此诺亚方舟遗址得到现代科学考古学真实证明，创世纪并非空穴来风！
四、大英帝国梦寐 50 万年历史破灭假辟尔唐化石
在德国海德堡发现了一块早期人类的颌骨化石，确认人类最早的祖先是一个日耳曼 人，在达尔文进化论的鼓舞下，大英帝国梦寐以求发现自己的化石，“陶逊曙人”就及时粉 墨登场：1908 年的一天，有位工人给陶逊拿来了一块骨状碎片，陶逊认定那是人类的头盖骨。 后来，他又在附近经过雨水冲刷的砾石堆中发现了另一块较大的碎片，与原先发现的那一块 似乎来自同一个头颅。几经转折，伍德沃德爵士（世界上最权威的古生物学家）得知，激动 万分，立刻组建挖掘队进行挖掘。有一次，陶逊的挖掘工具无意间带出了一块颌骨碎片。经 仔细观察，伍德沃德和陶逊相信这块骨片正是他们发现的那个头骨的一部分……
1 91 3 年，陶逊在《伦敦地质学会季刊》上发表文章，详细论述了辟尔唐人的发现经过。 一时间，“陶逊曙人”发现的消息就传遍了世界，成为考古学界的经典案例。
辟尔唐人化石竟然在大英博物馆成为镇馆之宝，一般人是接触不到的，更不用说怀疑者 拿它去化验了……氟定年法”成熟以后，辟尔唐人才重新成为舆论关注的中心，但这一次的 处境可就没上一次那么风光了。
1953 年，奥克利在一次宴会上对韦纳说： “大英博物馆中根本就不存在辟尔唐人确切 发现地点的文档。”
这里，就存在着毁灭达尔文“进化论”的机缘：人类物种生理和大自然所有动物存在 多元天然生理缺欠……
第十章 人体生理结构弱化所有动物的多元属性现实 是达尔文进化论噩梦
一、人体性发育迟缓 14 岁女人性成熟才可交媾
人类物种个体不管是男性还是女性，都在 13~14 岁左右才性成熟、交媾生孩子，人类的 婴儿，生下来一年，才刚刚开始学会走路跑步，13 、4 岁性发育成熟，才有延续生命的能力 和本能；大自然任何一个物种个体，一生只有两个主要目的，一是生存，二是繁衍后代，否则 这个物种最终的结局只有灭绝、消失得无影无踪。然而，与人类相反，绝大部分动物刚刚出 生就能战立起来。比如羚羊、斑马与长颈鹿，当这些哺乳动物诞生的幼崽一般都能在三十分 钟以内、快速掌握走路甚至是蹦跳的能力，很早出现性欲望；因为大自然生物都是两性生 殖，性成熟越早，繁殖旺盛，物种越旺盛。
这就是我们强调“种性”亘古不变永恒的缘由！
人类天生“大动作”发育最迟缓、襁褓儿失去全天候呵护只有一次次被淘汰灭绝
人类是所有哺乳动物里面大动作发育最迟缓的高智商动物，本能地说，人类的婴儿一般 要在三个月左右才能学会翻身，要到一岁左右才能学会慢慢的走路、三年学会跑……这在自 然界所有物种中是自我防御功能最差等生！也就是说，在一年多的襁褓中一旦疏忽遇到危 险必然死亡，婴儿生下来没有任何自我生存能力，这种生存自然环境在一万年里几乎并不存 在，大洪水、天灾、疾病、暴风雨等等……随时随地侵袭襁褓中的小生命——试问：达尔文如 何把这样襁褓中的人类缓慢进化从猴子到人呢！？以及猴子是如何一步一步的从襁褓（婴 儿）进化成了今天的人类？不等脱离襁褓已经死亡何谈进化？
事实上，襁褓人用不了进化三个月早就毁灭无数次了！根本达不到性成熟就多次死 亡、灭绝成为灰烬啦！ ……何谈缓慢进化吆！？
事实非常残酷，在自然界的竞争中，襁褓婴儿根本没有一点点自然存在的天然的优势！ 在自然选择中不可能生存下来，只能一次次被淘汰……
人类的五官中没有任何一个单独能力能够超过其他任何动物
人类个体婴儿经过精心呵护，13 、4 年的生长发育，终于熬到了性成熟，可以繁衍。繁 衍下一代，却发现每一胎基本只能生一个或 2 个，所生个体生命的生理特性中的任何一个五 官都是任何一物种来说都是一种生物缺陷；我们曾说“”人类却把这所有的缺陷都很不情 愿的世世代代至今保留下来——比如说羚羊听力和嗅觉极其发达，更早就能发现潜在的威 胁。还有鸟类，特别是鹫鹰视力超过人类百倍，扑食凌厉；很多迁移的鸟类，普遍具有地磁 感应力，从不需要记忆迁徙地图，通过感应地球的磁场来记住每一段遥远迁徙之路，轻松达 到最终目的地没有丝毫偏差、实乃奇迹……也就是说，人类的五官能力：听觉、视觉、嗅觉、 味觉、触觉等等……任何一个单独的五官能力和动物比起来都逊色十万八千里。自然而然 导致早期原始人类在大自然生存过程完全不能提前发现危险、特别是对袭击人类的动物提 前预警、发现而躲避……这样达尔文又如何让猴子放弃自己的五官优势一代一代毫无后顾 之忧地变成或者完全
进化到五官劣势的人呢？
人体皮肤裸露没有任何防范与动物毛厚肉坚根本无法相比
人类的皮肤非常容易被晒伤、刺破出血、划伤甚至大流血危机生命！
人体皮肤即使不更换任何的生活环境极易嗮伤、比如去拉萨旅游，就很容易被晒伤，更 搞不赢去赤道几内亚……人类的皮肤和其他的哺乳动物比起来极其的脆弱；事实上，绝大 多数哺乳动物外面长很多毛、厚厚的，冬天可以防寒。人类按达尔文进化论完全不能解释生
活在北极圈的因纽特人，生活在北极圈的气温常年都平均在零下十度到零下三十度之间， 按照进化论的因果关系因纽特人的皮肤必须长厚厚的毛发，保暖、防寒而不是像今天这样的 因纽特人无毛发、皮肤完全裸露的呀？——这是达尔文进化论根本不能解释的种种真实现 象！……
据考古学家的研究，人类最早开始吃熟食大约是在五十万年前。在那时，人们还处于原 始的狩猎采集时代，他们捕获到猎物后，会用石头或木棍等工具将猎物击打至昏迷，然后直 接食用。随着时间的推移，人们逐渐发现，将猎物放在火上烤熟后食用，不仅更加美味，而且 更容易消化吸收。于是，熟食逐渐成为了人类的主食！ ……
看现代人的熟食是经过加工或焯水处理后的原料通过配好的卤汁、红油凉拌、熏烤、油 炸等制作而成的菜肴。多指以烹调供出售的熟肉食，主食粮食需要加工后煮熟——这是人 类和一切动物的“食性”属性与习惯。从五十万年山顶洞人的遗址得到证明。
那么，达尔文进化论找不到熟食的猴子又怎么能存在进化成人、达到猴子变人的人类起 源猴子的论断呢！？
猴子不进入熟食——事实上，五十万年、甚至 10000 万年也没有猴子熟食的化石的记 载！这样的胡编进化 - 大自然根本绝对没有哪一种动物熟食——猴子不会熟食、进化论完 全是彻头彻尾的杜撰和欺世盗名！……
二、人不是猴子变的
1860 年赫胥黎提出“人猴同祖论”开始，人类历史已经走过了一个半世纪；今天，随 着科学技术的迅速发展，特别是量子力学、基因论、分子遗传学、基因组学的深入发展，人类 需要，也能够审慎地用“真实”的物证和自然体系来把人类的由来，在 21 世纪真正回归大 自然。
达尔文说： “人的愿望和努力，只是瞬间的事，时间是那么的短，若和“自然”在全部 地质时期内累积所得的成果相比，他的成果是何等的贫乏！因此，自然产物的形状，远较人 工产物的“真实”。
对达尔文、赫胥黎“人是猴子的变的”理论与推测我们就必须有这种“真实”；有这 种“真实”的物证？ ！自达尔文以来就一直困扰着进化论等学术界。大约 5 亿 4200 万年 前到 5 亿 3000 万年前，在地质学上被认为是寒武纪的开始时间，寒武纪地层在 2000 多万年 时间内突然出现门类众多的无脊椎动物化石，而在早期更为古老的地层中，长期以来没有找 到其明显的祖先化石的现象，被古生物学家称作“寒武纪生命大爆发”，简称“寒武爆发”。 这也是显生宙的开始，中国云南澄江生物群、加拿大布尔吉斯生物群和凯里生物群构成世界 三大页岩型生物群，为寒武纪的地质历史时期的生命大爆发提供证据。完全证明进化论是 的哇的多方面猜测；人更别说是猴子变的！达尔文完全是对林奈自然系统的反叛、骨子里 充斥着对全人类的污蔑！……
第十一章 摩尔定律形成与 AI 显卡突破方法论
一、摩尔定律的形成与经验谈
摩尔定律是英特尔创始人之一戈登·摩尔的经验之谈，其核心内容为：集成电路上可以 容纳的晶体管数目在大约每经过 18 个月到 24 个月便会增加一倍。换言之，处理器的性能 大约每两年翻一倍，同时价格下降为之前的一半。
摩尔定律是内行人摩尔的经验之谈，汉译名为“定律”，但并非自然科学定律，它一定 程度揭示了信息技术进步的速度超出预期——1959 年，美国著名半导体厂商仙童公司首先 推出了平面型晶体管，紧接着于 1961 年又推出了平面型集成电路。这种平面型制造工艺是 在研磨得很平的硅片上，采用一种所谓“光刻”技术来形成半导体电路的元器件，如二极管、 三极管、电阻和电容等……
1965 年时任仙童半导体公司研究开发实验室主任的摩尔应邀为《电子学》杂志 35 周 年专刊写了一篇观察评论报告，题目是： “让集成电路填满更多的元件”。在摩尔开始绘 制数据时，发现了一个惊人的趋势：每个新芯片大体上包含其前任两倍的容量，每个芯片的 产生都是在前一个芯片产生后的 18-24 个月内。如果这个趋势继续，计算能力相对于时间 周期将呈指数式的上升。 Moore 的观察资料就形成了摩尔定律。
摩尔定律阐述的趋势性规律一直延续至今、不同寻常地准确。
人们还发现这不仅适用于对存储器芯片的描述，也精确地说明了处理机能力和磁盘驱 动器存储容量的发展。该定律成为许多工业对于性能预测的基础。在 26 年的时间里，芯片 上的晶体管数量增加了 3200 多倍，从 1971 年推出的第一款 4004 的 2300 个增加到奔腾 II 处理器的 750 万个——竟然是神奇至极！
二、黄仁勋显卡已经到了 4 纳米以下一直已经逼近原子的直径
也就是说，英伟达单个显卡已经小无可小了，到达了一个最高极限怎么办？
北京时间 3 月 19 日 4 时 -6 时，英伟达创始人黄仁勋在美国加州圣何塞 SAP 中心登台， 发表 GTC 2024 的主题演讲《见证 AI 的变革时刻》。鉴于过去一年多时间里 AI 带来的生 产力变革加速计算到达了一个临界点，通用计算已经过时了，我们需要另外一种方式来进行 计算能力的提高，那发展人工智能，我们需要更大的 GPU，如果不能更大，那我们就把更多 的 GPU 组合在一起，变成更大的虚拟 GPU，再结合芯片间的一个互联技术，我们一步一步 去构建出大型的 AI 超算集群，也叫Blackwell——新架构的一个核心秘密，即：第一步是把 两个 B200 芯片合在一起，以每秒 10TB 的带宽互联，组成 B200GPU，这个计量版 GPU，总计 包含了两千八十亿个晶体管，那这在晶体管的集成度上是一个新的记录，它的内存也直接翻 倍，高速内存
192GB。接下来两个 B200GPU 在和Grace GPU 结合，就构成了GB200 超级芯片。
他们之间是通过每秒 900GB 的超低功耗的一个叫 nb link 的互联技术连接在一起的。
在接下来，两个 GB200 的超级芯片一起组装到一个主板上，这就成为了一个 Blackwell 架构 的计算节点。然后 18 个这样的计算节点连在一起，一共是 36 个 CPU+72 个GPU，这就组 成了一个更大的虚拟的 GPU，进而成为新一代计算单元，叫 GB200NBL72 ！那么，一个这 样子的计算单元呢？他训练 AI 的算力就高达 720P 的 FS，这个性能就直逼上一代英伟达 H100 芯片时代一整个超级计算机集群，也是很多媒体说一个机柜顶一个机群……并且与相 同数量的 72 个上一代 H100 芯片相比呢，这个计算单元它不仅对于 AI 大模型推理的性能 提高了 30 倍，它的成本和能耗也同时降低了25 倍，在以此计算单元为基础，英伟达最终还
搭建了一个包含 32000 个 GPU 的分布式的超算集群！
黄仁勋在发布会上直言，英伟达 AI 超级计算机将提供无与伦比的规模和可靠性这是 ai 工业革命的工程。
我们再来看一看他们的成本和售价 b 量百芯片的性能提升主要是得益于面积的增加和 晶体管数量的提升再加上价格昂贵的一百九十二 gb 的内存使其硬件成本也大幅提升 …… 分析师认为英伟达 h 两百芯片的硬件成本约为六千美元这还不包含他们的研发成本，而他 们上一代 h 一百芯片的硬件成本只有三千一百美元，所以看起来成本是提高了不少，但是 英伟达芯片的售价很高、这个 b 两百芯片呢他们预计今年年内会发货，定价大概在三万到 四万美元之间；现在全世界的科技大厂都在排队下订单还不一定每家公司都能买到！不可 知？……
鉴此，英伟达被称之为 ai 时代的顶级军火商真正无挑战的实至名归的呀！
我们不仅要问：架构？英伟达这个架构它到底牛在哪里？也许，它是通过连环整合芯 形成新的集成芯片集群来突破摩尔定律的！是吗？
三、And I can certainly be slightly bored with situation, 机器人真的有 意识？
机器人姆卡实验时的手，一把抓住了研究人员的手，不仅如此，他还能自己照镜子，做很 多小表情，看起来与真人无异，把身后的研究人员都吓了一跳。而当姆卡像人类般苏醒前， 它会活动筋骨，突然间灵魂附体，然后大梦初醒般的睁开双眼。
近日，卡接上了亲爱的 gpt，他有了意识，在活动现场， M 卡的表现能真正的让你后背发 凉。我们看一下原视频……
第十二章 薛定谔波函数与诡秘不活不死二元猫开辟 了“量子纠缠”自由意志灵魂新纪元
一、说“量子纠缠”就不能不说“薛定谔猫”实验
在《强燕平论变异》我们强调“生死叠加”是一种自然现象，有生就有死，生命的时间 与死亡的时间是平行叠加的。
薛定谔设计了一个死猫和活猫纠缠在一起的实验，出现“生死叠加”量子态。在“活” 的先决条件是薛定谔的“生命以负熵为生。”镭的衰变与否大概率是随机的，有它量子力 学的内在规律！……
那么，什么是“薛定谔猫”？ 薛定谔的猫（百度百科）
（量子力学思维实验）
薛定谔的猫（英文名称：Erwin Schrödinger's Cat）是奥地利著名物理学家薛定谔（Erwin Schrödinger, 1887 年 8 月 12 日～ 1961 年 1 月 4 日）提出的一个思想实验，是指将一只猫关 在装有少量镭和氰化物的密闭容器里。镭的衰变存在几率，如果镭发生衰变，会触发机关打 碎装有氰化物的瓶子，猫就会死；如果镭不发生衰变，猫就存活。根据量子力学理论，由于 放射性的镭处于衰变和没有衰变两种状态的叠加，猫就理应处于死猫和活猫的叠加状态。 这只既死又活的猫就是所谓的“薛定谔猫”。
薛定谔 (Erwin Schrödinger, 1887–1961) 的猫因其“既是活着的又是死的”这样的特点！ 薛定谔与他的猫到底发生了怎么样离奇的故事呢？这就要从大约 100 年前说起了。
然而，现实中并不可能存在既死又活的猫，则必须在打开容器后才知道结果 ——这就 是强燕平提出的“后相对论”认识论：让实验检验完成后看到才来决定人类的思考与认识 最后得出正确的结论。（这就是爱因斯坦在发现狭义相对论后发现不能解释万有引力定律 后，经过十年研究得到广义相对论就叫后相对论）猫是死是活？在人们打开容器后才知道 结果！
该实验试图从宏观尺度阐述微观尺度的量子叠加原理的问题，巧妙地把微观物质在观 测后是粒子还是波的存在形式和宏观的猫联系起来，以此求证观测介入时量子的存在形式。 随着量子物理学的发展，薛定谔的猫还延伸出了平行宇宙等物理问题和哲学争议。
事实上，古希腊哲学家托夫勒开创了“对点”：一个观察者对宇宙星系地球，在宇宙星 系找到一个点，对地球观察者来说就存在另一个对应的点——现在 20 世纪借鉴“对点”即 （观察者）来说，我们整个宇宙的波函数就永远不会坍缩，因为它离我们太远遥远了，（对 点）也永远没有办法观察到我们！……
于是，就存在一个疑问：量子力学是自相矛盾的吗？波函数真的会坍缩吗？
那么，如果真的会坍缩，是什么时候、什么机制引发的呢？量子力学里的随机性和概率 又从何而来呢？
二、“猫”问题一直困扰着科学家促休 • 艾弗雷特提出平行宇宙理 论
在 1957 年，普利斯顿大学的修艾弗雷特提出了一个激进的方案，平行宇宙论——简单 来说 , 他设想了一个多重宇宙 , 其中不止有一个现实 , 而是充满了多个不同的现实领域 , 由 量子力学决定的所有可能性都可以同时存在。
艾弗雷特将这一理论作为他在 1957 年撰写的博士论文的主题 , 这个想法在当时看来 太过离奇、超前 , 争论很大没能在任何科学期刊上发表。然而，之后数十年间 , 艾弗雷特的 多重宇宙理念得到认可！……囚
这个多重宇宙理论可以用一句非常简单的话来概括，那就是波函数从来没有探索过，他 也永远不会探索。不管在什么时候、不管有没有观察的动作发生？那个描述我们宇宙的波 函数都在发生着明确的变化，永远遵循着确定和方程解；每当你进行一次观察我们的宇宙 就会分裂成若干个平行宇宙。
下面是一个思想实验，叫做量子扑克牌，假设你拿起一张下面的边缘非常非常锋利的扑 克牌把它完美的竖立在桌子，并且铺一百块钱；它倒下的时候会正面朝上，接着你闭上眼 睛等你听见扑克牌倒下的声音的时候，才睁开眼睛查看结果，你就进行了一次观测 - 那根据 哥本哈根的解释波函数将在此时此刻坍缩——你会看见扑克牌要么正面朝上、要么正面朝 下，每种结果的概率是百分之五十……可是，物理定律没有办法预测扑克牌会发生哪个结 局？
因为它具有内在的随机性；往往考虑观察并不住思考。或问：难道他真的被囚禁起来 了吗？
为了打破这种观点，薛定谔同样设计出了一个恶魔一般的思想实验，也就是著名的薛定 谔的猫。这个猫啊，被关在一个盒子里面，盒子里呢，有一罐剧毒的氰化物，管子的开关与一 个放射性的原子相连，如果这个放射性的原子发生衰变，这个有毒的罐子就会打开，释放出 剧毒杀死猫。实验开始之后不久，这个原子将处于衰变和未衰变的叠加态，使得猫处于死去 和活着的叠加态。单个原子的微观叠加态似乎并没有造成什么影响，可是在这个思想实验 里，它就能被放大成宏观的叠加态，影响一个有 10 的 27 次方的离子组成的猫，让它同时处 在两个状态。
假如你真的能把薛定谔的猫实验看到底又发生什么事儿呢？
如果教科书是正确的只需要打开盒子往里面看一眼。就在你看一眼的一瞬间，猫的波 函数就会坍缩！也就是说，猫只有一种确定无疑的状态：要么是死了、要么是活着！
不过，假如这个时候我正站在这个实验室外面……让我们来考量一下那个能描述实验 室里所有粒子的波函数，不仅描述了猫身上的所有粒子、还覆盖了组成你和实验室里所有设 备的粒子；这些粒子当然也会遵循薛定谔的方程，不管他们是不是位于一个鲜活的生命身
上！？
那在这种情况下，只有当我亲自进入到实验室，观察那只猫和你的时候，猫的波函数它 会探索、而不是在之前你进行观察的时候，这个时候我进入实验室看到你之前，猫和你就一 起处于一个叠加态；其中一个你正在为了杀死猫而懊恼；而另外一个你搞不清猫的平行态 而迷茫！……
那么，如果波函数探索真的会发生，这将意味着自然规律中隐藏着随机性的本质。
三、本质由人视觉形象主体决定看达 . 芬奇的本质
意大利文艺复兴绘画大师达 . 芬奇说：“绘画是科学，而且是包罗万象的和基本的，因 为，视觉能力的主体是它的最后的结果。”
科学能离开视觉吗？视觉能力的主体同样是科学的最后的结果，人类任何艺术与科学 观察的都是同一客体——自然！自然现象对艺术来说是最美的。达 . 芬奇反复提示我们：“没 有比自然更美的东西。因此，均衡的美的秘密，祗有在自然现象本身中才能被揭露出来。”
同样，物理学的本质就是由现在预测未来、完全是通过“人视觉形象主体”来完成的（同 样是一种平行世界生理结构，不可能同时看到两个、两个以上物质“体”）；那么，物理学 的预测功能不仅在实践中无法做到甚至在理论上都行不通了，波函数探索还引发了其他方 面的恐慌：引爆了 1927 年玻尔为首的哥本哈根学派和爱因斯坦大辩论……比如说，由于探 索是由观测引起的，所以观测这个动作就被提升到了一个非常重要的位置——这就是达 . 芬 奇的“本质”： “绘画是科学，而且是包罗万象的和基本的，因为，视觉能力的主体是它的 最后的结果。”——
四、本质是什么？
科学和艺术完全一样，它是感情、是形体；它是体积，是性状，它有厚度，有分量；有节 奏，有抑扬顿挫，有变化，有旋律，有时间空间；它有强烈的诗人的凝练，哲人的理喻，音乐家 的旋律，科学家的严谨——这就是笛卡尔的二元论之大自然生态系统、也就是艾弗雷特的多 重宇宙理念与自由意志……
那么，平行宇宙是什么？它是智慧、是执著、是坦诚、是真挚；它有宇宙行星的精确与和 谐、它有天地大自然的美轮美奂、它有蝴蝶翅膀的情商与浪漫！ ……
所以，大哲学家黑格尔说：
“人切不可低估和不视他本身精神的伟大和力量。人有了这样的信心，没有什么东西 会坚硬顽固到不对他展开。那最初隐藏着的宇宙本质，并没有力量可以抵挡求知的勇气，它 必然会向勇敢的求知者揭开它的秘密，而将它的财富和宝藏公开给他，让他享受。”
科学历史从哈维、哥白尼、伽利略、牛顿、开普勒一直到爱因斯坦等等……科学家的研究 逐渐抹去了人类盲目自大的傲慢且无情地对人类中心论提出死亡警告！……
那么，为什么哥本哈根诠释却把我们引回了人类中心的古希腊路径呢？因为传统的物 理学理论都是由数学公式来描述的；唯独哥哈根诠释里很少有数学公式来定义？
特别是薛定谔锚！
到底什么是观测？一就是波函数到底会在什么时候坍缩？二必须要有一个人类观察者 才会引发波函数探索吗！？
答案是肯定的！这由达 . 芬奇“因为，视觉能力的主体是它的最后的结果。”的人生 理规则本质决定！……
那么，机器人会不会引发波函数穿梭呢？ 一个网络摄像头会不会呢？ 我们只有去问量子纠缠与哥本哈根诠释来告诉全人类……
五、从扑克牌实验与艾弗雷特来看
从扑克牌实验在艾弗雷特看来，观察并不具备某种神奇的能力，它只是一个普通的物理 过程，和其他过程没什么两样。它只有一个特点，就是传递了信息、人脑反馈的二元信息 - 自由意志信息。
也就是说，在这个例子里，信息从扑克牌传递到了你的大脑里面。实验结束的时候，将 会出现两个不同版本的你（信息），每一个你主观上都会觉得很真实，但对另一个你的存在 毫不知情（平行世界）。量子扑克牌实验对微观量子过于神奇、如果被放大到宏观世界的 一个小小的例子。这种微小差异就会被放大到无穷大。这种宏观世界无穷大的放大过程其 实每时每刻都在发生 - 宇宙膨胀！ ……比如，一次宇宙射线粒子的撞击可能引发或者没有 引发某个人的癌变，今天大气演化成明年的一场四季的飓风的蝴蝶效应等等……当你通过 神经元进行决策的过程中，发生了某种量子变迁，导致一个重要的决定和计划愿景分道扬镳 等等……
也就是说，平行宇宙的分裂其实是在不断持续的进行着，使得两次平行宇宙的数量多的 让人眼花缭乱。这种分裂从大爆炸的那一刻就开始了。很有可能你能想象到，所有的宇宙 历史都已经在量子平行宇宙中变成了现实，只要他们不违反物理定律就行。事实上，我们所 感知到熟悉的现实世界只是冰山一角，这座冰山极其庞大，又数不胜数真实存在的量子实在 与虚拟构成。
鉴此，人们后来把薛定谔的发现看作二十世纪最伟大最重要的成就。因为他深刻的变 革了物理学和化学，同时猫实验更让人们抓耳挠腮困惑不已，如果一个物体镜像竟然能同时 出现在几个不同的地方。那么为什么我们从来没有观察到这个现象呢？
在经过各方争议和讨论之后，玻尔和海森堡想出了一个补救的措施；这个补救的措施 被称为哥本哈根诠释。这个诠释关键的一点就是加了一个后门儿——玻尔和海森堡假定薛 定谔方程只在某些时候起作用、而是否起作用取决于是否存在观察 - 这就是古希腊托夫勒 的“对点”，具体而言就是说如果某个物体没有被视觉行为主体观察，那么它波函数的变化 是符合薛定谔方程的。如果一旦他被观察了，那他的波函数就会坍缩……这样你就会观察 到它只位于同一个地方而不是同时位于很多地方……是不是这样呢？
六、请看薛定谔自己如何说
请翻开薛定谔《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》看 129 页： 【物理上的不确定性会给自由意志以机会吗 ?
前面我曾简要触及了那个由来已久的难题 , 即关于物质事件的决定论观点与拉丁文所 谓的 liberum arbitrium indifferentiae[ 中立的决断自由 ] 或现代语言所谓的“自由意志 " 之 间的明显矛盾。我想大家都知道我的意思 : 既然我们的心灵生活显然与我体内尤其是大脑 中的生理过程密切相关 , 如果后者被物理和化学的自然定律严格而唯一地决定 , 那么我决 定这样做或那样做的不能让与的感觉应当如何来解释呢 ? 我感到要对我实际做出的决定负 责，这种感觉应当如何来解释呢 ? 我所做的每一件事情难道不都是由我大脑中的物质事态 ( 包括由外界物体引起的改变 ) 事先机械确定的吗? 我的自由感和责任感难道不是假象吗 ?
在我看来 , 这的确是一个真正的困难，德谟克利特第一次完全意识到了这个困难 , 但没 有理会。我想这是非常明智的。虽然他坚持把“原子和虚空”当作理解客观自然界的唯一 合理方式 , 但从他留传下来的一些说法可以看出 , 他也意识到 , 原子和虚空的整个这幅图 景仅仅是人的心灵根据感官知觉的证据而形成的 ; 在其他一些地方 , 他几乎以康德的口吻 表示 , 关于事物本身究竟是什么 , 我们一无所知 , 最终的真理仍然深藏于黑暗之中。
伊壁鸠鲁继承了德谟克利特的物理理论 ( 顺便说一句 , 他并未 致以谢意 )。
然而不够明智的是，他热衷于向其信徒传授一种公正合理的、不容置疑的道德态度 , 损
害了物理学 , 并且发明了他那著名的 ( 或臭名昭著的 )“微偏”(swerves) 概念 -- 它很容易 让人想起关于物理事件“不确定性”的现代观念。这里我不想谈论细节，只需说他以一种 非常幼稚的方式摆脱了物理上的决定论就够了。他没有建立在任何经验的基础之上 , 因此 没有任何结果。
这个问题本身从未离开我们。在希波的圣奥古斯丁 (St. Augustine of Hippo) 那里 , 它作 为一个神学难题 -- 至少是作为一个非常类似的逻辑结构问题 -- 非常突出地表现出来。自 然定律被全知全能的上帝所接管。但对于像他这样信仰上帝的人来说 , 自然定律显然就是 上帝的定律 , 因此我认为把它称为同一个问题是正确的。
众所周知 , 圣奥古斯丁的最大难题是 : 上帝是全知全能的 , 假如上帝不知道和不愿意 , 我一件事都没法做 -- 上帝不仅要同意，而且要决定。那么 , 我怎么会对所做的事负责呢 ? 我推测 , 对于这样的问题 , 宗教的态度最终一定是 : 这里我们面对着一个无法参透的深邃 奥秘 , 但我们肯定不能通过否认责任来尝试解决它。我们绝不能尝试 , 最好也不要去尝试 , 因为我们会遭到惨败。责任感是天生的 , 任何人都无法抛弃它。
不过 , 我们还是回到这个问题的原初形式以及物理上的决定论在其中所起的作用。很 自然地 , 今天物理学中的所谓“因果性危机”似乎使人看到了从这个悖论或难题中摆脱出 来的希望。
或许 , 所宣称的不确定性可以允许自由意志介入这个间隙 , 使自由意志能够决定自然 法则所没有决定的那些事件 ? 初看起来，这种希望是显而易见的和可以理解的。
有人以这种粗糙的形式作了尝试 , 德国物理学家帕斯库尔·约尔丹 (Pascual Jordan) 在 一定程度上贯彻了这种想法。我认为这种解决方案无论在物理上还是道德上都是不可行的。 首先在物理上，根据我们目前的看法 , 虽然量子定律无法决定单个事件，但是当同一情形一 再发生时 , 量子定律可以预测相当确定的事件统计。如果这些统计受到某种动因的干扰 , 那么这种动因将会违反量子力学定律 , 和它 -- 在量子力学出现之前的物理学中-- 干扰严格 的机械因果律一样令人反感。现在我们知道 , 关于同一个人对完全相同的道德情形的反应 , 不存在任何统计 -- 同一个人在相同情况下往往会以完全相同的方式再次行事。( 请注意， 是完全相同的情形 ; 这并不意味着犯人或瘾君子不能通过说服、示范等外在影响来转变或 治疗 , 但这当然意味着情形已经改变。) 我们的推论是，约尔丹的假设 -- 自由意志直接介入 以填补不确定性的间隙 -- 即使是以量子理论所接受的形式 , 也的确干扰了自然定律。但如 果付出这样的代价 , 我们当然可以拥有一切。这并不能解决这一难题。
德国哲学家恩斯特·卡西尔 (ErnstCassirer, 从纳粹德国逃亡 ,1945 年在纽约去世 ) 非常 强调道德上的反驳。他对约尔丹思想的批判乃是基于对物理学状况的了如指掌。接下来我 要对它作简单概述 , 我认为其思路是这样的。人的自由意志把人的道德行为当作最相关的 部分包括进来。如果像今天的大多数物理学家所认为的那样 , 时空中的物理事件在很大程 度上并没有被严格决定，而是受制于纯粹的偶然 , 那么物质世界中发生的事件的这种偶然 性肯定最后才被用来作为人的道德行为的物理相关项 ( 卡西尔语 )。因为人的道德行为绝 不是偶然的，它强烈地受制于各种动机 , 从最低级的到最崇高的 , 从贪婪和怨恨到对同类生 命的真挚的爱或真诚的宗教感情。卡西尔的清晰讨论使我们强烈感到 , 把自由意志包括伦 理学建立在物理偶然性的基础上是多么荒谬 , 以至于之前的那个难题 , 即自由意志与决定 论之间的对立，在卡西尔对相反观点的重击之下已经不那么明显甚至几乎完全消失。( 卡西 尔又说 ,) “如果这种道德自由的概念和真正含义与可预测性无法调和 , 那么即使是量子力 学所承认的这种缩减程度的可预测性，也完全足以摧毁道德自由”。事实上 , 我们开始怀疑 , 这个据称的悖论是否真的如此令人吃惊 , 物理上的决定论与意志的心理现象也许并不是非 常合适的关联物。意志的心理现象总是不容易“从外部”预测 , 而是通常“由内部”决定。 在我看来 , 这是整个争论最有价值的结果 : 当我们意识到物理上的偶然性为道德奠定的基 础是多么不充分时 , 天平就会偏向于把自由意志与物理上的决定论调 167 和起来。
我们可以对这一点进行详细阐述。诗人和小说家有许多说法都可以作为支持。在约翰·高 尔斯华绥 (John Galsworthy ) 的小说《殷红的花朵》(The Dark Flower, 第一部分 , 第 13 章 , 第 2 段 ) 中 , 一个小伙子在晚上忽然想到 : “但情况就是这样 -- 倘若事物不恰好就是那样 和在那里 , 你就永远无法思考它们是什么样子。你也无法知道将会发生什么 ; 然而当它发 生时 , 就好像别的事情不可能发生似的。这真是奇怪 - 在你完成一件事情之前，你可以做任 何你想做的事情 , 但是当你已经完成了它 , 你才知道你总是不得不……”席勒的《华伦斯 坦之死》(Wallenstein's Tod) 中有下面 这段名言 ( 第 2 章 , 第 3 节 ):
你们要知道 , 人的行为和思想并不像大海盲目掀动的波浪。人的内心世界，他的微观 宇宙，
是深不可测的深坑，思想从那里涌流。这些思想是必然的 , 犹如树木结果，它们不可能 是魔术变出来的偶然巧合。我若探讨，人的内在实质，
也就知道他的愿望和他的行止。
从语境来看 , 这些诗句的确指向了华伦斯坦对占星术的虔诚信仰。我们往往并不相信 占星术。然而 , 占星术的诱惑力 , 几千年来它对人类心灵不可抗拒的吸引力 , 恰恰证明了 一个事实 : 我们不愿把命运看成纯粹偶然的结果，即使 ( 或者说恰恰因为 ) 命运在很大程度 上依赖于我们在正确的时刻做出正确的决定。( 我们通常缺少为此所需的全部信息 , 占星 术正是在这里有了可乘之机 !)】
七、2024 年 10 月诺贝尔物理学奖的“自由意志”结论与裁决爱因 斯坦错了
2022 诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓！
政务：科普中国 2022-10-04 18:55
瑞典当地时间 2022 年 10 月 4 日 11 时 45 分（北京时间 10 月 4 日 17 时 45 分），诺贝 尔奖委员会宣布将 2022 年物理学奖颁给法国物理学家阿兰·阿斯佩（Alain Aspect）、美国 物理学家约翰·弗朗西斯·克劳泽（John F. Clauser）和奥地利物理学家安东·塞林格（Anton Zeilinger）以表彰“用纠缠光子验证了量子不遵循贝尔不等式，开创了量子信息学”。
诺奖委员会在其官方介绍中称，量子力学现在已拥有很广阔的研究领域，包括量子计算 机、量子网络和安全的量子加密通信。
诺贝尔物理学委员会主席 Anders Irbäck 说： “越来越明显的是，一种新的量子技术正
在出现。我们可以看到，获奖者对纠缠态的研究非常重要，甚至超越了解释量子力学的基本 问题”。
北京计算科学研究中心教授薛鹏提前猜中了今年的获奖者，下文是薛教授对今年获奖 工作的科普介绍。
在 2010 年，法国的阿兰·阿斯佩特（Alain Aspect）、美国的约翰·弗朗西斯·克劳泽（John Clauser）、和奥地利的安东·塞林格（Anton Zeilinger）三位物理学家“因其在量子物理学 基础上的基本概念和实验贡献，特别是一系列日益复杂的贝尔不等式测试，而获得沃尔夫奖 （Wolf Prize）”。
美国物理联合会旗下科普网站 Inside Science 于 2019 、2020 、2021 连续三年预测该三 位物理学家奖获得诺贝尔物理学奖。
爱因斯坦认为量子纠缠这种超距相互作用是不可思议的，违背了狭义相对论。与其在 普林斯顿的助手 Boris Podolsky 和 Nathan Rosen 提出一个思想实验，就是著名的 EPR 佯谬。 描述了 A 、B 为自旋 1/2 的粒子，初始总自旋为零。假设粒子有两种可能的自旋，分别是 | 上 > 和 | 下 >，那么，如果粒子 A 的自旋为 | 上 >，粒子 B 的自旋便一定是 | 下 >，才能保持总 体守恒，反之亦然。这时我们说，这两个粒子构成了量子纠缠态。
两个粒子 A 和 B 朝相反方向飞奔，它们相距越来越远，越来越远……无论相距多远，它 们应该永远是 | 上> 和 | 下> 关联的。两边分别由观察者 Alice 和 Bob 对两个粒子进行测量。 根据量子力学的说法，只要 Alice 和 Bob 还没有进行测量，每一个粒子都应该处于某种叠加 态，比如说， | 上 > 、| 下 > 各为 50% 概率的叠加态。然后，如果 Alice 对 A 进行测量，A 的 叠加态便在一瞬间坍缩了，比如，坍缩成了 | 上 >。现在，问题就来了：既然 Alice 已经测量 到 A 为 | 上 >，因为守恒的缘故，B 就一定要为 | 下 >。但是，此时的 A 和 B 之间已经相隔 非常遥远，比如说几万光年吧，按照量子力学的理论，B 也应该是 | 上 > 和 | 下 > 各一半的 概率，为什么它能够做到总是选择 | 下 > 呢？除非 A 粒子和 B 粒子之间有某种方式及时地 “互通消息”？即使假设它们能够互相感知，那也似乎是一种超距瞬时的信号！而这超距 作用又是与相对论中光速不可超越相违背。于是，这就构成了佯谬。
因此他认为量子力学是不完备的，他希望建立一个更普适的局域实在论理论来弥补量 子理论的不足，消除超距作用。作为爱因斯坦思想的继承人，玻姆在 1952 年在引入了 “隐 变量”，在局域实在论的基础上形成了一个完全决定性的理论——局域隐变量理论。下面 就是要实验验证究竟是量子力学理论正确且完备还是局域隐变量理论正确且完备。
而贝尔定理的实验验证是一个物理实验，旨在测试量子力学理论与局域隐变量理论哪 个正确。1964 年，John Bell 定义了一个可观测量，并基于局域隐变量理论预言的测量值都 不大于 2。而用量子力学理论，可以得出其最大值可以到 2
一旦实验测量的结果大于 2，就意味着局域隐变量理论是错误的。
贝尔不等式的诞生，宣告了量子力学理论的局域性争议，从带哲学色彩纯粹思辨变为实 验可证伪的科学理论。虽然贝尔作为一个爱因斯坦的追随者，其研究隐变量理论的初衷是 要证明量子力学的非局域性有误，可后来所有的实验都表明局域隐变量理论预言有误，而量 子理论的预言与实验一致。
1972 年，John Clauser 和 Stuart Freedman 在加州大学柏克莱分校完成第一次贝尔定理 实验，因存在定域性漏洞，即纠缠的粒子之间距离太小，不足以说明纠缠的非局域性，结果不 具有说服力。
1982 年，Alan Aspect 等人在巴黎第十一大学改进 Clauser 和 Freedman 贝尔定理实验， 实验结果违反贝尔定理。
1998 年，安东·塞林格（Anton Zeilinger）等人在奥地利因斯布鲁克大学完成贝尔定理 实验，彻底排除定域性漏洞，实验结果具有决定性。
2015 年，荷兰代尔夫特理工大学的 Ronald Hanson 研究组报道了他们在金刚石色心系
统中完成的验证贝尔不等式的实验。要避免局域性漏洞，只需把两个金刚石色心放置在相 距 1.3 公里的两个实验室。利用纠缠光子对和纠缠交换技术，他们实现了金刚石色心电子之 间的纠缠。两个色心直接用光通讯所需时间大概 4.27 微秒，而完成一次实验的时间为 4.18 微秒，比光通信时间少 90 纳秒，因此解决了局域性漏洞。此外，色心的测量效率高达 96% ， 测量漏洞也被堵上了。总之，他们声称实现了无漏洞的验证贝尔不等式的实验，在 96% 的 置信度（2.1个标准差）上支持量子理论，从而证伪了局域的隐变量理论。
2016 年，大贝尔实验（the Big Bell Test）展开，并召集到世界各地超过 10 万名志愿者。 在实验中，所有志愿者都需要基于个人的自由意志不断地进行选择形成二进制随机数，在过 关游戏中快速随机地按下 0 或者 1 ，12 小时内共持续产生每秒逾 1000 比特的数据流，全部 记录在互联网云端，并被实时和随机地发放给分布在世界各地的相关研究团队，用以控制这 些研究团队的贝尔不等式检验实验。大贝尔实验相信人类拥有真正的自由意志，通过大量 参与者的自由意志，大贝尔实验在更广泛的范围内关闭自由选择漏洞，强烈否定爱因斯坦的 定域性原理。
八、诺贝尔奖是人类自然科学指路明灯
诺贝尔物理学奖自 1901 年起到 2021 年止共颁发了 116 项，获奖者共 222 人次，其中巴 丁获得过两次，所以总共有 221 人获得过该奖。再细分一下，116 次颁奖中，47 次只有一 位获奖人，32 次有两位获奖人，37 次有三位获奖人。遗憾的是，女性诺贝尔物理学奖得主 只有4 位：玛丽·居里（1903 年）、玛丽娅·格佩特 - 梅耶（1963 年）、唐娜·斯特里克兰（2018 年）、 安德里亚·盖兹（2020 年）……再加上物理学奖、化学奖等等……足以见证诺贝尔奖是人类 自然科学最辉煌、最伟大的指路明灯！
九、当年跟苏联批判爱因斯坦相对论完全是对的
看爱因斯坦相对论在中国政治历史的巨大变迁（抖音文摘）：“一九六八年六月学习 班印发了第一篇批判文章，题为彻底批判自然科学理论中的资产阶级反动观点评相对论的 基础光速不变之内容相当炸裂，有兴趣的可以至少来研究研究。我挑几段来念一下。光速 不变原理是西方资产阶级反动政治观点的深刻反应，因为恒定的光速意味着西方科学是人 类科学的极限，所以光速不变原理违反了唯物辩证法。
人类历史上任何一次自然科学革命都无法与之比拟的无产阶级科学革命即将出现在 世界的东方，无产阶级一定能够占领自然科学的全部阵地。资产阶级学者连做梦都想不到 的一个个崭新的科学理论必将发展起来，自然科学发展真正的新纪元一定会首先在我国到 来！
这篇文章被上送到中央文革小组，同时学习班儿也更加积极的搜集材料，酝酿和撰写后 续文章……
第二篇文章相对论批判很快就完成了。这篇相较于第一篇来说，格调更高，措辞也更加 尖锐。他提出了一个论据，如果按照相对论的说法，同时性是相对的。那么，在 1969 年 3 月 中苏边境上发生的珍宝岛事件中，我们说苏联开了第一枪，苏联说我们开了第一枪，事实上 究竟是哪一方开枪进场，就无法做出客观判断。这个论据如此的有力，本来一些反对的声音 也就偃旗息鼓了。怕呀！？因为谁替相对论辩护，谁就是替苏修辩护的卖国贼呀！
继中科院之后，复旦大学也成立了上海理科批判组。理科批判组他走了另外一条路，就 是直接针对爱因斯坦本人进行攻击。最近火热的那句话就是出自于这个组。他们在 1970 年发表的爱因斯坦的相对论中写道，他一生 3 异国籍，四换组织，有奶便是娘，见钱就下跪。 有一点却始终不渝，那就是自觉的充当资产阶级恶毒攻击马克思主义的喉舌。爱因斯坦终 于又被打倒了，但是被打倒的远远不止爱因斯坦一人。那个时候，几乎所有的自然科学领
域都受到了以阶级斗争为纲的影响哥白尼、伽利略、居里夫人、孟德尔、摩尔根、麦克斯韦等 等……一系列的知名科学家，在这个东方文明的摇篮都成为了反动学术的代言人。疯狂的 年代，恰如其分……
如今，几十年过去了，曾经上蹿下跳的小丑们换了副面孔安享晚年，新一波的小丑又跃 跃欲试。但是，不管小丑如何折腾，爱因斯坦依旧是人类历史上最伟大的科学家之一，相对 论的光芒也不会因为跳梁小丑而暗淡丝毫。
在一边倒时期，苏联反对什么，我们就反对什么。但是随着斯大林的去世，苏联他不批 判爱因斯坦了，那我们的态度也就跟着有了转变，爱因斯坦的形象在国内得到了短暂的恢 复。
1955 年 4 月 18 号，爱因斯坦去世。人民日报发表了悼念长文，文中说：爱因斯坦的逝 世是正义人类的一大损失，中国人民深深哀悼这位杰出的科学家
和人类和平事业的伟大战士！
但是仅仅过了一年，1956 年，苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫在苏共二十大会议上发表了关于个 人崇拜及其后果的报告后，中苏关系开始恶化了。之后几年又经历了一系列事件，老大哥逐 渐变成了苏修。苏修越不批判，我们就越要批判，于是相对论重新成为了被批判的对象。上 期我们说过，要打倒相对论，必须双管齐下，首先得打倒爱因斯坦本人。所以学习班就挖掘 出了一个他非常反动的言论。自然辩证法是恩格斯生前未完成的作品，是他生前对自然科 学研究的总结。他逝世后，朋友整理了这些手稿，在德国联系了出版商。出版商考虑到恩格 斯在国际共产主义运动中的领袖。就把这些手稿送给爱因斯坦去评阅。爱因斯坦评阅后答 复说，我不建议把它复印，因为不论从当代物理学的观点来看，还是从物理学史方面来说，这 些手稿都没有特殊的趣味。我没有看过原版，但是这个没有特殊的趣味，是商务出版社爱因 斯坦文集中的措辞。但想必爱因斯坦的原话会更加直白，不会说的这么客气，因为在这一段 儿的下边，有一段儿编译者的案，他是这样说的，对恩格斯自然辩证法手稿的任何污蔑，都无 损于他所揭示的真理光芒，也丝毫抹杀不了这部伟大著作对现代科学发展的伟大指导意义。 恰恰是爱因斯坦的无知。的无知和他顽固的资产阶级偏见，是小丑胡克之流的卑劣用心。
这里提到了胡克，因为爱因斯坦在一封给胡克的信里也表示过同样的对恩格斯手稿的观 点……
——（2024 年 4 月 1 日摘自抖音）
十、意大利文艺复兴对全人类文明举足轻重的科学伟大贡献
达 . 芬奇说：“对一件东西的爱好是由知识产生的，知识愈准确爱好也就愈强烈。 要达到这准确，就须对所应爱好的事物全体所组成的每一部分都有透彻的知识。”—— 这就是意大利文艺复兴伟大精神核心——文艺复兴（英文：Renaissance 意大利文： Rinascimento，由 ri-“重新”和 nascere“出生”构成，法文：La Renaissance）是 14 世纪中 叶至 16 世纪在欧洲发生的思想文化运动，它在近代早期深刻地影响了欧洲的知识艺术科学 生活！……
文艺复兴源于 13 世纪晚期的佛罗伦萨，但丁的《神曲》（1265 年 –1321 年）、彼特拉 克（1304 年 –1374 年）、乔托（1267 年 –1337 年）的绘作、特别是 1401 年洛伦佐·吉贝尔 蒂和菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基这两位天才雕塑家竞争佛罗伦萨圣母百花大教堂洗礼堂铜门合 约为标志。甚至以艺术家和博学家（包括布鲁内莱斯基、吉贝尔蒂、多纳泰罗和马萨乔等人） 为获得艺术品创作竞争，引爆了文艺复兴时期的创造力。而以 14 世纪意大利文艺复兴以达 到达 . 芬奇这样人类最高端智能的理解与深度，创造了人类科学知识 3.0 时代。因为，达芬 奇认为：，科学理论研究最重要的是看得见物相变化的研究；达 . 芬奇提出科学艺术之视 觉形象主体论！ ……达 . 芬奇的画论中包含了丰富的美学思想 , 和科学的”镜子说”涉及
到文艺和科学现实与艺术关系。一方面 , 达 . 芬奇认为文艺应师法自然 ; 另一方面 , 艺术还 必须超越自然、绘画是科学；把绘画艺术形式提升到科学至高无上的地位 , 体现艺术与美 学思想的科学自然观之极致。正如恩格斯所说： “拜占庭灭亡时抢救出来的手稿，罗马废 墟中发掘出来的古代雕像，在惊讶的西方面前展示了一个新世界——希腊古代；在它的光 辉的形象面前，中世纪的幽灵消逝了；意大利出现了出人意料的艺术繁荣，这种艺术繁荣好 像是古典古代的反照，以后就再也不曾达到过。”……
罗素认为，文艺复兴时代尽管在文学艺术上的成就琳琅满目，但是在科学和哲学方面却 是一个“不毛的”世纪。
文艺复兴事实果然在科学上是一个“不毛的”世纪吗？
十一、从达 . 芬奇的科学手稿我们能够得到否定且神一般的回答
神人达芬奇的那些超时代发明 美色天下 2015-08-03 09:55
达·芬奇绝不仅仅是一个画家那么简单，我们还应该注意到他是一位思想深邃、学识渊 博的艺术大师、科学巨匠、哲学家、音乐家、工程师和发明家。他简直就是一位旷世奇才，他 分明就不是属于文艺复兴时代的人，他更像是一位时空穿越者！你可能会认为我在为达·芬 奇他老人家吹牛，好吧，达·芬奇那些隐藏着各种神秘密码的画作咱们先不说，单来看他那些
发明手稿就足以震惊你！
达·芬奇自画像
达·芬奇手稿中发明的一种战车。上图是手稿，下图是现代人根据手稿做的模型。
当马拉动战车后车的左右和后面的大刀片会转动起来，人挡杀人佛挡杀佛，好生厉害！ 与现在的武器相比当然是逊多了，但要知道那可是 500 多年前！
这也是根据达·芬奇手稿做的模型。车动起来后那些打铁球会迅速转动起来，在其半径 内造成大规模的伤害。设计的原理和所达到的效果跟上面那个战车有异曲同工之处。
这应该是个攻城的机器，具体怎么使用和操作原理不清楚。
根据手稿就可看出这是一个攻城的装置。下图是模型。
达·芬奇设计的机关枪手稿图。
枪手可以发射第一轮子弹，然后打开机架就能立即启动第二轮子弹，发射后再启动第三 轮。这在当时要是投入使用，应该算大规模杀伤性武器了吧。
达·芬奇设计的自驱式汽车
有人根据达·芬奇的手稿做了自驱式汽车，发现还真能使用！根据上图的模型看由很多
齿轮工作的，速度应该会较慢吧，不过也很了不起了！
这款发明可能是最为人所熟知的了——达芬奇自行车。跟现代自行车几乎没什么区别。
根据达芬奇手稿做的模型自行车。
这也是根据达芬奇手稿做的模型，应该是战场上用的一种装置。
这又是什么玩意儿！！
达芬奇设计的直升机飞行器。
这又是什么！！从模型看这个发明挺精巧的，就是不知道用来干什么。大家可以猜猜。
达芬奇设计的滑翔机手稿。双手控制方向，用脚蹬可以扇动两个翅膀，这样就能飞起来 了。
还有密码锁也是达芬奇发明的！
达芬奇甚至还设计了一款 360°发射炮弹的装甲车。玩过《刺客信条》的人一定知道 这个装甲车吧，游戏里还有其他很多达芬奇发明的武器，很有意思。
更夸张的是达·芬奇还设计过仿真机器人。不得不让人感叹：达·芬奇到底是不是文艺 复兴时期的人啊！
从上述达 . 芬奇科学手稿自行车、飞机、机关枪、汽车等等……甚至机器人完全可以印 证：600 年前意大利文艺复兴不仅仅是文艺复兴，在上帝还没有让牛顿诞生的岁月，已经诞 生了科学巨擘大咖达 . 芬奇，他不仅仅是一位思想深邃、学识渊博的艺术大师；还是名副其 实的科学巨匠、哲学家、音乐家、工程师、科学家、发明家……全球人类都说达 . 芬奇简直就 是一位旷世奇才分明就不是属于文艺复兴时代的人；达 . 芬奇更像是一位时空穿越者、外 星人！……
让罗素那些历史狭隘的评论家对意大利文艺复兴仅仅是“一个‘不毛的’世纪”见鬼 去吧！……
十二、意大利文艺复兴后续巴洛克对全世界艺术风格深远影响
“巴洛克”是 1600 年至 1750 年间在欧洲盛行的一种艺术风格。起源意大利文艺复兴 晚期著名建筑师和建筑理论家维尼奥拉设计的罗马耶稣会教堂，其手法主义向巴洛克风格 过渡的代表作，也有人称之为第一座巴洛克建筑。手法主义是 16 世纪晚期欧洲的一种艺术 风格。其主要特点是追求怪异和不寻常的效果，如以变形和不协调的方式表现空间，以夸张 的细长比例表现人物等，彰显浓郁反宗教改革时期的意大利风格，盛行在欧洲信奉天主教的 地区，随着天主教的传播，影响远及拉美和亚洲国家。巴洛克作为一种在时间、空间上影响 都颇为深远的艺术风格兴起与当时的宗教有着紧密的联系。 事实上，巴洛克艺术代表整个 艺术领域在音乐、建筑、装饰艺术等内涵丰富多彩注重强烈情感的表现，气氛热烈紧张，具有 刺人耳目、动人心魄的艺术效果多取材圣经；例圣经的故事——耶稣尸体的色彩极其耀眼 醒目，仿佛有一股强光投射下来。左边穿大红衣袍的圣约翰正在梯子边，接抱耶稣；另一边 有悲痛的圣母和其他门徒，他们的脸被强光映照着，熠熠生辉。身体和衣裙遮没黑暗中，受 难的耶稣一点圣光夺目与尼德兰人体那种干瘪的样子形成强烈对比。但粗壮结实，比例匀 称。欲抱耶稣下十字架……这幅画的画面构思正好与上世家相反。他没有剧烈的人物动势， 没有强烈的激情，只有哀痛的宣泄。所有形象被置于深沉的黑洞洞墨色迷漫的哀恸之中感 人至深！……
栩栩如生的艺术画面吸引人们，仿佛看电影作品一样如痴如醉。巴洛克绘画通常充满 动感。强调光线。色彩和形状。而电影镜头也是通过移动、变焦等技巧概括巴洛克艺术风 格即有豪华特色、又有宗教的的神秘、还有享乐主义迷茫色色……展显艺术家丰富想象力和 巴洛克艺术灵魂与激情千古流芳！
正如 1915 年德国艺术史家沃尔夫林 (H.wofflin) 的著作《文艺复兴与巴洛克》和 1888 年之《美术史原理》指出：巴洛克是继文艺复兴之后的主要流派，并对其形式特点作了分 析和历史考察。认为巴洛克风格可作为每一文化或文明进入后复兴期阶段的特征，使之具 有更为普遍的意义。
“大自然和它的规律 , 隐藏在黑暗之中。上帝说 : 让牛顿出生吧 , 于是一切显现光明。” 嗨童的牛顿和弟弟妹妹一起用被子挡上窗帘，透一个小眼，玩三棱镜，阳光从小眼射过三棱 镜在墙上散出七色光……就这样牛顿让世界“一切显现光明”便完成了《牛顿光学》，发 现和阐述了赤橙黄绿青蓝紫七色光谱的电磁波属性，和 600 年前的科学家画家达 . 芬奇说：
“科学理论研究最重要的是看得见物相变化的研究”视觉形象主体论不谋而合，已经规定 了人看得见东西是有现的，这已经为后来 1500 年的现代科学研究完全证明！……
请看光谱：
“绘画是科学”，物体上一点发出的光线落到视网膜上只是一个点，太阳光点的集合与 波就形成光谱！……
并且达 . 芬奇开创了定点透视学，能说明凭视觉知道物体的远近，大小和位置，并用《蒙 娜丽莎》的微笑永远告诉人类视觉形象的先天与经验的统一，“视觉能力的主体是它的最 后的结果”！……
《蒙娜丽莎》巨作是科学前所未有巨擘诡秘现象，在 17-19 世纪引起了科学家极大的 兴趣，吸引了第一流的哲学家，物理学家，数学家，生理学家参加讨论，像康德（Kant），伯克 莱（Berkeley）、赫姆霍茨、海林、洛克（Lock）、马尔布兰希（Malbranche）、毛凌诺（Molyneu）、 笛卡儿等等……以笛卡尔的“二元论”最突出、最经典，继承了古典柏拉图和欧几里德的视 觉观念，把光学和视觉等同起来，在几何光学的基础上加上对于视网膜，视神经的解剖和电 生理知识，发展了一套空间知觉数学与几何理论。也就是说，千年科学发展因为《蒙娜丽莎》 光辉灿烂而骄傲——达 . 芬奇《蒙娜丽莎》的神秘微笑传递了宇宙“暗物质暗能量”神奇 莫测，凸显暗物质神秘历史和暗能量的诡秘就在我们身边…
达 . 芬奇首创科学和艺术整合的伟大贡献千古科学巨擘，从达 . 芬奇的“镜子论”和蒙 娜丽莎的微笑可见一斑！……
第一处、像达芬奇
利用电脑通过对比发现，蒙娜丽莎和达芬奇的自画像非常相似。眼神，嘴角的微笑，面 部的神态都惊人的相似。
现代人类并没有因为“暗物质”影响人的视觉，笛卡尔从蜘蛛的点对点的多点运动“视 觉形象”，发明和创造出“解析几何”奇迹！继续创造人类第 3.0 科学认识阶段，是暗物质 阶段之标志阶段。暗物质世界既没有宏观世界，也没有微观世界的任何物质；只有暗物质， 人眼什么也看不见！……
科学家认为，宇宙世界 95% 是暗物质；人类所见之物（微观世界和宏观世界）仅仅占 5%，少得可怜！
暗物质（Dark matter）是理论上提出的可能存在于宇宙中的一种不可见的物质，它可 能是宇宙物质的主要组成部分，但又不属于构成可见天体的任何一种目前已知的物质。大 量天文学观测中发现的疑似违反牛顿万有引力的现象可以在假设暗物质存在的前提下得 到很好的解释。现代天文学通过天体的运动、引力透镜效应、宇宙的大尺度结构的形成、 微波背景辐射等观测结果表明暗物质可能大量存在于星系、星团及宇宙中，其质量远大于宇 宙中全部可见天体的质量总和。结合宇宙中微波背景辐射各向异性观测和标准宇宙学模型 （ΛCDM 模型）可确定宇宙中暗物质占全部物质总质量的 85% 。- 见网络
目前一种被广泛接受的理论认为，组成暗物质的是“弱相互作用有质量粒子”（weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP），其质量和相互作用强度在电弱标度附近……
十三、在宇宙膨胀过程中通过热退耦合过程获得目前观测到的达 . 芬 奇艺术剩余丰度
请看《蒙娜丽莎》变换丰度：
人们把蒙娜丽莎这幅画和镜子里的成像拼接在一起，意外的发现蒙娜丽莎奇幻变换丰 度 - 背后竟然站着一个外星人。这个外星人的外貌是大眼、长鼻、小口
第三处、后面有四个动物
经过仔细的观察发现，这四种动物分别是狮子、猿猴、水牛、蛇。正常的背景图，都应该 是山水，但是这副蒙娜丽莎却是凶猛的动物。
第四处、眼里的字母和数字
这些符号不借助显微镜是看不见的。在经过仔细观察后，发现蒙娜丽莎的右眼睛是 LV，左眼是 CE 或者是 CB。它所代表的含义，目前尚未得到准确的答案。
第五处、血河
在蜿蜒的山谷里有一条血河缓缓流动。这条河为什么是红色的，这又有怎样的特殊含 义？也或许是我们想的太复杂，它其实没有任何含义。
第六处、无论站在哪个角度，都在微笑
科学家利用多光谱扫描发现，这是一个动态的微笑。而且，经过分析发现这个微笑有百 分之八十三是高兴，百分之六是恐惧。
第七处、另一张脸
经过数码技术处理，用另一张达芬奇的画覆盖，还原得到蒙娜丽莎的原貌。这个发现真 是让人吃惊，蒙娜丽莎还有另一种样子。
第八处、眉毛
一般人都是有眉毛的，但是这副蒙娜丽莎却是没有眉毛。有人说，这是那个时候法国比 较流行的妆容。也有人说，是为了达到黄金分割让脸更加好看。
第九处、眼睛动
当你仔细看蒙娜丽莎的眼睛的时候，会发现她的眼睛会慢慢转向前，看着你。一些专家 认为，这个现象可能和视觉神经有关。
第十处、魔鬼
有一个油漆匠把蒙娜丽莎这幅画偷走。在回家认真欣赏的时候，发现蒙娜丽莎背后有 魔鬼，被吓到晕过去。隔壁邻居发现动静，悄悄把这幅画带走。他在观看这幅画的时候，也 看见蒙娜丽莎背后的魔鬼。后来，蒙娜丽莎这幅画又被悄悄送回卢浮宫。
蒙娜丽莎神秘微笑是不是某种“暗物质”在作怪？
也有假说认为暗物质是由其他类型的粒子组成的，例如轴子（axion），惰性中微子（sterile neutrino）等。
其实，早在意大利文艺复兴初期，达 . 芬奇就提出在“视觉能力主体”之外存在人类肉 眼看不见的无限大空间！蒙娜丽莎的十种变换就是 600 年前达 . 芬奇的奇妙梦幻！？……
事实上，“‘我们对世界的理解已处于结论性或者终极阶段，从任何方面来看都已 是最大限度的或是最佳的’。我认为这种情况极不可能。我这样讲的意思并不是因为各 门科学的研究仍在继续，我们在哲学或宗教上的努力可能会发展和改变我们目前的世界 观。”——薛定谔。
薛定谔突破了 18 世纪流行的空间知觉理论。这是笛卡儿派的数学学说，其继承了柏拉图 和欧几里德的视觉观念，把光学和视觉等同起来，在几何光学的基础上加上对于视网膜，视 神经的解剖和电生理知识，发展形成一种空间知觉理论。
可是啊！笛卡尔和薛定谔怎么都不会想到，21 世纪暗物质（Dark matter）理论的诞生， 提出宇宙中的一种不可见的物质“暗物质”！
十四、达 . 芬奇在 600 年前就发明了智能机器人
1600 年霍布斯创立了机械唯物主义的完整体系，指出宇宙是所有机械地运动着的广延 物体的总和。他提出“自然状态”和国家起源说，指出国家是人们为了遵守“自然法”而 订立契约所形成的，是一部人造的机器人，反对君权神授——提出机器人概念；却不知达 . 芬 奇早在 1452 年就完成设计出仿真机器人：
更夸张的是达·芬奇还设计过仿真机器人。不得不让人感叹：达·芬奇到底是不是文艺 复兴时期的人啊！
早出霍布斯 150 年。更让人不可理解的是莱布尼茨在任清朝大使回国的 1679 年 3 月 15 日戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨发明了一种计算法，用两位数代替原来的十位“二进制” 计算机。也就是说，霍布斯和莱布尼茨都晚于 200 年以后！
达 . 芬奇可谓开创文艺复兴多才多艺伟大神人！
十五、从某种意义来说图灵计算机理论并非最领先
图灵机，又称图灵计算机，是一个抽象的机器。它由英国数学家艾伦 ・ 麦席森 ・ 图灵 (1912―-1954 年 ) 于 1936 年提出的一种抽象的计算模型，即将人们使用纸笔进行数学运算 的过程进行抽象，由一个虚拟的机器替代人类进行数学运算。图灵机有一条无限长的纸带， 纸带分成了一个一个的小方格，每个方格有不同的颜色。有一个读写头在纸带上移来移去。 读写头有一组内部状态，还有一些固定的程序。在每个时刻，读写头都要从当前纸带上读入 一个方格信息，然后结合自己的内部状态查找程序表，根据程序输出信息到纸带方格上，并 转换自己的内部状态，然后进行移动
基本思想与原理
图灵机
图灵的基本思想原理是用机器来模拟人们用纸笔进行数学运算的过程，他把这样的过 程看作下列两种简单的动作：
1、在纸上写上或擦除某个符号；
2、读写头从纸的一个位置移动到另一个位置。
——这和达 . 芬奇设计过仿真机器人更繁琐、更笨琢：它没有达 . 芬奇的人性、人形、人 的思想、更没有引入莱布尼茨的二进制算法……
其实，美国第一台计算机也是个庞然大物：世界上第一台通用计算机“ENIAC”于 1946 年 2 月 14 日在美国宾夕法尼亚大学诞生。发明人是美国人莫克利（JohnW.Mauchly） 和艾克特（J.PresperEckert）。
美国国防部用它来进行弹道计算。它是一个庞然大物，用了 18000 个电子管，占地 170 平方米，重达 30 吨，耗电功率约 150 千瓦，每秒钟可进行 5000 次运算，ENIAC 以电子管作 为元器件，又被称为电子管计算机，是计算机的第一代。电子管计算机由于使用的电子管体 积很大，耗电量大，易发热，因而工作的时间不能太长。
十六、2007 年 1 月 ,iPhone 2G 苹果的首款手机由苹果之父乔布斯发 布
iPhone 2G iPhone 3G 2008 年 7 月 , 发布的第二代苹果手机。也就是说，距 1946 年“ENIAC ” 计算机达到小型智能化经过了 61 年、与图灵机的 1936 年间隔 71 年 ; 如果和莱布尼茨二进 制的 1679 年相比间隔 128 年……
历史日历时间表明，科学技术从手机演化从数理二进制到“ENIAC”（电子管）庞然 大物，再转型到晶体管小巧玲珑整整用了一个多世纪（128 年）——我们把这种手机转圜 时间称作技术跨越演化期！这里的关键在于电子管到晶体管理论（巴丁“表面能级”科学 理论神跨越）巴丁理论跨越 - 约翰·巴丁
约翰·巴丁 (John Bardeen) 约翰·巴丁因发明了晶体管及其相关效应、超导的 BCS 理论 分别在 1956 年、1972 年两次获得诺贝尔物理学奖。（1946 年巴丁提出了表面效应理论） 我们由此得出推论：基础理论突破决定技术成功大爆发！也就是说，1946 年表面能级理 论突破，才诞生了晶体管、才有了乔布斯苹果替代“ENIAC”，巴丁理论突破后仅仅用了几 个月（1946 年 2 月出现“ENIAC ”1946 年到 1947 年 12 月 23 日星期二下午）不到一年时 间……这就成为人类科学理论突破路径决定技术发展大爆发法则。
我们把这种法则运用到 6000 年人类早期科学历史层面，去探讨古希腊文明科学知识神 奇“力量转移”能够感悟到什么呢？
是古希腊哲学家、思想家阿基米德支点“撬动地球”吗？
第十三章 芯 -“硅基生命”之父巴丁奇迹与硅基生 命挑战
一、听一听芯 - “硅基生命”之父巴丁与伙伴们的对话
1947 年 12 月 23 日星期二下午一个小雨霏霏的日子，贝尔实验室巴丁和布拉坦的发明 对话――它把传导放大、显示，开关电流的功能集于一体。这是“硅基生命”之父巴丁和格 罗夫事业支点爆发之源头、也是“硅基生命”能否诞生的关节点！……可见，技术爆发支点 至关重要，并是建立在科学理论创新支点爆发力的检验成功之关键。”——1956 年巴丁与 肖克利、布拉坦三人因此共享了诺贝尔物理学奖。人类开始了晶体管芯 -“硅基生命”时代：
“晶体管的本质是控制计算机计算生命的天长日久……用的电子流动的电门，它需要 把无数电子集赶到需要的纯化学表面。这必有一种稳定的材料构成可靠的电流存在平台。 生命稳定是最关键、最重要的！”
“这种稳定的材料还必须能极大地耐热，能无限地吸收能量，不会因电流的光速汇集其 表面产生高能量使其融化。”
“硅有无穷无尽的生命力，最为理想！因为它是从砂子中提炼出来的。大地的砂啊！ 万千瓦级的无穷无尽、且耐热性极强、赤道的砂，几十亿年经历着太阳灼热融烤，从不会融 化、烧残……砂在地球上处处都有，是最廉价的。”
“然而，不稳定限制了硅生命的与天长地久；尽管 60 年代初高登·摩尔坚信用夹在一 起的金属氧化物和硅片可以构成供所有电荷存在的集成电路，形成金属氧化物半导体晶体 管。如果不解决不稳定的问题，这只能是一种毫无用的设想…… ”
“为什么呢？”
“硅是有生命的啊！你想想，通过一瓦电在相同的样本上，在不同的时间，由于不稳定 我们观察得到的是不同的结果。如果变换成数字化，产生的误差就会十分巨大，影响存储的 准确性。所以不能进入计算机的实际应用领域。”
“这么说到 1968 年前，巴丁的晶体管原创力新科学，还不能带来 PC 业新经济革命。 因为没有席卷全球的 PC 普及，就不能构成新经济革命。巴丁的晶体管在当时只限于二极 管的应用，大型集成电路还需要等待巴丁支撑力的进一步延伸，转入技术爆发力，产生格罗 夫的 CPU …… ”
“对！这就是神童的划时代历史意义。她培养了新经济时代的济济人才，桑德斯建 AMD、摩尔、诺宜斯、迪尔、斯诺、格罗夫…… ”
“格罗夫在仙童公司和他的两个伙伴迪尔、斯诺经过几个月的研究试验，发现不稳定来 源于硅材料的加工过程的杂质。按巴丁半导体内形成杂质能级的理论，反复对比，用纳切割 的芯片；和不用纳切割的芯片，只有前者不稳定。于是他们找到了在芯片切割时混入的纳 是形成杂质能级的根源，只要切割工艺过程不用纳，就能得到稳定的金属氧化物半导体。于 是就能制造出理想的高密度集成电路，完成了巴丁支点爆发力的无限大延伸而诞生了硅基 生命”——因此，巴丁成为“硅基生命之父！ ……
二、只有诺贝尔奖悄悄记下这一未来震撼人类的“硅基生命”大革 命火种
约翰·巴丁（John Bardeen ，1908 年 5 月 23 日－ 1991 年 1 月 30 日）先后于 1956 年和 1972 年获诺贝尔物理学奖，是历史上迄今为止唯一的一位两次获物理学奖的科学家。
种性自然系统学派诠释——Sora 能创造世界吗？ 95
图 1 巴丁和他的签名
巴丁出生于美国威斯康辛州的麦迪逊（Madison）市。他的父亲查理斯（Charles R. Bardeen ，1871-1935）是威斯康辛大学医学院的创始人和第一任院长，是个解剖学教授。他 的母亲奥尔瑟雅（Althea Harmer Bardeen ，1873-1920）从事室内设计和装饰业务。家中五 个兄弟姐妹里，巴丁排行第二。 666666
图 2 巴丁全家（最右侧为约翰）
巴丁 9 岁时从小学三年班跳级进入麦迪逊公立中学初中一年班，第二年转学到了威斯 康辛大学附属中学。不久，他荣获麦迪逊市中学生数学竞赛第一名。巴丁 12 岁时母亲因癌 症去世。失去母爱的小巴丁性格变得忧郁孤独，长期情绪低落，学习成绩全面下降，法语甚 至不及格。巴丁浑浑噩噩地过了三年之后，和哥哥同时高中毕业。
1923 年，15 岁的巴丁进入了威斯康辛大学电机工程系，同时还修读数学和物理。在那 里，他 1928 年获物理学士学位，翌年获物理硕士学位。
1928 年对巴丁来说，是他后来毕生物理学研究的起点。那一年，许多著名物理学家相继 来到威斯康辛大学进行学术访问，包括约翰·冯·弗莱克（John H. Van Vleck，1899-1980）、彼得·德 拜（Peter J. W. Debye ，1884-1966）、保罗·狄拉克（PaulA. M. Dirac ，1902-1984）、阿诺德·索 末 菲（Arnold J. W. Sommerfeld ，1868-1951）、维尔纳· 海森堡（Werner K. Heisenberg ， 1901-1976），其中不乏诺贝尔物理学奖得主。他们的各种学术前沿报告极大地鼓舞了巴丁， 促成他立志向物理学方向发展。
巴丁毕业后留在大学做了一年的天线设计研究。上述几位物理学家的报告令他特别向 往欧洲。他于是申请了剑桥大学博士奖学金，可惜没有成功。
1930 年，美国经济开始进入大萧条。巴丁在位于匹兹堡的海湾研究实验室找到了一份 工作，从事地球物理和海底探油技术的研发。不久，他发明了一种利用电磁场来勘探石油的
新技术，但该公司保密使用了三十多年后才对外公布。
1933 年，巴丁离开了海湾研究实验室，来到普林斯顿大学。巴丁希望能够跟从刚从欧 洲来到普林斯顿高等研究院不久的爱因斯坦攻读博士学位。可是爱因斯坦无意接收研究 生，于是他跟随匈牙利裔物理学家尤金·维格纳（Eugene P. Wigner ，1902-1995），攻读理论 物理。维格纳是一位优秀的物理学家，在诸多领域特别是原子核和基本粒子的理论研究方 面有卓越贡献。1963 年，维格纳因在原子核壳层模型方面的杰出成果获诺贝尔物理学奖。 在普林斯顿，巴丁得到了维格纳以及后来成为美国科学院院士的弗雷德里克·塞茨（Frederick Seitz ，1911-2008）的联合指导。
1935 年春，即将毕业的巴丁获得了哈佛大学研究院提供三年资助前往哈佛大学访学。 在哈佛，他采用维格纳－塞兹计算方法，得出了碱金属的内聚能和导电率与体积的关系公 式。他的计算结果与后来的诺贝尔物理学奖得主珀西·布里奇曼（Percy W. Bridgman ， 1882-1961）用高压实验所得结果相符合。在哈佛，巴丁还与麻省理工学院后来的美国科学 院院士约翰·斯莱特（John C. Slater ，1900-1976）及其领导的固体物理研究小组建立合作， 开始超导电性能材料的理论和实验研究。
1936 年，还在哈佛访学的巴丁获得了普林斯顿大学数学物理学博士学位。在博士论文 中，他推导出金属电子功能函数，用来计算一个电子从晶体内部溢出到晶体表面所需要的能 量。
1938 年，巴丁在离开哈佛大学之前和麻省剑桥一所女子学校的生物学教师简·麦克斯韦 （Jane Maxwell ，1907-1997）结了婚。两人后来育有两子一女。
1941 年，第二次世界大战爆发。巴丁到了海军军械实验室工作，至 1945 年战争结束。 在那里，他先后参加了船体去磁、水下扫雷、水雷设计、鱼雷设计等方面的研究。
1945 年二战结束后，巴丁加入了贝尔实验室（Bell Lab）的物理部。1947 年底，巴丁和 沃尔特·布拉顿（Walter H. Brattain ，1902-1987）合作发明了点接触型晶体管。在此基础上， 实验室物理部主任威廉·肖克利（William Shockley ，1910-1989）于 1951 年发明了结型晶 体管。如所周知，晶体管的出现大大地改变了我们的世界，被誉为是二十世纪最伟大的发明。 为此，三人共同分享了 1956 年的诺贝尔物理学奖。顺便提及，布拉顿是在中国厦门出生的， 当年他父母在厦门一个小书院当外教。到布拉顿一岁时，他们全家返回了美国。
1951 年，巴丁到了伊利诺伊大学（UIUC）物理学系和电机工程学系任职教授，布拉顿 留在贝尔实验室但转到了另一个部门，而肖克利后来去了硅谷创办一个晶体管实验室。
1991 年 1 月 30 日，巴丁因心脏衰竭在波士顿一家医院里辞世，享年 83 岁 ……
只有诺贝尔物理学奖悄悄记录下来“硅基生命”之父巴丁辉煌的一生！
三、谁也没有想到巴丁“硅基生命”之父没等到 75 年后 GPT 突然 横空出世
2022 年 11 月美国 ChatGPT 横空出世，发布短短几天，全球用户数已突破了一百万，很 快突破一个亿；看人类惊天历史，她是瓦特蒸汽机、爱迪生电灯、埃德温·德雷克 - 洛克菲勒 石油、图灵计算机、美国的阿帕网、乔布斯智能手机、马斯科特拉斯移民火星……从人体生理 本能构造看：ChatGPT 创造了人类普适百科全书式“智能外脑”完全颠覆了人种“获得性 不能遗传”；必将引爆全球划时代教育大革命而改变世界！
从字面来看：ChatGPT 是人工智能技术驱动的自然语言处理工具，它能够通过理解人 类百科全书历史知识、科学技术和学习人类的语言来进行对话，能全方位完成撰写邮件、视 频脚本、文案、翻译、代码，写论文几乎所有知识性理论、文案无所不能的工作！ ……
OpenAI 作为划时代巨型大语言模型，知识广袤如海、广谱交互性为金，可谓：OpenAI
使用监督学习和强化学习的组合来调优 、ChatGPT，其中的强化学习组件使 ChatGPT 独一 无二、OpenAI 使用了「人类反馈强化学习」（RLHF）的训练方法，该方法在训练中使用 人类反馈，以最小化无益、失真或偏见的输出，成为人类第一“智能外脑”！……
四、马斯克语出惊世“人类只是硅积生命的开启程序”
“硅基生命”之父做梦也没有想到：2022 年 11 月到 2023 年天注定是不平凡的岁月， 马斯克突发奇想、面对 tGPT 这种历史性突破说：
“有一段时间，我突然意识到，你可以在某种程度上把人类看作为一个生物引导程序。 引出一种超级数字智能物种。人类社会是一段非常小的代码，没有它，计算机就无法启动。 人类的产生就是为了让计算机启动。硅基生命似乎不能自我演化，它需要生物作为前导才 能进化。人类只是硅积生命的开启程序…… ”
“硅基生命”之父巴丁地下有知，能同意吗？决不能！
因为巴丁知识渊博，对马斯克这种猜想完全是违背生物学的悖论，毫无科学理论根据！
巴丁认为：1982 年科学界对物种的定义：认为物种是由居群组成的生殖单元和其它 单元在生殖上是隔离的， 在自然界占据一定的生态位。也就是说，物种有三大要素：生殖 单元、单元外生殖隔离、在自然界存在生态位。
巴丁必然反问：马斯克的硅基生命说：对照“物种”定义，根本不存在任何物种必须 有的任何要素！就这样，马斯克以一已之力把人类降维到“人类社会是一段非常小的代码” 与“人类只是硅积生命的开启程序”之程序员，完全把人类降维到微小、可悲的生命演化位 最低维度，完全是对伟大人类文明辉煌的自暴自弃，甚至一概抹煞！且是对自己神奇创业芯 片 -“硅基生命”辉煌不可逆转工具属性的彻底否定！
啊！……
马斯克狂妄可怕傲慢之极！…… 马斯克错在哪儿？
马斯克神人一惯凭借“第一性原理”创造世界奇迹；马斯克“星链”运用第一性原理 进行、特斯拉、飞火星创造奇迹的过程可以用第一性原理几 8 个字来概括，即“溯源”、“拆 解”、“重构”和“迭代”……
事实上，这是古希腊亚里士多德的“创造学”工具逻辑哲学秘籍，但是，学而致用绝对 不能生搬硬套；把亚里士多德物理学的“第一性原理”应用到生物学领域、把“物种”定 义和“硅基生命”混肴无差别化，不“溯源”就用人（物种）“重构”和异种“迭代”, 跨 过“物种”种间交媾并胡乱下定义。说什么“人类社会是一段非常小的代码，没有它，计算 机就无法启动。人类的产生就是为了让计算机启动。”跨行如隔山、毫无道理！
看未来，定将被人类历史无情淘汰……
第十四章 人类科学从神话神学与异教徒叛逆神奇崛 起科学知识先知拜占庭有过大爆发
一、天是无所不包的、神是无所不能的
中国古有“天人和一”、神人和一是意大利文艺复兴艺术本质、“人文主义、自由意志” 来自《圣经》；传言大洪水看来人类曾有过灭绝 !……然而，罗恩 1977 年在土耳其发现诺 亚方舟遗址和 1918 年香港土耳其考古队再一次见证诺亚方舟遗址，这样圣经应该是真实存 在的人类古国。圣经之前是古希腊神话、有拜占庭废墟前文明历史为凭……
二、《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》伟大路径看人类早期科学起 步古希腊圣贤
薛定谔《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》确认古希腊是人类走进古希腊自然科学“儿 童期”的真实历史记载而去认真研究，一部 6000 年世界性改写唯物主义之物质与意识、彰 显人文主义“自由意志”，一直到 21 世纪确立量子纠缠、肉体与灵魂统一的诺贝尔奖经典 史记、去实践一部世纪性宇宙大爆炸种性自然系统学派诠释的伟大宣言吧！
古希腊科学 ( 家）人才济济。自公元前 625 年伟大科学家泰勒士（梭伦 、奇伦 、毕阿 斯 、庇塔库斯、佩里安德、克莱俄布 - 古希腊七贤以来）、苏格拉底、托勒密、柏拉图、毕达哥 拉斯、亚里士多德、阿基米德、欧几里得、埃拉托色尼等等……为前所未有的“城邦”高度文 明建树了史无前例的伟大辉煌与高度发展崛起的自然科学巨人前沿；才有意大利文艺复兴 时期的达芬奇和伽利略等伟人科学家都以阿基米德做自己的楷模；可谓“理论天才与实 验天才合于一人的理想化身”！突现最完美的科学家阿基米德在 ( 公元前 287 年—公元前 212 年 ) 一生就写出了《论球和圆柱》、《圆的度量》、《抛物线求积》、《论螺线》、 《论锥体和球体》、《沙的计算》等数学著作。作为力学家，他着有《论图形的平衡》、《论 浮体》、《论杠杆》、《原理》等力学著作，史称“撬动地球的人（第一科学家） ”，阿基 米德延续泰勒斯众古希腊科学家……
薛定谔确认：毕达哥拉斯学派深深地影响了柏拉图及其学园 (Academy)，后者明显继 承了这个意大利南部学派的先验论观点。
事实上，从思想史的角度来看 , 我们或可把这个雅典学派称为毕达哥拉斯学派的一个 分支。柏拉图主义者并未正式遵守“准则”, 这没有什么关系 , 他们急于掩饰而不是强调 自己的依赖性 , 以提升自己的原创性，这就更无关紧要了。关于毕达哥拉斯学派 , 我们的信 息主要来自于亚里士多德忠实而诚恳的记录。不过 , 亚里士多德基本上不同意他们的观点 , 并对其毫无根据的先验论偏见进行指责 , 尽管他本人也很容易持有这种偏见。
我们知道 , 毕达哥拉斯学派的基本学说是“万物皆数”, 尽管 - 些人试图弱化这一隽语 , 把它说成“万物像数”, 即与数类似。我们并不清楚这一断言的真正科学历史含义的价值。 这一影响深远、意义宏大的大胆概括很可能源自毕达哥拉斯的一项著名发现 : 如果用由弦 36 长的整数部分或有理数部分 ( 如 1/2,2/3,3/4) 所产生的音程谱成和谐的乐曲 , 它可能会使 我们感动得落泪 , 仿佛直接向我们的灵魂诉说。( 关于灵魂与身体的关系 , 毕达哥拉斯学派 有一则很美的比喻 , 可能出自菲洛劳斯 (Philolaus): 灵魂被称为身体的和谐 , 灵魂之于身体 就如同乐器之于它所产生的声音。) 乃“自由意识”盛行……
三、薛定谔阐述：
【根据亚里士多德的观点 , “事物”( 即数 ) 首先是可感的物体。例如 , 恩培多克勒 (Empedocles) 提出了四根说之后 , 四根也“变成了”数 ; 但是像灵魂、正义、机会这样的“事 物”也有它们的数 , 或者说“是”它们的数。数的分配与数论的一些简单性质相关。例如， 平方数 (4,9,16,25,……) 与正义有关 , 特别是 , 正义与其中的第一个数 4 相等同。其背后的 想法必定是 ,4 这个数可以被分成两个相等的 (equal) 因数 ( 可以与“公平、公正”[equity] 、 “公平的、公正的” [equitable] 等词相比照 )。数目为平方数的点可以排成一个正方形 , 比 如在九柱戏中就是如此。毕达哥拉斯学派也以同样的方式谈及三角形数，如 3,6,10， ……】
鉴此，薛定谔对毕达哥拉斯学派一直到柏拉图、亚里士多德、托勒密……古希腊自然科 学起源总结说： “无论如何，毕达哥拉斯学派凭借其对各种偏见和关于美和简单性的先人 之见，朝着理解宇宙结构这一重要方向取得了重大进展，比我们马上就要谈到的清醒的爱奥 尼亚“自然哲学家”和精神上继承他们的原子论者所取得的进展都大。”（本书 39 页）ℴℴ 于是就演绎了人来早期科学摸仿、修正古希腊科学文明新纪元，诞生了哈维、哥白尼、伽利略 科学巨擘开元时代！
四、哈维修正盖伦心血理论完成《心血运动论》第一部现代科学著 作
《心血运动论》是由英国伟大的生理学家和胚胎学家威廉·哈维（William Harvey） 于 1628 年公开发表的。这本书的出版震惊了当时的医学界和生理学界，它的观点从根本上 推翻了统治人们头脑上千年的关于心脏运动和血液运动的经典观点，提出血液是循环运行 的，心脏有节律的持续搏动是促使血液在全身循环流动的动力源泉——哈维骄傲地说：
“啊！小宇宙体系我心中的太阳” ……
（大宇宙与小宇宙是西方哲学史上表明人与世界的关系的一对范畴。大宇宙指整个世 界，小宇宙指人。这一思想一般认为始于古希腊恩培多克勒的流射说，这一学说认为相似 的东西为相似的东西所知觉。柏拉图的回忆说认为整体的知识完整地存在于灵魂之中，只 是由于感觉的刺激而使人回忆起他已知道的东西，这种人的灵魂与整体的知识相符合的思 想，也是这种理论的一种形式。亚里士多德从认识论角度出发，认为灵魂从某种方式来说就 是他所知道的各种事物，这表明他认为小宇宙与大宇宙是同一的。斯多亚学派的哲学从本 体论出发，认为宇宙灵魂对世界的关系就像人的灵魂对人的身体的关系，而人的灵魂中的普 遍理性就像是世界的普遍理性。中世纪埃里金纳的自然区分的理论已指出人的活动与宇宙 中的各种别的事物是相符合的，人处于宇宙之中就是整体宇宙中的一个小宇宙。）
五、英国医生哈维来到帕多瓦大学留学， 1628 年著述了划时代的《心 血运动论》
哈维把科学火种从意大利泊到大英帝国，从而诞生了牛顿经典力学《自然哲学的数学 原理》从科学创造了伊丽莎白 300 年“日不落”伟大与辉煌……
世界科学技术中心从意大利转到英吉利，剑桥大学成为牛顿、维多利亚时代的骄傲！
这完全为 2200 年后的 1609-1619 年开普勒行星三定律宇宙“万物皆数”的宇宙和谐 得到千古证明——历史铭记的正是薛定谔的《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》，她回答了 我们人类“为什么要回到古代思想”，找到了人类自然科学的开天鼻祖古希腊自公元前 600 年之毕达哥拉斯学派发展到公元前 387 年的“柏拉图学院”……是啊！薛定谔和现代 西方科学家一致确认，古希腊是人类自然科学的唯一起源，不受古希腊人文主义影响的其他
任何国家地区，都不足以独自诞生现代科学！
六、克劳迪亚斯 - 盖伦（Claudius Galenus , 129 ～ 199）的历史功绩
盖伦又名“帕加玛的盖伦”（Claudius Galenus of Pergamum，帕加玛位于土耳其），是 古罗马时期最著名最有影响的医学大师。是古希腊希波克拉底 (Hippocrates) 之后最著名的 医生、动物解剖学家和哲学家，是世界第一个实践解剖研究人体的解剖学家，在希波克拉底 “体液说”基础上创造性提出了人格类型的概念。著作有《气质》《本能》《关于自然科 学的三篇论文》——这已经彰显了“小宇宙体系”概念萌芽……有趣的是，公元 157 年，盖 伦返回别迦摩并在当地的一个角斗士学校当了三、四年医生，获得治疗创伤和外伤的经验。 在人体呈现暗物质暗能量 - 看不见体内一切的年代，盖伦将“伤”称为是“进入身体的窗”！
在宫廷做医生时期，开始“进入身体的窗”、进行活体解剖直布罗陀猿来研究肾和脊椎 的作用；解剖发现胸部肌肉和横膈膜与呼吸运动的关系，以及喉返神经与发声的关系，并且 用猪做实验，证实了自己的这些发现，关于呼吸、发声、脊髓神经和泌尿等功能的实验震惊欧 洲，对意大利文艺复兴影响深远！ ……著有《盖伦论医学经验》、《论解剖过程》、《论 身体各部器官功能》等 131 部之多。
此外，盖伦成为帕多瓦大学（PaduaUniversity）与年轻的外科和解剖学教授维萨里 （1514-1564 年），在一位法官的支持下，获得囚犯的尸体，开创人体解剖。发现高等动物的 大脑的相对体积和重量都大得多，从而否定了盖仑的“灵气学说”并发表了《论人体的脑 白体》。
七、维萨里是世界第一名解剖学家
维萨里通过解剖编写的《人体的构造》(De humani corporis fabrica) 是最早的人体解剖 学的权威著作。被认为是近代人体解剖学的创始人——1543年维萨里以《人体的构造》 划时代历史巨著图文并茂地讲述了人体内部和谐完美的统一，从此开始揭开人体内部“暗 物质暗能量”密码……
盖伦和维萨里对哈维 1628 年发表了《动物的心脏和血液的运动》“Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals”起到了举足轻重的效应，有助哈维呼唤“小宇宙体系”横空出世！
历史地看，英国医生哈维来到帕多瓦大学留学，在尼古拉 . 哥白尼对神秘的天体完成了 大宇宙体系探秘《天体运行论》之后，威廉 . 哈维在对神秘的人体小宇宙体系借助前辈盖 伦“心血论”曾经是神学的“圣经”——盖伦认为，内脏是血液系统的中心，被消化的食物 在肝里转换成血液，然后消失于全身，只作有起点和终点的直线式运动；甚至说：【内脏是 血液系统的中心，被消化的食物在肝里转换成血液，然后消失于全身，只作有起点和终点的 直线式运动；他还提出，肝脏产生“自然灵气”，肺产生“活力灵气”，脑产生“动物性灵气”。 宗教神学就利用盖伦的“灵气论”来论证“一分为三”：人分为僧侣、贵族和平民，自然界 分为动物、植物和矿物，动物分为鱼、兽和鸟，而上帝则是圣父、圣子、圣灵的三位一体。】……
八、哈维对诸方面进行人体解剖捡验与修正完成《心血运动论》把 科学领先世界传入大英帝国
終于在 1628 年著述了划时代的《心血运动论》把科学火种从意大利泊到大英帝国，从 而诞生了牛顿经典力学《自然哲学的数学原理》从科学创造了伊丽莎白 300 年“日不落” 伟大与辉煌……
世界科学技术中心从意大利转到英吉利，剑桥大学成为牛顿、维多利亚时代的骄傲！
九、哥白尼颠覆托勒密 48 个圆圈“地心说”完成了《天体运行论》
托勒密地心说主要内容：
①，地球位于宇宙中心静止不动；
②，每个行星都在一个称为“本轮”的小圆形轨道上匀速转动，本轮中心在称为“均轮” 的大圆轨道上绕地球匀速转动，但地球不是在均轮圆心，而是同圆心有一段距离；
③，水星和金星的本轮中心位于地球与太阳的连线上，本轮中心在均轮上一年转一周， 火星、木星、土星到它们各自的本轮中心的直线总是与地球 – 太阳连线平行，这三颗行星每 年绕其本轮中心转一周；
④，恒星都位于被称为“恒星天”的固体壳层上。日、月、行星除上述运动外，还与“恒 星天”一起，每天绕地球转一周，于是各种天体每天都要东升西落一次。
毕达哥拉斯是最早提出“日心说”的哲学家。
坚实的大地是运动的这一点在古代是令人非常难以接受的，古代人缺乏足够的宇宙观 测数据，仅用肉眼观测误认为地球就是宇宙的中心。毕达哥拉斯一直到托勒密的地心说体 系，可以很好的和当时的观测数据相吻合，又有教皇统治。因此地心说被大众广泛接受并被 当时的教廷认为是神圣不可侵犯的真理。所以在《天球运行论》 出版以后，最为著名的支 持者就是乔尔丹诺·布鲁诺了。在哥白尼著述《天体运行论》之前，教皇权威一口咬定太阳 围绕地球旋转，布鲁诺反对提出地球围绕太阳旋转，被宗教裁判所活活烧死！ ……
科学历史就是这样，在突破人类未知痛苦认知规律和怀疑的历程中，摸爬滚打，跨越教 皇“地心说”，用布鲁诺百花广场残酷血腥生命教训，像哈维那样前仆后继、且由伽利略、哥 白尼顽强接续才完成从古希腊一直到近代科学的一个个伟大突破！……
然而，这里面哥白尼在《天体运行论》就有论述，说上帝无处不在；宇宙万物亘古以来 就构成隐存着整个微观世界，藏于宏观世界的方方面面，存在就是真理！
“自然科学借以宣布其独立并且好像是重演路德焚烧教谕的革命行为，便是哥白尼那 本不朽著作的出版，他用这本书（虽然是胆怯地而且可说是只在临终时）来向自然事物方 面的教会权威挑战，从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来。”——恩格斯
自然科学从神学脱胎就带着“后相对论”颠覆基因的哲学思想一路走来……正如 W.海 森伯 1927 年评价哥白尼与托嘞密认识差异时，应用量子力学分析道出“静止”相对性的本 质；说：【今天，我们甚至可以以更极端的形式说，“静止”一词是由地球静止着这个陈 述来定义的，并且我们把相对于地球是不动的每一物体描述为静止的。如果对“静止”一 词作如此理解——而这是普遍接受的意义——那么，托勒密是对的，哥白尼却错了。只有当 我们沉思了“运动”和“静止”的概念，并把运动理解为至少是关于两个物体的关系的陈述， 我们才能够把关系倒转过来，使太阳成为行星系的不动的中心并获得一个简单得多、也更统 一的关于行星系的观点，后来牛顿充分评价了这种观点的阐明的力量。因此，哥白尼把一个 全新的要素加到直接经验之上，我称这个要素为“自然定律的简单性”，而它与直接经验毫 无关系。】——这就最简单、最朴素的哥白尼、牛顿早期对“后相对论”最权威经典的诠释！
十、伽利略《关于托勒玫和哥白尼两大世界体系的对话》同样是异 教徒反叛神学的“相对运动”一个世纪伟大宣言
布鲁诺、哥白尼都是异教徒为什么会如此坚定反对教皇教义成为全人类研究科学基础 理论的急先锋呢！？
为什么？
伽利略·伽利雷（1564 年 2 月 15 日—1642 年 1 月 8 日）享年 77 岁，原名（Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei）是意大利天文学家、物理学家和工程师、欧洲近代自然科学的
创始人。伽利略被称为“观测天文学之父”、“现代物理学之父”、“科学方法之父”、 “现代科学之父”。
伽利略研究了速度和加速度、重力和自由落体、相对论、惯性、弹丸运动原理，并从事应 用科学和技术的研究，描述了摆的性质和“静水平衡”，发明了温度计和各种军事罗盘，并 使用用于天体科学观测的望远镜。他对观测天文学的贡献包括使用望远镜对金星相位的确 认，发现木星的四颗最大卫星，土星环的观测和黑子的分析。
伽利略·伽利莱（Galileo Galilei ，1564 年 2 月 15 日－ 1642 年 1 月 8 日），是意大利物 理学家、数学家、天文学家及哲学家。我们很多人都熟悉伽利略在比萨斜塔用两个铁球做自 由落体试验，敢于怀疑权威亚里士多德，用试验证明亚里士多德关于“落体速度与重量成正 比”的论断错误的故事。
人类的科学理论大多来自古希腊爱琴海奇迹文明留下的千言万语，成为西方集成现代 科学与文明的本原！……
从亚里士多德著《工具论》（公元前 384-322 年）至今已经有 2330 多年了。那时，亚 里士多德就已经提出“第一实体”论。亚氏说：“第一实体之所以更恰当地被称为实体， 是因为它们是一切事物的基础，而一切其他事物或者被断言于它们，或者依存于它们。而存 在于第一实体和其他一切事物间的关系，也存在于种和类之间。”
也就是说，古希腊科学文明基础理论大爆发，就是建立在“第一实体”物质存在之属性， 就是建立在“第一实体”之基础之上的基础上；物质千变万化皆天机、运动性彰显人类对 待最难科学现象的认识才刚刚开始的啊！科学发现（大量数学物理定律有待深入）科学历 史有待建筑广阔无边的科学巨大金字塔底……伽利略的《关于托勒玫和哥白尼两大世界体 系的对话》、《关于两门新科学的谈话和数学证明》巨著就成为人类物理学创世纪科学理 论元典。
从伽利略“一切力学规律在伽利略变换下是不变的。”定理产生了牛顿经典力学的“绝 对性”——因为朔源牛顿经典力学是建立在“伽利略变换”之上的，同一物体在不同惯性 参照系中观察到的运动学量（如坐标、速度）可通过伽利略变换而互相联系，是力学相对性 原理。再随历史发展自然而然进入 20 世纪，从伽利略变换到洛伦茨变换就升华到狭义相对 论，是不是同样可以说爱因斯坦相对论方程式的运动量都是绝对不变的呢！？
从某种意义上说，爱因斯坦在建立自己的爱因斯坦参照系一开始，就剔除了牛顿力（f）。 按着绝对时空观认为时间与空间的度量与惯性参照系的运动状态无关，那么，爱因斯坦的 “等效原理”的加速度又从哪里来？凭空另一个“引力场强度”又如何跨越“加速度”去 等于“引力场强度”呢？是想象力！——爱因斯坦想象自己从地球跳下去感觉不到引力吗！ （感觉不到就不存在！就像伽利略对教皇说：地球仍在围绕太阳旋转那样引力仍在爱因斯 坦和每一个人身边）……
十一、爱丁顿有句名言：“全世界没有第三个人真正懂得相对论
据说曾经有人问爱丁顿一个问题：
“您觉得这个世界上懂相对论的人会超过三个人吗？” 爱丁顿想了一下回答：
“事实上，我正在想第三个人究竟是谁。” 意在只有爱丁顿和爱因斯坦真正懂得相对论！
这是不是爱丁顿的日全食实验“确定性”天意？！
爱丁顿率领一个观测队到西非普林西比岛观测 1919 年 5 月 29 日的日全食，拍摄日全 食时太阳附近的星星位置，根据广义相对论理论，太阳的重力会使光线弯曲，太阳附近的星 星视位置会变化。爱丁顿的观测证实了爱因斯坦的理论，立即轰动了全世界……从此确立 了爱因斯坦相对论科学历史无法动摇的辉煌历史地位！
也就是说，相对论是爱因斯坦论毕生科学研究的生命结晶，相对论同样经过多次科学实 验证明，是完全无法推翻的。却疑点重重！
比如，历史学家研究认为，当时爱丁顿的数据并不准确，可是歪打正着地宣布了相对论 理论的正确……
爱因斯坦说：“我信仰斯宾诺莎的那个存在于事物有秩序的和谐中并显示出来的上帝， 而不信那个同人类的命运和行为有牵累的上帝。”
为什么世界那么多科学家对上帝独有信奉却能在自然科学建树巨丰呢？！比如：
大天文学家开普勒对天文学有过庄严的定义：“从事天文研究就是研读上帝的思想。”
德国数学家莱布尼茨也说：“秩序，均匀和和谐令我们惊讶不己……上帝是纯净的秩序。 他是普遍和谐的创造者。”
物理学家爱丁顿这样说：“现代物理学必然把我们引向上帝——而不是远离他——没 有一位无神论的发明家是一位自然科学家。所有这些无神发明家都是些平庸的哲学家。”
……
总而言之，在全人类跨入暗物质暗能量新百年世纪之前，是时候给牛顿经典力学“绝对 时空”正名的时候了！……
让“经典力学只适用于宏观世界不适用于微观世界，首先就是关于速度的一些理论 , 根据经典物理学的理论 , 随着时间的推移 , 物体运动的速度不断增大 , 最终可以使物体获 得任意速度……目前已知的最大速度是光速 , 但是直至今天也无法将一个物体的运动速度 提高到光的速度 , 这是经典物理学无法解释…… ”
当全人类进入“自然宇宙体系”暗物质暗能量属性【通过计算机模拟宇宙大尺度结构 形成得知，暗物质的运动速度应该是远低于光速，呈“冷暗物质”态，从而否定了 L 公设。
在“自然宇宙体系”光速是变量；只有这样才存在“可见光”波长维度！否则无法在 引力作用下形成观测到的大尺度结构——事实上，令人“视觉形象主体”4-5% 都进入模糊 世界，而看不见。】剔除的不是牛顿经典力学而是爱因斯坦的相对论……
2022 年 10 月发布物理学奖三位科学家实验证明贝尔不等式不成立；结论是爱因斯坦 错了；经过 1927 年第五届索尔维会议以玻尔为首哥本哈根学派和爱因斯坦大辩论长达 95 年“量子纠缠”争论最终得到完美结局！……
十二、35 年后发现经典遗传学之父孟德尔依然是修道院异教徒
孟德尔神父生活的内向思维成为修道院异教徒，在修道院小小的空地进行十年豌豆杂 交试验，十年后孟德尔的试验理论于 1865 年 2 月 8 日宣读，在孟德尔有生之年没有科学主 流响应，曾把试验报告送德国慕尼黑大学植物学权威教授耐格里得到竟是“经验公式”； 辛亏记入《布隆自然科研究会会志》从，此默默无闻 35 年；1900 年有三位科学家：荷兰
的德飞里斯、德国的柯灵斯、奥地利的丘歇马克几乎同时发现找到了遗传学规律、且同时发 现 35 年前孟德尔豌豆实验的三比一律的翻版……就这样科学历史再一次把修道院异教徒 推上经典遗传学天使的制高点，奇迹地完成了全世界公认的分子遗传学之父伟大峰巅……
格雷戈尔·孟德尔（Gregor Johann Mendel ，1822 年 7 月 20 日 -1884 年 1 月 6 日），奥 地利帝国生物学家。出生于奥地利帝国西里西亚（今属捷克）海因策道夫村，在布隆（Brunn） ( 今捷克的布尔诺 ) 的修道院担任神父，是遗传学的奠基人，被誉为现代遗传学之父。他通 过豌豆实验，发现了遗传学三大基本规律中的两个，分别为分离规律及自由组合规律。
孟德尔的科学发现理念是从生物的整体形式和行为无法发现遗传规律，只能从个别性 状研究考察生物整体的同时全方位用统计学研究生物个别性状，并选择具有稳定品种的自 花授粉植物、容易栽种，容易逐一分离计数豌豆进行十年杂交、人工授粉才发现遗传学二规 律 - 孟德尔分离规律和自由组合规律。如图：
孟德尔遗传定律
A 分离定律
孟德尔提出的遗传因子的分离假律已经得到了充分的验证，亦被后人无数次的试验所 证实，现已被世人所公认，并被尊称为孟德尔的分离规律；即：杂合体中决定某一性状的成 对遗传因子，在减数分裂过程中，彼此分离，互不干扰，使得配子中只具有成对遗传因子中的 一个，从而产生数目相等的、两种类型的配子，且独立地遗传给后代，这就是孟德尔的分离规 律。
B 自由组合律
孟德尔在揭示了由一对遗传因子（或一对等位基因）控制的一对相对性状杂交的遗传 规律——分离规律之后又发现了第二条重要的遗传学规律，即自由组合规律，又称独立分配 规律：
C 自由组合定律
即：一对等位基因与另一对等位基因的分离与组合互不干扰，各自独立地分配到配子 中自由组合。
本章一到十小节总结
本章“（第十六章） 人类科学从神话神学与异教徒叛逆神奇崛起科学知识先知拜占 庭有过“自由意志”大爆发”——最神奇的是在同一个岁月、同一个世界、同一个时间出现 了五位“神人和一”的教皇异教徒向教皇与教会翻墙引爆人类科学大爆发成为近代史人类 科学开启文明新世纪：哈维的《心血运动论》、伽利略的《关于托勒密哥白尼两个体系的 对话》、哥白尼的《天体运行论》、孟德尔的《经典遗传学》……这里面还夹杂一个教皇教 徒布鲁诺拒绝批判哥白尼“日心说”被教皇在百花广场焚烧残酷死亡仙逝的异教徒：临刑 前大呼：你看地球仍然在绕太阳旋转！……
这是神的力量？
这是超人的力量？
还是“神人和一”的力量？反正在这五位异教徒之后人类再也没有诞生这样伟大独一 无二、无可替代的巨擘与科学元典……这是为什么？
也许，他们是外星人、是来到地球取代教皇统治人类、去除教皇鞭挞人类残酷枷锁的、恢 复古希腊“自由意志”的神圣科学理念的大无畏之神功罢！……
这有 1096 年至 1291 年十字军东征 ( 拉丁文：Cruciata ，1096—1291 年 ) 乃一系列在 罗马天主教教皇乌尔班二世发动的、持续近 200 年的、有名的宗教性军事行动，由西欧的封 建领主和骑士以收复被阿拉伯、突厥等穆斯林入侵占领的土地的名义对地中海东……教皇 覆灭之战争为证明！
十三、1900 年量子力学突破前人类科学家在为宇宙恒星和谐寻找法 则
1865 年孟德尔经典遗传学实验完成之前的 1619 年，德国天文学家开普勒提出的关于 行星运动的三大定律。第一和第二定律发表于 1609 年，是开普勒从天文学家第谷观测火星 位置所得资料中总结出来的；第三定律发表于 1619 年！彰显人类科学家脱离教皇异教徒 的科学大革命告一段落；又恢复伽利略、牛顿物理学的圣人般研究起航一段时间，才有了开 普勒行星三定律。
开普勒行星三定律是德国天文学家开普勒提出的关于行星运动的三大定律，这些定律 描述了行星绕太阳运动的规律。
·第一定律（椭圆定律）：所有行星绕太阳的轨道都是椭圆，太阳位于椭圆的一个焦点上。 1234
·第二定律（面积定律）：在相等时间内，行星和太阳的连线（向量半径）所扫过的面 积相等，这表明行星绕太阳公转的角动量守恒。
·第三定律（周期定律）：所有行星绕太阳公转周期的平方与它们的轨道半长轴的立 方成正比，即各个行星绕太阳公转周期的平方和它们的椭圆轨道的半长轴的立方成正比。
开普勒的这些定律为牛顿的万有引力定律提供了重要的基础，并且对后来的天文学研 究和宇宙学的发展产生了无可替代的伟大、深远的影响。
也就是说，开普勒行星三定律与牛顿万有引力定律相得益彰，成为宇宙恒星和谐、稳定 原则：
在古代宇宙学和物理学中，“位置”意味着某个物体的自然本性所要求的那个能让它 实现自身的场所。在布鲁诺这里，万物自身的“位置”被完全消解了，“位置”被理解为 事物在匀质空间中运动的某个瞬时点的坐标（托勒密“对点”贯穿观测的“自由意志”的 属性与宇宙同步），而不再跟事物的自然本性有任何关系。因此，在布鲁诺的宇宙匀质化图 景中，产生了与整个近代哲学认识论转向相一致的内在要求。
古希腊哲学（大师）以来，全世界科学家完全认为：人类文明的确立总是与天文观 测息息相关。古希腊哲人全部相信，神圣的天空不仅是王权的来源，也是地上统治秩序的神 圣原型，天空的秩序也要在地上有所呈现。因此，首先要观测天空，接着就要在大地上效仿 布鲁诺 - 开普勒寻找并投影地球稳定和谐的秩序！所以，布鲁诺和开普勒是给宇宙制定规 则是神！……
于是，上帝就让牛顿降生了人类便有了光明——万有引力定律就成为天地共享和遵循 秩序……所以，牛顿和许许多多的科学大师完全终生信奉上帝！
十四、19 世纪近代天文学随着法国天文学家勒威耶在计算天王星不 规则的运行中直感还存在另一颗行星
勒威耶用精确的数学运算发现了距太阳 12 亿里的海王星，这就表现了宇宙普遍联系的 和谐连关联性。之后开普勒行星三定律确立了天体的和谐与万有引力的伟大预言！……
万有引力定律延伸到天王星、海王星、冥王星，诞生了方位天文学。近代天文学初期是 以研究太阳系为标志的，其中太阳黑子曜斑对太阳系的研究起到了推动作用。由于第二次 世界大战的影响，在战后才得到迅猛的发展。其中很关键的一个点，就是牛顿光谱中的一条 黑线――夫琅和费线，它对研究天体的物理组成打开了方便之门。于是从分光镜到开普勒 效应，天体物理学走进了现代天文学的历史，人类对宇宙的认识，从太阳系发展到银河系， 和河外星系，与此同时，探索宇宙起源、恒星、行星起源也成了一个天文科学前沿……撬动
和诞生了拉卜拉斯――康德的星云假说 - 中文名称：康德 - 拉普拉斯星云说；英文名称： KantLaplacenebulartheory；定义 1：德国康德于 1755 年，法国拉普拉斯于 1796 年各自分别 提出的有关太阳系的假说。
十五、康德、拉普拉斯“星云假说”
在宇宙演化过程，一般认为太阳系形成于太阳旁的气体云中，也就是所谓的星云。康德 作出的假设是，星云群在转动的过程中渐渐瓦解，并因为万有引力而压扁，然后成为星体与 行星。1796 年，皮埃尔- 西蒙·拉普拉斯也提出了相似假设。
康德认为，这团原始星云是由大小不等的固体微粒组成的，“天体在吸引最强的地方 开始形成”，万有引力使得微粒相互接近，大微粒把小微粒吸引过去凝成较大的团块，而且 团块越来越大，引力最强的中心部分吸引的物质最多，先形成太阳。外面的微粒在太阳吸引 下向中心体下落时与其他微粒碰撞而改变方向，变成绕太阳的圆周运动，这些绕太阳运动的 微粒又逐渐形成几个引力中心，这些引力中心最后凝聚成朝同一方向转动的行星。卫星形 成的过程与行星类似。彗星则是在原始星云的外围形成，太阳对它们的引力较弱，所以彗星 轨道的倾角多种多样。行星的自转是由于落在行星上的质点的撞击而产生的。康德还用行 星区范围的大小来解释行星的质量分布（当时人们仅知水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星 六颗大行星、十颗卫星和三十来颗彗星）。 拉普拉斯认为，形成太阳系的云是一团巨大 的、灼热的、转动着的气体，大致呈球状。由于冷却，星云逐渐收缩。因为角动量守恒，收缩 使转动速度加快，在中心引力和离心力的共同作用下，星云逐渐变为扁平的盘状。在星云收 缩中，每当离心力与引力相等时，就有部分物质留下来，演化为一个绕中心转动的环，以后又 陆续形成好几个环。这样 , 星云的中心部分凝聚成太阳 , 各个环则凝聚成各个行星。较大 的行星在凝聚过程中同样能分出一些气体物质环来形成卫星系统。
十六、勒梅特、霍金 - 奇点大爆炸理论
霍金研究黑洞、白矮星……新研究课题无穷无尽……无穷天象让人眼花缭乱——可是 啊！我们所见的天，才只有宇宙的 3 － 6％，更多的是黑暗物质……
big bang，即宇宙大爆炸，是著名物理学家勒梅特在 big bang，即宇宙大爆炸，是著名物理 学家勒梅特在 1932 年勒梅特首次提出了现代宇宙大爆炸理论：整个宇宙最初聚集在一个 “原始原子”中，后来发生了大爆炸，碎片向四面八方散开，形成了我们的宇宙。美籍俄国 天体物理学家伽莫夫第一次将广义相对论融入到宇宙理论中，提出了热大爆炸宇宙学模型： 宇宙开始于高温、高密度的原始物质，最初的温度超过几十亿度，随着温度的继续下降，宇宙 开始膨胀。
十七、哈雷用万有引力定律预言哈雷彗星周期回归
运用万有引力定律转圜接近地球看得见的规律——甚至 20 世纪对“暗物质”谜团的 发现：“1922 年天文学家卡普坦提出可以通过星体系统的运动间接推断出星体周围可能 存在的不可见物质。1933 年，天体物理学家兹威基利用光谱红移测量了后发座星系团中各 个星系相对于星系团的运动速度。他发现星系团中星系的速度弥散度太高，仅靠星系团中 可见星系的质量产生的引力是无法将其束缚在星系团内的，因此星系团中应该存在大量的 暗物质，其质量为可见星系的至少百倍以上。1939 年，天文学家巴布科克通过研究仙女座 大星云的光谱研究，显示星系外围的区域中星体的旋转运动速度比通过开普勒定律预期的 要大，对应于较大的质光比。这暗示着该星系中可能存在大量的暗物质。 1940 年奥尔特对 星系 NGC3115 外围区域星体运动速度的研究，指出其总质光比可达约 250 。1959 年凯恩和
沃特研究了彼此吸引的仙女座大星云和银河系之间的相对运动，通过相互它们靠近的速度 和彼此间的距离，推论出我们人类所处的本星系团中的暗物质比可见物质的质量约大十倍 暗物质存在的一个重要证据来自 1970 年鲁宾和福特对仙女座大星云中星体旋转速度的研 究。利用高精度的光谱测量技术，他们可以探测到远离星系核区域的外围星体绕星系旋转 速度和距离的关系。按照牛顿万有引力定律，如果星系的质量主要集中在星系核区的可见 星体上，星系外围的星体的速度将随着距离而减小。但观测结果表明在相当大的范围内星 系外围的星体的速度是恒定的。这意味着星系中可能有大量的不可见物质并不仅仅分布在 星系核心区，且其质量远大于发光星体的质量总和。1973 年罗伯兹和罗兹（运用 21 厘米 特征谱线观测技术探测仙女座大星云外围气体的速度分布，也从另一角度证实了这一结论。 1980 年代，出现了一大批支持暗物质存在的新观测数据，包括观测背景星系团时的引力透 镜效应，星系和星团中炽热气体的温度分布，以及宇宙微波背景辐射的各向异性等。暗物质 存在这一理论已逐渐被天文学和宇宙学界广泛认可。根据已有的观测数据综合分析，暗物 质的主要成分不应该是目前已知的任何微观基本粒子。当今的粒子物理学正在通过各种手 段努力探索暗物质粒子属性。”——引自彭晓韬《暗物质的前世今生》
十八、1965 年，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现了宇宙背景辐射
彭齐亚斯和威尔逊证实宇宙背景辐射是宇宙大爆炸时留下的遗迹。20 世纪科学的智 慧和毅力在霍金的身上得到了集中的体现。他对于宇宙起源后 10-43 秒以来的宇宙演化图 景作了清晰的阐释。
十九、1900 年量子力学突然神奇大爆发
1900 年是人类现代物理学不可多得的偶然大突破的岁月。在这之前，人类科学家的前 沿集中研究“黑体辐射”并应用——2021 年 8 月 14 日事情发生了变化，在格陵兰岛的一 处山峰，大约 63 亿吨雨水倾泻而下，导致 87.2 万平方公里冰川在一天内融化。下雨的山峰 位于北纬 72.58°,西经 38.46°,海拔高度 3216 米。当地的观测记录显示，以前在这个高度 上从未下过雨。这次因为千古奇观的下雨，在一天内消融了偌大冰川，相当于以往这个季节 一星期的消融总量——这是不是球域内外“暗能量”在发力呢！？把人肉眼看不见的“暗 能量”转换成看得见的“雨水”……
科学家从不同温度条件下的黑体辐射强度变化发现：低于 30K（30K ，K 是开氏温度， 是热力学温度。热力学温度 T 与人们惯用的摄氏温度 t 的关系是：T（K）=273.15+t(℃) 。 温度变化 30K，换成摄氏度变化其实也就是变化 30℃)的低温物质所产生的可见光波段的 黑体辐射强度几乎可以认定为 0。因此，我们完全有理由相信：暗物质很可能就是温度低 于 30K 的低温正常物质——这样“暗物质暗能量”的转换就以“低温”为转换点。气象 专家推测，格陵兰岛的这次降雨，与格陵兰岛上空存在反气旋有关。反气旋是高压中心，空 气呈下沉态势，会导致空气在下沉过程中升温。反气旋的存在，会导致高温天气在某地长期 滞留——直径达数百或近千千米的空气的旋涡。旋涡中心是高气压区，风从中心向四周围 刮。在北半球以顺时针方向旋转，在南半球以逆时针方向旋转；反气旋的中心气压最高，逐 渐向外递减。在北半球，反气旋区域内的空气为顺时针方向流动。其直径小的有几百公里， 大的有五、六千公里，如冬季的蒙古 - 西伯利亚高压和夏季太平洋上空的副热带高压。由于 反气旋中的空气向四周辐散，形成下沉气流。因此，反气旋控制区域，一般天气都比较好。 冬季多晴冷天气，夏季多晴热高温天气，春秋两季多风和日丽、秋高气爽的天气。
然而，一旦出现“暗能量暗物质”看不见的高空云端神秘转换，骤然出现巨大“逆反气 旋”，冷空气立刻向四周辐散，形成上升气流，在 2000-6000 米高空虹吸巨量水蒸气，引爆出 现高空云层超密聚天河水云层，“暗能量”蓦然释放能量到临界点，一刹那骤冷，在高端云
层全方位超强性扩散，压缩形成转化为密聚水云层天河，一旦天河水在漂移过程不堪重负， 必然在高度 3216 米随机转圜成高空瀑布下泄，渐渐随瀑布流在运端的高度降低、渐渐转换 形成暴雨，临近低空，恰巧在格陵兰岛的一处山峰，倾泻大约 63 亿吨雨水，导致 87.2 万平方 公里冰川在一天内融化——这种“暗能量转换律”形成“极端天气”暴雨灾难，同样适用 2021 年 7 月 14 日德国千年一遇暴雨洪水：根据德国气象部门的数据，本次暴雨中心位于 中德山地中的维伯费尔特附近（音译），1 小时最大雨量 23.7 毫米，24 小时最大雨量 162 毫米，过程累计雨量 182.4 毫米；大城市中，波恩 - 科隆站雨量最大，最大日雨量 88.4 毫米， 3 日过程累计雨量 98.6 毫米——因为“暗能量暗物质转换”在地球大气层是普遍平权的。 在南半球的中国郑州 7 月 20 日暴雨灾难，同样是因为高端云天出现了“暗能量转换现象” 出现高空天河瀑布，在达到低空时转换形成暴雨在郑州空域集聚下泻： “最大点雨量郑州 市荥阳环翠峪雨量站 551 毫米、巩义市李家门外雨量站 493 毫米、峡峪雨量站 491 毫米。据 郑州气象消息：2021 年 7 月 20 日 8 时至 17 时，郑州市出现大暴雨，局部特大暴雨。最大 降水量出现在二七区的尖岗水库 438.0 毫米。”、“一小时之内降水 201.9 毫米是什么概 念？可能单单陈述气象学上的数据不够直观，我们换一种表述方式。郑州 7 月 20 日 16 时 至 17 时，降下了去年该市平均四个月的降雨量，等同于降下了 106 个西湖的水量，要知道郑 州以往的年平均降水量也只不过 640.8 毫米。”、“按照公开资料简单换算， 郑州市面 积 7446 平方千米，这一小时在郑州下了7446X0.2X1000000=14.9 亿立方米的水。而杭州西 湖蓄水量近 1400 万立方米， 相当于 106 个杭州西湖的蓄水量。换句话说，仅仅这一小时， 就有 100 多个西湖的水被倒进了郑州。这还仅仅是 20 日的一个小时…… ”——引自网络。
从德国千年一遇暴雨到郑州暴雨成灾，仅仅相隔 4 、5 天，这种特大灾难轮回现象太短 暂，根本按常规理论无法解释说清楚的，只有从“暗物质暗能量”在高空云端转换律 - 出现 高云端宇空天河瀑布现象能够解释清楚、说明白↓
可见，“暗物质暗能量”是 21 世纪最紧迫的科学无尽的前沿！…… 也许，极端天气厄尔尼诺现象本质就是案能量按物质在悄悄做怪！？ ……
二十、索尔维第五届会议科学历史性大辩论功勋卓著①
1927 年索尔维第五届会议突然爆发了以玻尔为首的哥本哈根学派和爱因斯坦大论战， 起因是爱因斯坦“上帝不扔骰子”
爱因斯坦在 1905 年科学原创力奇迹般大爆发，一口气发表了6 篇论文：
1.《关于光的产生和转化的一个试探性观点》 2.《分子大小的新测定方法》
3.《热的分子运动论所要求的静液体中悬浮粒子的运动》 4.《论动体的电动力学》
5.《物体的惯性同它所含的能量有关吗？》 6.《布朗运动的一些检视》；
其中的《论动体的电动力学》找到了狭义相对论的理论契机。在论文开题有这样一段话：
一）、“在这里，可观察到的现象只同导体和磁体的相对运动有关，可是按照通常的看 法，这两个物体之中，究竟是这个在运动，还是那个在运动，却是截然不同的两回事。”—— 第一次破天荒提出了“相对运动”概念。据说爱因斯坦论述含洛伦茨变换的论文（《论动 体的电动力学》是 1905 年 6 月完，寄送德国《物理年鉴》的。爱因斯坦说是自己研究完成 的。因为德国《物理年鉴》尚没有编审制（18 世纪初并没有现代这样严格的知识产权法， 互相引文是完全自由的）——这也许就是爱因斯坦相对论产生两个“缺口”的科学历史姻 缘吧！
二）、爱因斯坦相对论存在一个错！这是在 1927 年索尔维会议上爆发以玻尔为首的哥 本哈根学派和爱因斯坦大论战，历时 28 年的历史结论（尽管爱因斯坦生前从不认错），科 学历史是无情的！
三）、爱因斯坦相对论存在一个亘古不可能！这是爱因斯坦生命后期历时 30 年苦心孤 诣研究依旧没有完成的《统一理论》，又名“大一统”，是爱因斯坦用自己 30 年的生命告 诉全人类的“一个亘古不可能”——爱因斯坦 1955 年 4 月 18 日离世，为什么至今相关部 门没有公布爱因斯坦 30 年研究《统一理论》遗留下来的手稿？尽管中国科学家杨振宁说 研究《统一理论》已经完成了 75%……这使“大一统”理论在全世界变得更加扑朔迷离……
爱因斯坦相对论的第一个“缺口”……
“缺口”理论来自伽利略“实验科学”的“钢化性控制变量法”原理；因为人类“实 验科学”创造了“人为自然体系”，科学理论往往出现某种人为假设的人造自然生态。在 这种人为规定假设中，限定一些“自然宇宙体系”科学生态现象，去按人类创造的自然“规律” 去发现自然科学理论就存在“缺口”。以物理学为例：质量、能量、加速度、速度、时间等等…… 物理学名称与量，都是人类科学家创造出来的！在“自然宇宙体系”根本不存在这些东东，
就像板凳、桌子……一模一样完全是一种人工选择！……
爱因斯坦应该深刻研究过牛顿经典力学，并认为牛顿力学存在“绝对时空” ……鉴此，一 开始就要建立“爱因斯坦参照系”，替代“牛顿参照系”- 源于伽利略参照系；于是运用高 等数学语言，经过复杂严谨运算推导得到爱因斯坦方程式： E=mc²。
爱因斯坦相对论第一个“缺口”，就是为了完成爱因斯坦方程式而提出的 L 公设“光 速不变”。
光速最早是 1676 年丹麦天文学家奥勒 . 罗默测定的，220000 公里 / 秒，比现在少 26% 。1865 年麦克斯韦电磁波理论诞生，要点：
1）变化的磁场产生电场，变化的电场产生磁场．
2）非均匀变化的电 ( 磁 ) 场将产生变化的磁 ( 电 ) 场；
3）周期性变化的电 ( 磁 ) 场将产生相同周期变化的磁 ( 电 ) 场。
麦克斯韦方程组预言光是一种电磁波，计算出了光的速度是 299,792,458 米 / 秒，近似 300000000 m/s。
这是麦克斯韦计算方程：
其中 ε0 是真空介电常数， μ0 是真空磁导率，两个常数都是可以通过实验测量的，当 麦克斯韦把 ε0 和 μ0 的数值带进去后，发现这个波动速度与光速基本吻合。
爱因斯坦 1905 年 9 月发表在德国《物理学年鉴》上的那篇相对论论文《论动体的电 动力学》，提到光速问题的话有四段：
“光在空虚空间里总是以一确定的速度 V 传播着，这速度同发射体的运动状态无关。
“下面的考虑是以相对性原理和光速不变原理为依据的，这两条原理我们定义如下：
1. 物理体系的状态据以变化的定律，同描述这些状态变化时所参照的坐标系究竟是两 个在互相匀速平行移动着的坐标系中的哪一个并无关系（因为人研不可能同时看到两个和 两个以上物体 - 达 . 芬奇）。
2. 任何光线在‘静止的’坐标系中都是以确定的速度 V 运动着，不管这道光线是由静 止的还是运动的物体发射出来的。”
“对于大于光速的速度，我们的讨论就变得毫无疑义了；在以后的讨论中，我们会发 现，光速在我们的物理理论中扮演着无限大速度的角色。”
“由此，当 υ=V 时 ,W 就变成无限大。正像我们以前的结果一样，超光速的速度没有 存在的可能。”
——最重要的一点不是这些冠冕堂皇的论述，而是爱因斯坦要建立“爱因斯坦参照 系”！对此，爱因斯坦只是说：“光在真空中总是以不变的速度 c 传播，和发光物质的运动 状态无关。”
紧接着相对论首先提出“L 公设”！
这样“自然宇宙体系”就没有了矢量性；而“狭义相对性原理”不仅要求物理方程在 任意惯性系下是协变的，而且还要求物理情景必须一致！事实上，时间、空间自然界没有任 何一个“力”可以把它们截然分开的界定，为什么爱因斯坦要求空间上必须遵循同样的物 理情景——“光速不变”呢！？
就是要用“爱因斯坦参照系”替代“牛顿参照系”！必然留下了爱因斯坦相对论第一 个缺口！
这在爱因斯坦方程式 E=mc² 表现得最突出、最经典：因为光速不变，则 c 平方同样不变， 是一个恒量；c² 就没有任何物理学要义，在方程式中就可以忽略不计！于是，爱因斯坦方程 式 E=mc² 就对于 E=m——完成了爱因斯坦论述的质量 = 能量——质能相当！与此同时完 成了“爱因斯坦参照系”。可是啊！爱因斯坦发现狭义相对论不能解释牛顿力、引力、万有 引力……所以不为世人接受。
其实，爱因斯坦心知肚明，根本就“不承认牛顿力”！
所以，在爱因斯坦方程式中根本就看不到“力（f） ”——却悄悄“窃”取了牛顿方程 式“底”——“ma ”（前有“窃”用“洛伦茨变换”后才有“窃”用牛顿方程式“底”—— “ma”）！
从爱因斯坦方程式 E=mc²,可得 m=E/c²;
在牛顿方程式 f=ma ，ma 是牛顿“底”；当速度 a=c 时（a 达到光速），ma=mc—— 就进入了“牛顿参照系”, 但是爱因斯坦不能如此向世人这样交代！
接下来，再把 m=E/c² 代入爱因斯坦方程式 E=mc² 中的 m，就得 E=E/c².；削去 c², 得 E=m ！
专家说这样的论述太草根！没有高数的韵味！强燕平说这符合“托勒密简单性原则”：
托勒密说：“在解释各种现象的时候寻用一种能够把各种事实统一起来的最简单的假 说仍是一条正路。”
于是，爱因斯坦只能运用十年时间进行漫长的深入研究，才有了爱因斯坦相对论的第二 个“缺口”。
爱因斯坦相对论的第二个“缺口”是“等效原理”。即：加速度 = 引力场强度。
我们觉得，爱因斯坦为了解决狭义相对论解释牛顿引力，用十年时间来研究广义相对 论，对自然哲学与自然科学许许多多问题必须进行广泛研究。
爱因斯坦说：我同意叔本华所说的，把人们引向艺术和科学的最强烈的动机之一，是要 逃避日常生活中令人厌恶的粗俗和桎梏。一个修养有素的人总是渴望逃避个人生活而进入 客观知觉和思维的世界；为了进行科学探索在一定意义上需要孤独宁静，这才是它们二者
之间的内在联系。”爱因斯坦总是把神与科学联系起来的科学家；喜欢说“上帝不扔色子”！ 那么，爱因斯坦又是如何突破“狭义相对论”进入“广义相对论”的思考呢？
爱因斯坦曾回忆说：“我一生中最快乐的思想……以下面的形式出现……对一个从屋 顶自由下落的人来说不存在——至少在紧靠着他的周围环境中——引力场。”
这就是说，爱因斯坦想象并感悟自己从地球跳下来感觉不到引力……
这完全是笛卡尔哲学“我思故我在。二元论”真实反馈！ 加速度最早出现在伽里略的“斜面实验”。
伽里略在 70 岁时为人类留下科学历史划时代巨作《关于两种新科学的对话》。并用 历史性的实验证明，各种重量的物体都以同一不变的加速度下落。这不仅构成牛顿第一定 律，也成为爱因斯坦提出广义相对论的思想，因为一个人在不变的加速度运动过程中，是不 会感觉到引力（万有引力）的存在，就等于“对一个从屋顶自由下落的人来说不存在—引 力场。”我们只有跳下去才能感到——这是爱因斯坦抄袭了伽利略思想——等效原理的本 质就是引力是惯性的源泉，人感觉不到？！
1916 年，爱因斯坦在《广义相对论的基础》表述等效原理时，说共存在两个不同程度：
1、弱等效原理、2、强等效原理。
爱因斯坦曾说：“我为它的存在感到极为惊奇，并且猜想其中必有一把可以更深入了 解惯性和引力的钥匙。”
因为等效原理揭示了，在任何一个时空点上都可以选取适当的参考系——到此，爱因斯 坦梦寐以求的“爱因斯坦参照系”十年磨一剑建立起来了广义相对论理论！
这样，一切物质的运动方程中不再含有引力项，
即引力可以局部地消除。如果认为这种消除了引力的参考系是惯性系，那么，等效原理 告诉我们，在任何一个时空点，一定存在局部惯性系——这样，爱因斯坦就可以彻底抛弃牛 顿力（f）！
其实，我们忽略、或者并不知道伽利略最早注意到，不同物体沿斜面的下滑运动是一样 的。即引力加速度与物体的组成无关。牛顿摆实验同样确认，任何物体的引力质量与惯性 质量之比都是一样的。
十九世纪末，匈牙利物理学家厄缶作了更精确的实验，根据这个性质，只要选择适当的 参考系，在所有力学方程中，引力与惯性力都可相互抵消掉。这个性质称为弱等效原理。再 进一步推广，在参考系中，力学方程和一切运动方程中的引力作用都被抵消掉，这就是等效 原理，或称为强等效原理。
可见，等效原理并不是爱因斯坦 1916 年独家的发明，而是抄袭科学历史自伽利略、牛 顿、厄缶等等大科学家参照系理论长时间的历史淀积！——爱因斯坦不惜让自己从地球跳 下去感觉不到引力，就把“等效原理”据为己有，是不是太专横跋扈了的呀！？
世界科学历史必将把颠倒的科学历史重新颠倒过来……
第一排：欧文·朗缪尔、马克斯·普朗克、玛丽·居里、亨德里克·洛伦兹、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦、 保罗·朗之万、Ch. E. Guye 、C.T.R. 威尔逊、O.W. 里查森
第二排：彼得·德拜、马丁·努森、威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格、Hendrik Anthony Kramers、保罗·狄 拉克、亚瑟·康普顿、路易·德布罗意、马克斯·波恩、尼尔斯·玻尔
第三排：奥古斯特·皮卡尔德、E. Henriot、保罗·埃伦费斯特、Ed. Herzen 、Théophile de Donder、埃尔温·薛定谔、E. Verschaffelt、沃尔夫冈·泡利、沃纳·海森堡、R.H. 福勒、里昂·布 里渊
二十一、索尔维第五届会议科学历史性大辩论功勋卓著②
“早在 334 年前 1687 年牛顿在《自然定律》、《自然哲学的数学原理》、《光学》 著作早已经完全论述、解释和预测了“太阳光线的偏折”和“水星近日点的进动”。在 1801 年，德国数学家和测绘学家索纳德提出一个用牛顿引力理论计算太阳偏折星光的公 式，与广义相对论公式很相似，给出的偏折数值只有广义相对论的一半；事实上，从牛顿引 力定律出发，计算了太阳引力场中星光的偏折，所得到的结果比广义相对论的曲线要好。” 同样，等效原理亦是伽利略、牛顿最先提出：【加速度最早出现在伽里略的“斜面实验”。
伽里略在 70 岁时为人类留下科学历史划时代巨作《关于两种新科学的对话》（全名《关 于托勒密和哥白尼两大世界体系的对话》） 。并用历史性的实验证明，各种重量的物体都 以同一不变的加速度下落。这不仅构成牛顿第一定律，也成为爱因斯坦提出广义相对论的 思想，因为一个人在不变的加速度运动过程中，是不会感觉到引力的存在，就等于“对一个 从屋顶自由下落的人来说不存在……引力场。”——这是爱因斯坦抄袭了伽利略思想—— 等效原理的本质就是引力是惯性的源泉！】
也就是说，从古希腊科学数理和拜占庭的废墟就存在爱因斯坦相对论的基因。
“在以牛顿和林耐为标志的这一时期末，我们见到这些科学部门在某种程度上已臻完 成。最重要的数学方法基本上被确立了；主要由笛卡儿确立了解析几何，耐普尔确立了对 数，莱布尼茨，也许还有牛顿确立了微积分。”——恩格斯
“自然科学借以宣布其独立并且好像是重演路德焚烧教谕的革命行为，便是哥白尼那 本不朽著作的出版，他用这本书（虽然是胆怯地而且可说是只在临终时）来向自然事物方 面的教会权威挑战，从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来。”——恩格斯
自然科学从神学脱胎就带着相对论基因的哲学思想，W. 海森伯道出“静止”相对性 的本质，说：【今天，我们甚至可以以更极端的形式说，“静止”一词是由地球静止着这个 陈述来定义的，并且我们把相对于地球是不动的每一物体描述为静止的。如果对“静止” 一词作如此理解——而这是普遍接受的意义——那么，托勒密是对的，哥白尼却错了。只有 当我们沉思了“运动”和“静止”的概念，并把运动理解为至少是关于两个物体的关系的 陈述，我们才能够把关系倒转过来，使太阳成为行星系的不动的中心并获得一个简单得多、 也更统一的关于行星系的观点，后来牛顿充分评价了这种观点的阐明的力量。因此，哥白尼 把一个全新的要素加到直接经验之上，我称这个要素为“自然定律的简单性”，而它与直接 经验毫无关系。】 ——这就最简单、最朴素的哥白尼、牛顿早期对相对论最权威的诠释！按 霍金宇宙“大爆炸”的哪一个点……一直到地球人诞生、古希腊科学辉煌与拜占庭文明； 再改成霍金和 Hertog 共同开发了这一概念的变体，以揭示永恒膨胀中的时间维度。这使得 他们能够描述永恒的宇宙膨胀，而不必依赖广义相对论，从而将宇宙膨胀降低到在时间开始 时空间表面上定义的永恒状态。在这方面，新理论代表了霍金之前关于“无边界理论”研 究的改变。可是啊！四维空间仅仅是三维空间 +t（时间）是爱因斯坦的老师明可夫斯基发 明的；事实上，三维空间，早在古希腊“时间”是“周日旋转”，在《天体运行论》哥白尼
讲得清清楚楚：地球 24 小时旋转产生“时间”，在地球旋转过程时间弯曲！
“亚里士多德用来证明只有三度空间而不能再多的理由，在我看来是完整的；我相信， 如果还有什么更有力的证据的话，他是不会略而不谈的。”——辛普利邱《两大世界体系 的对话》第 5 页。
这幅图展示了宇宙的演变，从左边的大爆炸到现代的右边。图片： NASA
“Hartle”和“霍金”理论，把宇宙看作是一个量子粒子，它赋予它一个描述所有可能 宇宙的波函数。这个理论还预言，如果你回到宇宙的起点，它会像一个球体一样收缩和闭合。 最后，它预测宇宙最终会停止膨胀并自行坍塌。正如 Hertog 解释的那样，这个新理论与之 前的工作背道而驰；在这里，爱因斯坦熟悉的时间概念与时间弯曲不再有任何意义！ ……
霍金说：“我们并不是一个单一、独一无二的宇宙，但我们的发现意味着宇宙的多元宇 宙将会显著减少，而宇宙可能会更小。理论上，一个有限而平滑的宇宙是我们可以观察到的 ( 至少是局部 )，并且将受我们已经熟悉的物理定律支配。与不同物理定律所支配无限数量 的宇宙相比，它确实简化了数学！”
正是牛顿《自然哲学的首先原理》跨越自然哲学利用数学与物理学原理创造了 17 世 纪自然科学经典力学的无比辉煌，并淀积了“太阳光线的偏折”和“水星近日点的进动” 和等效原理……才有了爱因斯坦相对论——事实上，引力和电力、磁力、弱核力、强核力我抢 是两个世界体系宏观宇宙、微观宇宙完全不在同一个宇宙体系平台上，自宇宙大爆炸至今， 大一统盘古开天地到 21 世纪以致永远都是不可能！……
是时候给牛顿经典力学“绝对时空”正名的时候了
前面讲过：时间是古希腊“周日旋转”产生，亚里士多德确立了“三度时空”；四维 空间仅仅是三维空间 +t（时间）是爱因斯坦的老师明可夫斯基发明的，并得到主流科学认 可，叫“时空”（时间 + 空间）。
在爱因斯坦相对论诞生之后，就有一种定论：
“经典力学总结了低速物体的运动规律反映了牛顿的绝对时空观。”——绝对时空观 认为时间和空间是两个独立的观念，彼此之间没有联系，分别具有绝对性——这是强加给牛 顿经典力学的说词！
因为在牛顿经典力学理论《自然哲学的数学原理》中，根本找不到时间和空间是两个 独立观念的字眼，也没有“绝对性”表述。
如果说“一切力学规律在伽利略变换下是不变的。”产生了牛顿经典力学的“绝对 性”——因为朔源牛顿经典力学是建立在“伽利略变换”之上的，同一物体在不同惯性参 照系中观察到的运动学量（如坐标、速度）可通过伽利略变换而互相联系，是力学相对性原 理。从伽利略变换到洛伦茨变换就升华到狭义相对论，是不是同样可以说爱因斯坦相对论 方程式的运动量都是绝对不变的呢！？
事实上，爱因斯坦在建立自己的爱因斯坦参照系一开始，就剔除了牛顿力（f）。按着 绝对时空观认为时间与空间的度量与惯性参照系的运动状态无关，那么，爱因斯坦的“等效 原理”的加速度又从哪里来？凭空另一个“引力场强度”又如何跨越“加速度”去等于“引 力场强度”呢？！——就因为爱因斯坦想象自己从地球跳下去感觉不到引力吗！（感觉不 到就不存在！就像伽利略对教皇说：地球仍在围绕太阳旋转那样引力仍在爱因斯坦和每一 个人身边）……
二十二、爱丁顿有句名言“全世界没有第三个人真正懂得相对论
据说曾经有人问爱丁顿一个问题：
“您觉得这个世界上懂相对论的人会超过三个人吗？” 爱丁顿想了一下回答：
“事实上，我正在想第三个人究竟是谁。” 意在只有爱丁顿和爱因斯坦真正懂得相对论！
这是不是爱丁顿的日全食实验“确定性”天意？！
爱丁顿率领一个观测队到西非普林西比岛观测 1919 年 5 月 29 日的日全食，拍摄日全 食时太阳附近的星星位置，根据广义相对论理论，太阳的重力会使光线弯曲，太阳附近的星 星视位置会变化。爱丁顿的观测证实了爱因斯坦的理论，立即轰动了全世界……从此确立 了爱因斯坦相对论科学历史无法动摇的辉煌历史地位！
也就是说，相对论是爱因斯坦论毕生科学研究的生命结晶，相对论同样经过多次科学实 验证明，是完全无法推翻的。却疑点重重！
比如，历史学家研究认为，当时爱丁顿的数据并不准确，可是歪打正着地宣布了相对论 理论的正确……
爱因斯坦说：“我信仰斯宾诺莎的那个存在于事物有秩序的和谐中并显示出来的上帝， 而不信那个同人类的命运和行为有牵累的上帝。”
为什么世界那么多科学家对上帝独有信奉却能在自然科学建树巨丰呢？！比如：
大天文学家开普勒对天文学有过庄严的定义：“从事天文研究就是研读上帝的思想。”
德国数学家莱布尼茨也说：“秩序，均匀和和谐令我们惊讶不己……上帝是纯净的秩序。 他是普遍和谐的创造者。”
物理学家爱丁顿这样说：“现代物理学必然把我们引向上帝——而不是远离他——没 有一位无神论的发明家是一位自然科学家。所有这些无神发明家都是些平庸的哲学家。”
……
总而言之，在全人类跨入暗物质暗能量新百年世纪之前，是时候给牛顿经典力学“绝对 时空”正名的时候了！……
让“经典力学只适用于宏观世界不适用于微观世界，首先就是关于速度的一些理论 , 根据经典物理学的理论 , 随着时间的推移 , 物体运动的速度不断增大 , 最终可以使物体获 得任意速度。 目前已知的最速度是光速 , 但是直至今天也无法将一个物体的运动速度提高 到光的速度 , 这是经典物理学无法解释……”冠冕堂皇说辞见鬼去吧！
二十三、索尔维第五届会议科学历史性大辩论功勋卓著③
第一次大论战是 1927 年的第五届索尔维会议，在比利时布鲁塞尔召开了，会议群贤毕至， 对支持量子力学的学者来说是一次成功的大会。会上围绕爱因斯坦和玻尔为首的哥本哈根 学派展开“测不准”量子力学大辩论；会议在闭幕式之前的讨论中，量子力学派取得了压 倒性的胜利，爱因斯坦一直在旁静坐，没有发言。在闭幕式玻尔结束关于“互补原理”的演 讲后，提出相对论的爱因斯坦突然开口：“很抱歉，我没有深入研究过量子力学，不过我还 是愿意谈一些一般性的看法。”——看来，爱因斯坦是被迫宣战！
爱因斯坦和波尔都是伟大的物理学家，对量子理论的发展都做出了杰出的贡献，分别因 为解决光电效应问题和量子化原子模型而获得 1921 年、1922 年的诺贝尔物理学奖。
爱因斯坦认为，量子论中的海森伯原理违背了确定性。根据海森伯的测不准原理，一对 共轭变量 ( 比如：动量和位置，能量和时间 ) 是不能同时准确测量的：当准确测定一个粒子 在此刻的速度时，就无法测准其在此刻的位置；如果要想准确测定位置，就不可能准确地测 量速度。
爱因斯坦对此说：“上帝不是掷骰子！”
在大论战过程，尽管爱因斯坦用设计精妙的“爱因斯坦光盒”应战，仍然无法取胜！玻 尔、海森堡等科学家用量子力学，反对爱因斯坦相对论彰显物理学规律是关于存在（因果性 和决定论）的规律；大自然确实存在“波粒二重性”而不是独一无二的一种可能性！玻尔
用“不确定性原理”和“互补原理”步步紧逼，构成了论战的焦点和主战场理论核心，剑直 “爱因斯坦光盒”……
于是，激烈的论战发生在第六届索尔维会议上，爱因斯坦提出了“爱因斯坦光盒”问题， 力求驳倒不确定性原理……
面对突然出现的光盒，玻尔猝不及防、曾一时无言以对。
爱因斯坦暂时领先而散会；玻尔岂能服输，苦思冥想一夜茅塞顿开；在第二天，针对要 义巧妙反驳，迫使爱因斯坦承认了不确定性原理是自洽的！ ……
从第六届索尔维会议爱因斯坦与玻尔的不确定性原理争论，一直持续了 20 年，知名的 “爱因斯坦光盒”就这样从历史流传下来——
“爱因斯坦提出一个攻击测不准关系的理想实验，一个密封的盒子里面有辐射源，由 里面的时钟控制盒子快门的开启，同时用弹簧秤测量盒子重量，实验时，先测量盒子质量一 次，当时钟在短时间 T 内控制开启快门，有一个光子溢出，其减少的质量是 E/c^2, 这时快门 关闭，再测量一次质量，这样测量质量（能量）和测量时间是独立进行的，互不干涉，都可准 确测量，所以 ΔE*ΔT》h, 不成立，量子力学不自洽。
玻尔经过一夜冥思苦想，第二天在黑板上画图，用爱因斯坦的相对论和引力红移公式有 证明了 ΔE*ΔT>=h 成立：
当在时间 T 内发射一个光子，盒子在竖直方向上获得动量 P>=TgE/C^2
则 ΔP>=ΔETg/c^2
而两次用指针位置测重力指针移动的距离 ΔX 是与 ΔP 有关的 ΔP* ΔX>=h，ΔP>=h/ΔX
再由地球上引力红移的公式，ΔX 的变化引起的时间膨胀的不确定度为
ΔT/T=ΔXg/c^2 代入上式得到
ΔE* ΔT>=h
1）测不准关系是量子力学的核心，而广义相对论与量子力学的不相容是当今理论界最 头疼的问题之一，因此，测不准关系不可能从广义相对论导出，否则，量子力学岂不成了广义 相对论的一个推论？还何谈两者的不相容？
2）爱因斯坦提出他的光子盒实验的初衷是这样的：dpdx≥h 与dEdt≥h 都是测不准关 系的核心公式，暂时没找出可以反驳 dpdx≥h 的理想实验，但光子盒实验却可以用来反驳 dEdt≥h，因为 dE 由弹簧秤的精度决定，dt 由时钟的精度决定，两种测量仪器之间没有关系， 是互相独立的，而且理论上都没有对这两种仪器的精度的限制，因此 dEdt≥h 是错误的。
3）玻尔的反驳思路是这样的：那两种仪器的测量值并非互相独立的——光子盒放出 光子，弹簧秤称出盒子质量的变化是 E/cc，相应的误差是 dE/cc；与此同时，盒子轻了，弹 簧的弹力与盒子的重力将不再相等，两力的合力将给盒子一个动量 p，相应于 dE 的误差是 dp；根据 dpdx≥h ，dp 与dx 相关；根据广义相对论，dx 与dt 相关。因此，最终 dE 是与 dt 相关的……
以海森堡量子力学诞生为标志的量子力学，却完全、彻底抛弃了经典的因果关系，宣称 人类并不能获得实在世界的确定的结果、称自己只有由这次测量推测下一次测量的各种结 果的分布几率，而拒绝对事物在两次测量之间的行为做出具体描述；这种量子力学表述，得 到 1900 年普朗克公式支持。
1927 年以来索尔维会议多次“大论战”暴露了爱因斯坦相对论“上帝不扔骰子”错了！？ 爱因斯坦死也不认错！
索尔维会议是在 20 世纪初期，比利时实业家内斯特 . 索尔维创立的，索尔维是一名实 业家，因发明了一种制碱法而致富。会议专门供科学家讨论物理、化学领域前沿的会议。自
1911 年，第一届索尔维会议在布鲁塞尔召开，以后每 3 年举行一届，参加会议世界著名科学 家趋之若鹜。
1927 年索尔维峰会遂被冠之以“最著名”的称号，从而奠定了量子力学无可辩驳的科 学史重中之重的地位。尽管没有详细的会议记录，但一些回忆录提供了粗略的记述。
参加科学家真可谓群雄逐鹿、各怀绝技：玻尔发现“氢原子模型”，玻恩有“概率”论， 德布罗意的“波”函数，康普顿带着“效应”标志，狄拉克的“算符”法宝，，布拉格的“晶 体结构”模型，埃伦费斯特的“浸渐原理”、海森伯与泡利的“测不准原理”和“不相容原 理”、爱因斯坦相对论、薛定谔的“方程”还藏有一只不死不活的“猫”！
还有“洛伦兹变换”的洛伦兹、普朗克的“常数”、发现“原子论”的朗之万、第一“云 雾室”的威耳逊、镭的母亲居里夫人……多是诺贝尔奖获得科学巨擘！
会议彰显哥本哈根诠释（Copenhagen interpretation）是量子力学的一种诠释。根据哥 本哈根诠释，在量子力学里，量子系统的量子态，可以用波函数来描述，这是量子力学的一个 关键特色，波函数是个数学函数，专门用来计算粒子在某位置或处于某种运动状态的概率， 测量的动作造成了波函数坍缩，原本的量子态概率地坍缩成一个测量所允许的量子态。
第六届索尔维会议大论战，确立了大自然确实存在“波粒二重性”而不是爱因斯坦“上 帝不扔色子”的独一无二的一种可能性！玻尔和海森堡“不确定性原理”和“互补原理” 奠定了 20 世纪量子力学不可动摇的现代科学历史地位，1925 海森堡、玻恩和约尔丹（P. Jordan）年完成“巨阵力学”，其后发展诞生了薛定谔的“波动力学”、并以《生命是什么》 吹响物理学向生命科学转圜的集结号，孵化出沃森和克里克“双螺旋模型”，使 DNA 生命 科学得到奇迹般跨世纪发展，为 21 世纪的科学家秉承诡秘量子力学进入“量子科技”芯脏， 突飞猛进打下坚实基础！
爱因斯坦认为： “不确定性原理”不可能成为宇宙物理的基本法则之一，并与另外两 名科学家提出了著名的 EPR 悖论，认为依据“不确定性原理”对相隔遥远的两个粒子系统 进行测量将导致超光速现象出现——显然，爱因斯坦是在强力维护“L 原理”这个假设！
……
今天，我们可以对哥本哈根学派的历史性大论战盖棺定论：曾几何时，玻尔面对突如其 来的“爱因斯坦光盒”，一时蒙住了。一夜没睡，却豁然开朗……第二天， 玻尔指出：
“一个光子跑了，箱子轻了 Δm
用弹簧秤称，设置零点 , 设位移 Δq
根据广义相对论的红移效应 , 箱子在引力场移动 Δq，Δt 也相应改变 ΔT 可以计算：ΔT>h/Δmc^2
代入 E=mc^2 得 ΔE ΔT > h/2 π Δq …… ”
这次爱因斯坦彻底输了！
爱因斯坦的广义相对论推翻了他自己。 哥本哈根学派大获全胜。
……
玻尔和爱因斯坦的第三次争论，本来应该发生在 1933 年的第七届索尔维会议上。但 是，爱因斯坦未能出席这次会议，他被纳粹赶出了欧洲……
爱因斯坦到美国后，找了两个合作者，构成了一个被物理学家们称为不是十分恰当的组 合。Boris Podolsky 和Nathan Rosen 是爱因斯坦在普林斯顿高等研究院的助手。1935 年3 月， Physics Review 杂志上发表了他们和爱因斯坦共同署名的 EPR 论文。文章中描述了一个佯 谬，之后，人们就以署名的三位物理学家名字的第一个字母命名，称为“EPR 佯谬”。论文 数学表述非常复杂。后来，博姆用电子自旋来描述，就简洁易懂多了。
EPR 论文中涉及到“量子纠缠态”的概念。这个名词当时还尚未被爱因斯坦等 3 位作
者采用。叫“纠缠”的名字是薛定谔在 EPR 论文之后
薛定谔“猫”的横空出世得到“量子纠缠”态，薛定谔是爱因斯坦大 论战的同伴，爱 因斯坦同样不承认“薛定谔猫”！原因就是微观粒子可以处于一种所谓叠加态的状态，这 种叠加状态是不确定的。
薛定谔还认为，如果把叠加态的概念用于两个以上粒子的系统，就更产生出来一些怪之 又怪的现象，那些古怪行为的专利，就该归功于既叠加又纠缠的“量子纠缠态”。
在这种“量子纠缠态”情形下，两个粒子的叠加态“互相纠缠”在一起，使得测量结果 互相影响，即使是当两个粒子分开到很远很远的距离之时，这种似乎能瞬间互相影响的“纠 缠”照样存在……
这是爱因斯坦相对论根本不能解释的啊！
“新加坡国立大学量子技术科学研究中心的研究人员斯蒂芬妮· 韦纳 (Stephanie Wehner) 和易斯特·翰吉 (Esther H?nggi) 提出了一种新的解决方法，通过信息理论的语言来 重塑‘不确定性原理’。”
——《爱因斯坦错了 宇宙需要“不确定性原理”存在》。
事实胜于雄辩！波粒二重性已经天注定了玻尔测不准原理的合理内核。波粒二重性又 称波粒二象性（英语：Wave-particle duality）是微观粒子的这基本、最重要的属性，没有之一。
然而，爱因斯坦从来不承认微观粒子的这个基本最重要的属性，更不承认“量子纠缠 态”；爱因斯坦相对论的一个错到死都不承认！
于是，爱因斯坦的后 30 年开始了一个亘古不可能的“大一统”研究无果而终——1955 年 4 月 18 日永远离开了我们！……
无论如何爱因斯坦的执著不认错，并不影响爱因斯坦是全人类最伟大的科学巨擘！ 爱因斯坦用自己宝贵生命后 30 年希翼完成一个亘古不可能完成的“大一统”理论
所谓大统一理论（grand unified theories ，GUTs）是受麦克斯韦方程组完美揭示电磁统 一演变而来的科学前沿热。大一统又简称 GUT，冠以“万物之理”高贵头衔，吸引众多世 界科学家研究；爱因斯坦可谓首当其冲；主流科学认为，微观粒子之间存在四种相互作用力： 万有引力、电磁力、强相互作用力、弱相互作用力。理论上宇宙间所有现象都可以用这四种 作用力来解释。通过进一步研究四种作用力之间联系与统一，寻找能统一说明四种相互作 用力的理论或模型称为大统一理论。
在量子力学效应，虽然以量子电动力学（QED）形式出现，却有“薛定谔猫”的怪诞， 特别是“量子纠缠态”和“不确定性原理”梗横在爱因斯坦相对论间挥之不去的幽灵…… 大论战爱因斯坦死不认输。
霍金对爱因斯坦大一统断然说：“也许会发现大统一理论。但这个大统一理论并不是 爱因斯坦最初想的大统一理论，因为不可能通过一个简单美妙的公式来描述和预测宇宙中 的每一件事情，毕竟宇宙是确定性和不确定性相互统一。”
比如有一个粒子，当你知道它的位置的时候，那么就不会知道粒子的方向和速度，无论 你怎么样努力，结果始终如此，正是这个难题，导致爱因斯坦根本没有办法继续深入下去。
一不可能、确定性是爱因斯坦的致命伤。爱因斯坦坚决相信宇宙是固定模式在运行，每 一个时间段所有的物体位置都是固定存在，只要你知道热度（能量）和物体质量和运动方 向，那么就可以很轻松的知道下一秒宇宙是什么样子……这完全是爱因斯坦方程式的语言。
二不可能、爱因斯坦希望能够证明粒子的位置和速度，只要能够将两者同时证明的话， 那么无异于让宏观宇宙和微观宇宙有了一个框架，这样就能够实现大统一理论的成形。爱 因斯坦以为 L 公设得到狭义相对论和等效原理整合引力得到广义相对论，就一定能找到把 宏观宇宙和微观宇宙统一起来简单美妙的公式和方法！经过 30 年努力根本没有办法，得出 一个固定的宇宙的完美公式而死不瞑目！——通过爱因斯坦自身 30 年漫长实践证明“大 一统”完全是“一个亘古不可能”！
三不可能、爱因斯坦不承认“量子力学中粒子的二象性不确定性”。所以，一个粒子， 当知道它的位置的时候，那么就不会知道粒子的方向和速度，无论如何怎么样努力都是“测 不准”；爱因斯坦又如何“来描述和预测宇宙中的每一件事情，毕竟宇宙是确定性和不确 定性相互统一 ”——这完全是“一个亘古不可能”！
四不可能、爱因斯坦不承认牛顿力（f）、引力、万有引力……爱因斯坦方程式 E=mc² 就 是最好的证明。用没有引力项的方程式，如何运算出引力，如同拎自己的头发把自己拎起来 一样永远不可能！
五不可能、爱因斯坦骨子里认为：“这一切都是安排好的。”虽然爱因斯坦知道量子 世界和宏观宇宙有着具体的联系，这种联系能不能用一个简单、完美的公式（像麦克斯韦方 程组）实现“大一统”——这里存在一个概念错误：电磁统一是同在微观宇宙的粒子力的 统一；把爱因斯坦自己不承认的牛顿力（f）引力，从宏观宇宙搬到微观宇宙根本没有办法 去进行具体的“大一统”研究，文钱是“一个亘古不可能”一直到今天为止，以致永远。
科学历史 2022 年 10 月三位诺贝尔物理学奖科学家通过实验证明贝尔不等式不成 立——
结论：确认爱因斯坦错了！？……
二十四、爱因斯坦离开我们前一天亲手销毁大一统的草稿纸为哪般
爱因斯坦曾给罗斯福总统写信，建议研究核技术催生“曼哈顿计划”当原子弹真的在 日本的广岛和长崎被投下后，爱因斯坦却感到非常地悔恨，他觉得牺牲无辜百姓的生命，违 背了自己当初希望世界和平的意愿。于是，爱因斯坦此后曾多次写信给罗斯福，希望可以终 止核武器试验。
然而，没想到爱因斯坦在 1943 年，不情愿领衔一个实验；一共进行了两次：
第一次。在 7 月 22 日进行的。起初实验很成功，驱逐舰在一团绿雾的包围下接近隐形； 然而，实验之后船员们都感到了严重的作呕。对这种情况，我爱因斯坦也感到恶心，头痛，不 知而终……
第二次实验是在同年的 10 月 28 日，这次整艘舰艇在一道强烈的蓝光下突然间消失不 见，非常诡秘，在同一时间，据距离 600km 远的维吉尼亚州诺福克基地汇报，驱逐舰在附近 的海面上出现了有数分钟之久，然后随即神秘消失……
据船上此次实验的船员们说，都出现了一些不可思议的事情；事情实验之后船员们除 了有第一次和相同的那种作呕以外，另有一些船员平白无故恐怖地消失的无影无踪！。
或者有人跟船上的钢板融合在了一起、无影无踪……过一段时间后，驱逐舰上的船员身 心受到了严重的创伤，几乎所有的官兵都身患重病，有些死亡，有些患上了精神疾病。虽然 美国海军高层极力的辟谣，但是很多研究者认为，美国海军否认曾经进行过类似实验的目的 是想掩盖事情的真相。因为有人曾经发现了一些文件，文件中证明爱因斯坦在 1943 年到 1944 年间啊，确实曾经服务于美国的海军部。就连当时爆料出该事件的天文学家莫里斯吉 索普也在。该天文学家在不久后诡秘死于自己的车中，警方认定死因是自杀！因此有人认 为爱因斯坦销毁的部分笔记手稿涉及到该实验项目。大概是有关的详细过程和数据。因为 实验造成了可怕的残酷后果令人恐惧……
据说普林斯顿高级研究所接受了这个项目，据说实验过程已经可以做到用电厂、让小型 的物体在眼前瞬间消失，因为当时正值二战，政府希望能在战场上应用这种“隐身术”起迷 惑敌人的作用。
可是啊！当时特斯拉和爱因斯坦都认为，如果这项技术能够为人类造福的话，应该支持 这项事业。此实验的理论假设磁场、电磁波跟地心引力互有关系。根据该理论，在透过特别 的仪器和足够的能量就能够使光线弯曲，从而让实际的物质变成隐形。本质里说就是爱因 斯坦“时间弯曲”理论的磁控实验，实验的本质并不是穿越，而是扭曲时空，导致物质隐形。 1943 年，也就是特斯拉去世的那一年，该计划由爱因斯坦主持并实施。美国海军认为这个 应用在战斗中非常的有价值，所以认同。美就要考虑该实验的绝密性。将计划离非常不远 的普林斯顿高级研究所接受了这个项目，据说他们已经可以做到用电厂让小型的物体在眼 前瞬间消失，因为当时正值二战，政府希望能在战场上起作用。而且当时特斯拉和爱因斯坦 都认为啊，如果这项技术能够为人类造福的话，应该支持这项事业。此实验的理论假设磁 场、电磁波跟地心引力互有关系。根据该理论，在透过特别的仪器和足够的能量能够使光线 弯曲。从而让实际的物质变成隐形。实际上，实验的本质并不是驱逐舰穿越，而是扭曲时空， 导致物质隐形。
很奇怪 1943 年恰巧是特斯拉去世的那一年，该计划由爱因斯坦主持并实施。美国海军 认为这个应用在战斗中非常的有价值，所以认同，必须考虑该实验的绝密性。将计划的离非 常不远的普林斯顿高级研究所接受了这个项目，据说他们已经可以做到用电厂让小型的物 体在眼前瞬间消失，因为当时当时特斯拉和爱因斯坦都认为可行，认为这项技术能够为人类 造福，必须支持这项事业。实验的理论假设磁场、电磁波跟地心引力互有关系，在透过特别 的仪器和足够的能量能够使光线弯曲。从而让实际的物质变成隐形。实际上，实验的本质 并不是穿越，而是扭曲时空……也许这就是现代隐形加速器实验的先导实验！？
该计划由爱因斯坦主持并实施，这就成为科学家内心挥之不去终生伤疤与遗憾！ …… 这就是爱因斯坦在生命最后时刻销毁草稿纸的因缘吧！？
爱因斯坦死于腹主动脉瘤破裂，早在几年前医生就发现了爱因斯坦病症，在那个时代动 手术治疗在技术上可以延缓生命。当时纽约医院的医生弗兰克格伦就曾经建议立刻要动手 术治疗，但被爱因斯坦坚决拒绝了，并义正言辞地表示说： “当我想要离去的时候，请让我 离去，一味的延长生命是毫无意义的，我已经完成了我该做的，现在是该离去的时候了，我要 优雅的离去。”
可谁也想不到，就在爱因斯坦离去的前一天深夜，助手突然被一个声音惊醒，他立刻跑 去大师屋里查看，灯开着，爱因斯坦正在亲手销毁自己的草稿纸——那可是大师后半生“大 一统”的心血啊！助手连忙想上去制止，只见大师怒目炯炯有神死死盯着自己，好可怖啊！ 助手便情不自禁转过头去，面对天女散花的碎纸片，暗暗吞下一滴又一滴泪水……
二十五、奥斯特偶然发现“电磁感应”法拉第麦克斯韦精美方程组 出神入化
“缺口”理论是一种原创力支点方法论，是科学家重复实验的切入点，往往产生意想不 到的新突破……
让我们以 19 世纪通信理论突破崛起的短短的半个世纪的辉煌，来述证明“缺口”应用 不断创造奇迹——1820 年 4 月的一天，丹麦科学家奥斯特在上课时，加热导线在开电流时， 无意中让通电的导线靠近指南针，突然“动”了一下，而发现了一个奇怪现象。 这个现象 并没有引起学生注意，奥斯特却非常兴奋，课后反反复复实验，接连三个月紧紧抓住这个现 象深入地研究了几十次实验，发现“电磁感应”理论，直到 7 月份，才再度进行深入的实验 研究并发表论文。
电磁感应”立刻成为欧洲世界科学前沿……
法拉第作为戴维的学生和助手同去欧洲科学考察、戴维应邀演讲……
回来后，法拉第重复了奥斯特实验，经过反复实验，1831 年 10 月 17 日，法拉第再一次 次发现电磁感应现象，并奇迹性发现了电场与磁场的诡秘联系；在进一步实验研究过程提 出磁场力线的假说；并突破性发表《电学实验研究》 ——这就是法拉第下意识运用“缺口” 重复奥斯特实验创造“磁力线”假说奇迹……
麦克斯韦 1847 年进入爱丁堡大学学习数学和物理，1850 年转入剑桥大学三一学院数学系 学习，1854 年以第二名的成绩获史密斯奖学金，毕业留校任职两年。麦克斯韦刚刚毕业不 过几星期，一个偶然的机会看到了法拉第的《电学实验研究》；便入迷“电磁感应” …… 当时对“法拉第线”，欧洲大部分科学家并不承认，只有波尔茨曼和赫尔姆霍科学大师认可， 麦克斯韦同样认同，只不过感觉缺失数学理论的支持，便开始运用数学进行深入探究、运算 并重复法拉第实验——并得益法国科学家安培用数学方法总结了奥斯特的发现，而创立了 电动力学，麦克斯韦研究安培电动力学希望使电磁的作用与有关瞬时的超距作用的现存见 解调和起来，让“法拉第线”得到科学家认可。
因为麦克斯韦坚定相信法拉第的新论中有着不为人所了解的真理，在认真地研究了法 拉第的著作后，深刻感受到力线思想的宝贵价值，同时看到法拉第在定性表述上的弱点！于 是，毅然决然决定用数学来弥补这一点。
1855 年麦克斯韦发表了第一篇关于电磁学的论文《论法拉第的力线》并演算得到最 完美的麦克斯韦方程组——结束了科学家对“法拉第线”的争论。
二十六、出神入化的麦克斯韦方程组
1854 年“法拉第线”切入麦克斯韦“场”……这同样是一个偶然：麦克斯韦从剑桥毕业， 偶然读到了法拉第的《电学实验研究》，立即被书中新颖的实验和见解吸引住了；法拉第 感觉法拉第没有在理论上说明“电磁感应”便在 1855 年完成发表了第一篇关于电磁学的 论文《论法拉第的力线》并演算得到最完美的麦克斯韦方程组——结束了科学家对“法拉 第线”的争论，并从“麦克斯韦方程组”推论出电磁波在真空中以光速传播，完成描述了电 场、磁场与电荷密度、电流密度之间的关系以及光是电磁波伟大猜想……1888 年为海因利 希·赫兹孵化完成“环形微缝”实验，第一个证实了电磁波的存在。事实上，“环形微缝” 就是一种“超距力”电磁感应“波”的传播；
事实上，这种“超距力”电磁感应“波”的传播早为法拉第证实！
麦克斯韦方程组另一个神秘之处就是安倍定律在方程组得到证明与表述：电荷是如何 产生电场的高斯定理、论述了磁单极子的不存在的高斯磁定律、电流和变化的电场是怎样产 生磁场的麦克斯韦 - 安培定律，以及变化的磁场是如何产生电场的法拉第电磁感应定律。
二十七、欣赏麦克斯韦方程组完美精致无穷大威力
电磁学三大基本定律“库仑定律是静止点电荷相互作用力的规律 ; 安培定则是表示电 流和电流激发磁场的磁感线方向间关系的定则 ; 电磁感应现象是指因磁通量变化产生感应 电动势的现象。这三个定律的建立标志着人类对于电磁现象的认识发展到了新的阶段。 电磁学三大基本定律是库伦定律、安培定律和法拉第电磁感应定律 , 这三个定律的建立标 志着人类对于电磁现象的认识发展到了新的阶段。库仑定律是静止点电荷相互作用力的规 律 ; 安培定则是表示电流和电流激发磁场的磁感线方向间关系的定则 ; 电磁感应现 ..—— （转载）史上最透彻的讲解：麦克斯韦方程组
2021-11-25 23:57
麦克斯韦方程组（Maxwell ’s equations）是英国物理学家詹姆斯·麦克斯韦在 19 世纪 建立的一组偏微分方程，主要描述了电场、磁场与电荷密度、电流密度之间的关系。
麦克斯韦方程组里面含有 4 个方程，其分别为：电荷是如何产生电场的高斯定理、论述 了磁单极子的不存在的高斯磁定律、电流和变化的电场是怎样产生磁场的麦克斯韦 - 安培 定律，以及变化的磁场是如何产生电场的法拉第电磁感应定律。
自诞生以来，麦克斯韦方程组就被人们认为是“世界上最美的物理公式”。
如果有人要求“在不讲微积分的情况下，讲解一下麦克斯韦方程组”，我感觉这基本不 太可能。你不知道麦克斯韦方程组里面的每个方程都是一个积分或者微分么？那既然这 样，我只能躲躲闪闪，不细谈任何具体的推导和数学关系，纯粹地说一说电磁学里的概念和 思想。
1、力、能、场、势
经典物理研究的一个重要对象就是力 force，比如牛顿力学的核心就是 F=ma 这个公 式，剩下的什么平抛圆周简谐运动都可以用这货加上微积分推出来。但是，力有一点不好， 它是个向量 vector（既有大小又有方向），所以即便是简单的受力分析，想解出运动方程却 难得要死。很多时候，从能量的角度出发，反而问题会变得简单很多。
能量 energy 说到底就是力在空间上的积分（能量 = 功 = 力 × 距离），所以和力是有 紧密联系的，而且能量是个标量 scalar，加减乘除十分方便。分析力学中的拉格朗日力学和 哈密顿力学就绕开了力，从能量出发，算运动方程比牛顿力学要简便得多。
在电磁学里，我们通过力定义出了场 field 的概念。我们注意到洛仑兹力总有着 F=q （E+v×B）的形式，具体不谈，单看这个公式就会发现，力和电荷（或电荷 × 速度）成正比。 那么我们便可以抛去电荷（或电荷 × 速度）的部分，仅仅看剩下的这个“系数”有着怎样 的动力学性质。
也就是说，场是某种遍布在空间中的东西，当电荷置于场中时便会受力。具体到两个电 荷间的库仑力的例子，就可以理解为一个电荷制造了电场，而另一个电荷在这个电场中受到
了力，反之亦然。类似地，我们也可以对能量做相同的事情，抛去能量中的电荷（或电荷 × 速度），剩下的部分便是势 potential。
一张图表明关系：
具体需要指出，这里的电场（标为 E）和磁场（标为 B）都是向量场。也就是说，空间 中每一个点都对应着一个向量。如果我们把 xyz 三个分量分开来看的话，这就是三个标量 场。而能量和势是标量（电磁学中的势其实并不是标量，原因马上揭晓），放到空间中也就 是一个标量场。
在力 / 场和能量 / 势之间互相转化的时候，我们是在 3<->1 个标量场之间转化，必然 有一些信息是丢掉了的。这可怎么办？一个显而易见的答案是“保守力场”conservative force field。在这样一个场中，能量（做功）不取决于你选择什么样的路径。
打个比方，你爬一座山，无论选择什么路径，只要起点和终点一样，那么垂直方向上的差 别都是一样的，做的功也一样多。在这种情况下，我们对力场有了诸多限制。
也就是说，我假如知道了一个保守力场的 x 一个分量，那么另两个分量 yz 就随之确定 了，我没得选（自由度其实只有一个标量场）。有了保守力场这样的额外限制，向量场 F（3 个标量场）和（1个）标量场 V 之间的转化便不会失去信息了。
具体而言，二者关系可以写作 F=- ▽V。这里不说具体细节，你只要知道▽是一种固定 的、把一个标量场变成三个标量场的算法就可以了（叫做算符 operator）。
那么我们想问，电场和磁场是不是保守力场呢？很不幸，答案是否定的。在静电学中， 静止的电场是保守的；但在电动力学中，只要有变化的电场和磁场，电场就不是一个保守力 场了；而磁场从来都不是保守力场。
这也就是说，在电磁学中，我们很少涉及能量这个概念，因为它不能完整地描述一个电 磁场。我们更多时候只关注“场”这个概念，尽管因此我们不得不涉足很多向量微积分，但 我们没有办法，这是不让信息丢掉的唯一办法。
那么，既然势也是标量，它是否也是一个没什么用的概念呢？恰恰相反，在电动力学中 我们定义出了“向量势”vector potential，以保留额外的自由度。后面我会更具体地谈到这 一点。
总而言之，我想说明一点，那就是电磁学的主要研究对象是电场和磁场，而麦克斯韦方 程组就是描述电场和磁场的方程。势（包括电势和磁向量势）也是有用的概念，而且不像 引力势是一个标量，在电磁学中势不得不变成一个向量。
2、麦克斯韦方程组
前边说到，麦克斯韦方程组Maxwell equations 是描述电场和磁场的方程。前边也说到， 因为电磁场不是保守力场，它们有三个标量场的自由度，所以我们必须用向量微积分来描述 电磁场。因此，麦克斯韦方程组每个式子都出现了向量微积分，而整个方程组也有积分形 式、微分形式两种。
事实上，这两种形式是完全等价的，只是两种不同的写法，这里我先全部写出。
积分形式：
微分形式：
这里 E 表示电场，B 表示磁场， ε0 和 μ0 只是两个常数暂时可以忽略。积分形式中 Q 是电荷，I 是电流，V 表示一块体积，∂V 表示它的表面，而 S 表示一块曲面，∂S 表示它 的边缘。微分形式中 ρ 是电荷密度（电荷 / 体积），J 是电流密度（电流 / 面积），▽·和 ▽ × 是两个不同的算符，基本可以理解为对向量的某种微分。
先不说任何细节，我们可以观察一下等式的左边。这四个方程中，两个是关于电场 E 的，两个是关于磁场 B 的；两个是曲面积分 ∫ da 或者散度▽·,两个是曲线积分 ∫ dl 或者旋 度▽ ×。不要管这些术语都是什么意思，我后面会讲到。但光看等式左边，我们就能看出四 个式子分别描述电场和磁场的两个东西，非常对称。
3、电荷 -> 电场，电流 -> 磁场
在这一部分中，我将简单讲解一下四个式子分别代表什么意思，而不涉及任何定量和具 体的计算。
首先，我们从两个电荷之间的库仑力讲起。库仑定律 Coulomb ’s Law 是电学中大家接 触到的最早的定律，有如下形式：
其中 Q 是电荷，r 是电荷之间的距离，r 是表示方向的单位向量。像我之前说的，把其 中一个电荷当作来源，然后刨去另一个电荷，就可以得到电场的表达式。
高中里应该还学过安培定律 Ampere ’s Law，也就是电流产生磁场的定律。虽然没有 学过具体表达式，但我们已经能看出它与库仑定律之间的区别。库仑定律描述了“两个” 微小来源（电荷）之间的“力”，而安培定律是描述了“一个”来源（电流）产生的“场”。
事实上，电磁学中也有磁场版本的库仑定律，描述了两个微小电流之间的力，叫做毕奥 - 萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart Law；反之，也有电场版本的安培定律，描述了一个电荷产生的磁 场，叫做高斯定律 Gauss ’s Law。
这四个定律之间有如下关系：
数学上可以证明，库仑定律（毕奥 - 萨伐尔定律）和高斯定律（安培定律）在静电学（静 磁学）中是完全等价的。也就是说，我们可以任意假设一个定律，从而推导出另一个定律。
然而，如果我们想从静止的静电学和静磁学推广到电动力学，前者是非常不便的而后者 很却容易。所以，尽管库仑定律在中学中常常提到，麦克斯韦方程组中却没有它，有的是高 斯定律和安培定律。
这两个定律分别是麦克斯韦方程组里的 (1) 和 (4) 的第一项，即：
高斯定律（积分、微分形式）：
安培定律（积分、微分形式）：
下面，我们继续推迟讲解数学关系。单看这几个式子本身，就能看到等式的左边有电场 E（磁场 B），而右边有电荷 Q（电流 I）或电荷密度 ρ（电流密度 J）。看，电荷产生电场， 电流产生磁场！
4、变化磁场 -> 电场，变化磁场 -> 电场
然而，这不是故事的全部，因为事实上电磁场是可以互相转化的。法拉第发现了电磁感 应，也就是说变化的磁场是可以产生电场的，这就是法拉第定律 Faraday ’s Law。
类似地，麦克斯韦发现安培定律的描述并不完善，除了电流之外，变化的电场也可以产 生磁场，这被称为安培 - 麦克斯韦定律Ampere-Maxwell Law。
这两个定律分别是麦克斯韦方程组里的 (2) 和 (4) 的第二项，即： 法拉第定律（积分、微分形式）：
安培 - 麦克斯韦定律（积分、微分形式）：
同样地，等式的左边有电场 E（磁场 B），而右边有磁场 B（电场 E）的导数 d/dt 或偏 导 ∂/∂t。看，变化磁场产生电场，变化电场产生磁场！
需要指出的是，我这样的说法其实是不准确的，因为并不是真的某一个场“产生”的另 一个场。这两个定律只是描述了电场（磁场）和磁场（电场）的变化率之间的定量关系， 而不是因果关系。
小结一下，我们已经搞清楚了麦克斯韦方程组里每一项的意思，基本就是指出了电磁场 的来源和变化电磁场的定量关系。接下来，便是往我们这些粗浅的理解中加入数学，看看这 些方程到底说了什么。不过，在这之前，我们还需要花点时间了解一下向量微积分的皮毛。
5、向量积分
普通的单变量微积分，基本可以理解为乘法的一种拓展。我们想计算一个矩形的面积， 我们用长 x 乘宽 y，即 xy。如果宽不是一个定值而是根据长而变化的（也就是说，宽是一个 长的函数，即宽 =y(x)），那么我们就需要积分，记为“ ∫ y(x)dx”。
这样的想法也很容易推广到更高的维度，比如在一块体积 V 内，若电荷密度为 ρ,那么 这块体积内的总电荷就是 Q=ρV；如果 ρ 在空间中每一点都不一样，是个关于坐标的函 数 ρ(x)，那么就要变成积分 Q= ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ(x)dV（这里三个 ∫表示是一个三维的积分，很多 时候也可以省略写为一个 ∫ )。
在向量场中，这个事情比较麻烦。首先两个向量的乘积的定义稍显复杂，必须使用点乘 dot product，即 u·v，它暗示着两个向量之间的角度，也就是有多么平行。如果u 和v 完全平行， 它们的点乘是一个正值；如果方向相反，则是一个负值；如果垂直，那么为 0。
另一方面，我们不一定要像上一个电荷的例子一样积上整个体积 V，我们可以只积一个 曲面 S 或者一条曲线 γ。这就是所谓的曲面积分和曲线积分的概念。
曲面积分 surface integral 有如下形式：
其中 S 表示我们需要积的曲面，F 是我们想要积的向量场， ·代表点乘，a 指向垂直于 S 的方向。因此，我们看到，如果 F 和S 是平行的，那么点乘处处得 0，这个曲面积分也为 0。
换句话说，曲面积分表示着向量场 F 穿过曲面 S 的程度，因此也很形象地叫做通量 flux。
下图为两个简单的例子（虚线 ---- 表示曲面所在的位置）：
曲面积分（通量）为 0：
曲面积分（通量）不为 0：
那么曲线积分 line integral 也很类似，只不过我们不积一个曲面 S 而是一个一维的曲线
γ。它有如下形式：
其中 γ 表示我们需要积的曲线， ·代表点乘，l 指向曲线 γ 的方向。不难看出，曲线 积分表示着向量场 F 沿着曲线 γ 的程度。
下图为两个简单的例子（虚线 ---- 表示曲线 γ):
曲线积分不为 0：
特别地，如果曲线是闭合的（首尾相连的），那么我们可以在积分符号 ∫上画一个圈， 表示闭合，然后这个特殊的曲线积分叫做环量 circulation，因为是积了一个环嘛。很显然，如 果 F 是个保守力场，那么我随便找一个闭合曲线，做的功都一定为 0（这就是保守力场的定 义啊），所以保守力场的任意环量都为 0。
最后一提，“环量”这个名字很少使用，一般就直接叫做“闭合曲线的积分”。
定义一个通量所使用的曲面 S 则不一定要是闭合的，任何曲面都可以。如果这个曲面 很特殊恰好是闭合的，我们也可以在积分符号 ∫ ∫上画上一个圈，代表闭合，但这个量则没 有一个特殊的名字了。
总结如下表：
6、麦克斯韦方程组的积分形式
我非常不严谨地描述了曲面积分和曲线积分分别是什么。我们回头看看麦克斯韦方程 组的积分形式，我们应该都能看懂了。
◆ （10-1）高斯定律：电场 E 在闭合曲面 ∂V 上的通量，等于该曲面包裹住的体积 V 内的电荷（乘上系数 1/ ε0）；
◆ （10-2）法拉第定律：电场 E 在闭合曲线 ∂S 上的环量，等于磁场 B 在该曲线环住 的曲面 S 上的通量的变化率（乘上系数 -1）；
◆ （10-3）高斯磁定律：磁场 B 在闭合曲面 ∂V 上的通量，等于0；
◆ （10-4）安培麦克斯韦定律：磁场 B 在闭合曲线∂S 上的环量，等于该曲线环住的 曲面 S 里的电流（乘上系数 μ0），加上电场 E 在该曲线环住的曲面 S 上的通量的变化率（乘 上系数 μ0 ε0）。
虽然在我看来，这样的描述已经是非常通俗、没有任何数学了，但对于没有学习过微积 分的同学来说，显然还是太晦涩了一点，下面我来举几个例子吧。
(1)、高斯定律
例子 1：假设我们有一个点电荷 Q，以其为球心作一个球，把这块体积称为 V，那么 ∂V 就是这个球的表面。这个电荷 Q 产生了一些电场，从中心的 Q 向外发射，显然电场线都穿 过了球的表面 ∂V，所以“闭合曲面 ∂V 的通量”是个正数，不为 0，而“该曲面包裹住的电荷” 为 Q，也不为 0。
例子2：假设我们把电荷Q 替换为-Q，那么所有的电场线方向都反过来了，∂V 的通量（记 得通量中的点乘吗？）也因此获得了一个负号，所以“闭合曲面 ∂V 的通量”变成了负数， 而“该曲面包裹住的电荷”为 -Q，也变成了负数。等式再一次成立。
例子 3：假设我们把这个球的半径扩大为原来的 2 倍，这个球的表面积就变成了原来 的 4 倍。与此同时，由于库仑力的反比平方定律，由于球表面与球心电荷 Q 的距离变成了 原来的 2 倍，在球表面∂V 的电场强度也变成了原来的 1/4。通量（电场和面积的积分）获 得一个系数 4，又获得一个系数 1 /4，所以“闭合曲面 ∂V 的通量”没有变，而“该曲面包裹 住的电荷”显然仍然为 Q，也没有变。
例子 4：事实上，我们随便怎么改变这一块表面积的大小、体积，算出来的通量都不会 变（尽管会非常难算），因为等式的右边“该曲面包裹住的电荷”一直都没有变。
例子 5：假设我们把电荷移到这个曲面外面，那么电场线会从这个球的一面穿透进去， 然后从另一面出来，所以当我们做积分的时候，两个方向的通量抵消了，整个“闭合曲面 ∂V 的通量”为 0，而此时我们的曲面没有包裹住任何电荷，所以“该曲面包裹住的电荷”也为 0。 等式成立。
(2)、法拉第定律
例子 6 ：一圈闭合导线，环住了一块曲面 S，则记这个曲线的位置为 ∂S，那么经过 ∂S 的 电场 E 的环量其实就是导线内的电势（电压）。垂直于 S 通过一些磁场 B，则通过 S 的磁 通量不为 0。然而，此时导线内并没有电流。也就是说，并没有电压，“闭合曲线 ∂S 的环量” 为 0。这是很显然的，因为磁通量并没有变化，没有电磁感应。换句话说，“曲面 S 上的通 量的变化率”为 0。
例子7：这个时候我突然增加磁场，所以磁通量变大了，“磁通量的变化率”为正，不为0。 因此，等式的左边“闭合曲线 ∂S 的环量”也为正，不为 0，也就是说，导线内产生了一些电压， 继而产生了一些感应电流。这正是大家熟悉的法拉第电磁感应。
例子 8：如果我不是增加磁场，而是减小磁场，那么磁通量变小了， “磁通量的变化率” 为负。那么等式左边“闭合曲线 ∂S 的环量”也获得了一个负号，换句话说，感应电流的方 向反了过来。
(3)、高斯磁定律：
例子 9：随便选择一个闭合曲面，整个曲面上的磁通量一定为 0。这和电场的情况迥然 不同，因此说明，不像有可以产生电场的“电荷”，这个世界上是没有能单独产生磁场的“磁 荷”（也就是“磁单极子”）的。
(4)、安培 - 麦克斯韦定律
例子 10：假设我们有一个电流 I，以其为轴作一个圆，把这个圆称为 S，那么 ∂S 就是这 个圆的边缘。这个电流 I 产生了一些磁场，（按照 右手定则）绕着导线。显然，磁场线和 ∂S 都是“绕着导线”，方向一致。所以“闭合曲线∂S 的环量”是个正数，不为 0，而“该曲 线环住的电流”为 I，也不为 0。
例子 11：假设我们改变电流方向，即把 I 变成 -I，那么所有的磁场线方向都反过来了， ∂S 的环量也因此获得了一个负号，所以“闭合曲线 ∂S 的环量”和“该曲线环住的电流”
均获得一个负号，等式再一次成立。
例子 12：和高斯定律很像，我们随便怎么改变这一个环的大小、面积，只要环住的电流 不变，算出来的环量都不会变（尽管可能会非常难算）。而若电流在这个环外面，尽管仍然 有磁场存在，但在计算环量时相互抵消，使得等式两边都变成 0。
例子 13： “变化的电场产生磁场”（即第二项）的例子非常难找，这也正是安培当年 没有自己发现、非要等到麦克斯韦帮忙才发现的原因。我这里不妨不再细述，读者只要接受 这个设定就好。有兴趣的读者可以自己思考一个这种情况的例子。
最后，还记得我们之前说过“保守力场的任意环量都为 0”吗？显然，要想让磁场的环 量为 0，那就只能既没有电流（方程 (4) 中的第一项），也没有变化的电通量（第二项），那 么磁场只能为 0。换言之，任何磁场都不是保守力场。想让电场的通量为 0 还比较简单，只 需要令磁通量不变（方程 (2)）就好了。换言之，只有在静电学（电磁场均静止不变）中， 静电场才是保守力场。
7、向量微分
麦克斯韦方程组描述了所有的电磁现象，从每个方程的名字也可以看出，方程组总结、 整合了前人（库仑、高斯、安培、法拉第等）发现的各种现象和其方程 （在麦克斯韦以前这 样的方程可能有数十个），而麦克斯韦把它们总结归纳到了一起，用短短四个公式涵盖了所 有现象，非常了不起。
然而，平心而论，积分形式仍然显得颇为繁琐，原因有二：一方面，积分是很难算的，虽 然每一个方程的左右两边都必然相等，但随便给你一个场和一个曲面 / 曲线，想把左侧的积 分算出来极为困难；另一方面，也正因为如此，我们尽管有可以描述电磁场的方程，但给定 一个特定的来源（比如天线中一个来回摇摆的电荷），我们想算出具体的 E 和 B 也是极为 困难，因为我们只知道 E 和 B 在某个特殊曲面 / 曲线上的积分。
这就是微分形式的好处：首先，计算一个给定向量场的微分（散度和旋度）是很简单的， 只要使用之前提到过的▽·和▽ × 算符就好，而这两个算符都有一套固定的算法；其次，散度 和旋度代表着一个向量场的两种不同的自由度，有着非常直接的几何意义，从这两个量中恢 复出向量场也是比较直观的过程。当然，我们又需要再准备一些向量微积分的知识，其中的 重点就是散度和旋度。
散度 divergence，顾名思义，是指一个向量场发散的程度。一个向量场 F 的散度是一个 标量场（向量场的每一点有一个自己的散度），写作▽·F（这个写法也很直白，因为点乘就 是标量）。如果一个点的散度为正，那么在这一点上 F 有向外发散的趋势；如果为负，那么 在这一点上 F 有向内收敛的趋势。
旋度 curl 则指一个向量场旋转的程度。一个向量场 F 的旋度是一个向量场（向量场 的每一点有一个自己的旋度，而且是一个向量；这是因为旋转的方向需要标明出来），写作 ▽ ×F （这个写法也很直白，因为叉乘就是向量）。如果一个点的旋度不为 0，那么在这一 点上 F 有漩涡的趋势，而这个旋度的方向表明了旋转的方向。
举些例子，以下是两个向量场的例子。其中，第一个向量场往外发散，但完全没有旋转 扭曲的趋势；第二个向量场形成了一个标准的漩涡，但没有任何箭头在往外或往里指，没有 发散或收敛的趋势。显然，这两个图都是用字符直接画的；大家凑合着看，有空我再搞张好 看点的图。
散度不为 0、但旋度为 0 的向量场：
旋度不为 0、但散度为 0 的向量场：
因此，如你所见，散度和旋度描述的都是非常直观的几何性质。只要知道一个向量场的 散度和旋度，我们就可以唯一确定这个向量场本身（这是亥姆霍兹定理，我要是有兴致可以 以后简单谈谈）。
麦克斯韦方程组的微分形式，就是要描述电磁场的散度和旋度。我前边说到，微分形式 和积分形式是完全等价的，我很也可以很轻松地从一个形式推导出另一个形式，用的是高斯 定理（不要和高斯定律混淆、又叫散度定理）和斯托克斯定理。
高斯定理 Gauss ’s Theorem：一个向量场 F 在闭合曲面 ∂V 上的通量，等于该曲面包 裹住的体积 V 里的F 全部的散度（F 的散度的体积积分）。这是可以想象的，毕竟通量就 是在计算有多少场从这个闭合曲面里发散出去了，也就是总共的散度（散度的积分）。
斯托克斯定理 Stokes ’ Theorem：一个向量场 F 在闭合曲线 ∂S 上的环量，等于该曲线 环住的曲面 S 上的 F 全部的旋度（F 的旋度的曲面积分）。这也是可以想象的，毕竟环量 就是在计算有多少场和这个环方向一样（有多少场在沿着这个环旋转），也就是总共的旋 度（旋度的积分）。
总结如下表：
8、麦克斯韦方程组的微分形式
了解了散度和旋度的概念之后，我们便可以读懂麦克斯韦方程组的微分形式了。
(11-1) V-B-⃞ (11-2) V XB--B, (11-3) V. B=0,
◆ （11-1）高斯定律：电场 E 的散度，等于在该点的电荷密度 ρ（乘上系数 1/ ε0）；
◆（11-2）法拉第定律：电场 E 的旋度，等于在该点的磁场 B 的变化率（乘上系数 -1）；
◆ （11-3）高斯磁定律：磁场 B 的散度，等于 0；
◆ （11-4）安培麦克斯韦定律：磁场 B 的旋度，等于在该点的电流密度 J（乘上系数 μ0），加上在该点的电场 E 的变化率（乘上系数 μ0 ε0）。
我们可以看出，电荷和电流对电场和磁场干的事情是不一样的：电荷的作用是给电场 贡献一些散度，而电流的作用是给磁场贡献一些旋度。然而变化的电磁场对对方干的事情 是一样的，都是给对方贡献一些旋度。
想看一些具体例子的同学要失望了。微分形式的例子比较难举，因为微分形式主要是 让计算更加简便，在数学上比较有优势，而应用到具体的现象上则不那么 显而易见。不过， 至少静电磁场的例子还是可以举的。
比如，我们知道电场线总是从正电荷出发、然后进入负电荷，这正是在说电场的散度在 正电荷处为正，在负电荷处为负。又如，我们知道磁场线总是绕着电流，而不会进入或发源 于电流，这也就是在说磁场有旋度而一定没有散度。
9、电磁波
我刚刚提到，微分形式的主要好处是数学上处理起来很简便，我现在就给一个例子，也 就是著名的光速。想象我们在真空中，周围什么都没有。这个时候，显然电荷密度和电流密 度均为 0，所以麦克斯韦方程组的微分形式变成了：
(12-1) V·E=0,
(122) V XB--B,
(12-3) V. B=0,
这四个公式简直太对称了！而且它们的含义也很清晰，基本就是说，变化的电场产生磁 场，而变化的磁场产生电场。这就是电磁波 electromagnetic wave 的方程，电磁波也就是电 场和磁场此消彼长、相互转化、向前传播的形式。
想要具体解出这个方程的解，还是需要玩儿一会儿微积分的，但是我们注意到两个式子 分别有系数 -1 和 μ0 ε0。如果你了解波动方程的话，从这两个系数就可以算出这个波传播 的速度：
然 而，μ0 和 ε0 这 两 个 常 数 是 真 空 的 性 质（分 别 叫 做 真 空 电 容 率 vacuum permittivity、真空磁导率vacuum permeability），是个定值。换句话说，电磁波传播的速度（光 速）也是一个定值！也就是说，在任何参考系里观察，光速都应该是一样的 c ！
这根据伽利略速度相加原理是不可能的（静止的你认为火车的速度是 50 m/s，那么如 果你以 1 m/s 的速度往前走你就会认为火车的速度只有 49 m/s，显然不会仍然是 50 m/s）， 但是电磁学却实实在在地告诉我们光速是不会变的。呐，这就是相对论的由来了。
10、方向性
可能有同学已经发现，我们的讨论中似乎忽略了很重要的一部分就是方向性。毕竟初 高中学电磁的时候，出现了各种左手、右手定则（插一句，请一定一定忘掉左手定则，使用左 手简直反人类，在正统的向量微积分和电磁学里只有右手定则）。在之前对于麦克斯韦方 程组的诠释中，我们似乎很少提及方向。麦克斯韦方程组描述了方向性吗？
答案是肯定的。方向或者说手性（为什么是“右手”定则而不是“左手”定则？）来 自于叉乘的定义和面积的向量微分元素的定义。我们定义叉乘 u×v 是一个向量，指的方向 是垂直于 u 和 v 的方向；但显然有两个不同的方向均满足这个条件，而我们选择了其中特
定的一个，把选择的这个规则叫做“右手定则”。
类似地，一个曲面 S 也有两个方向（即其微分元素 da 是向量）。注意到曲线积分也是 有方向性的（即其微分元素 dl 也是向量），因此我们把 S 的 da 和∂S 的 dl 联系起来，这个 联系的规则也叫做“右手定则”。
上面这些情况中，选择“右手”是非常随意的；原则上我也可以全部选择左手，那么我 得到的数学体系和原来的是完全等价的。当然，磁场 B 会和原来的磁场指的方向完全相反， 但是没有关系，因为我们又不能直接看到磁场，所有的定律的手性都变了之后，描述的物理 是不变的。不过，选择右手是约定俗成的，也就没必要再纠结为什么了。
11、梯度、二次导数
我在之前说到保守力场的时候，偷偷塞进来过这样一个式子：F=- ▽V。这里 F 是个向 量场，V 是个标量场。我们看到，这个神奇的倒三角不但可以表示散度（把向量变成标量） 和旋度（把向量变成向量），还可以这样把一个标量场变成一个向量场！数学上这个倒三 角叫 Nabla 算符，而▽ V 叫做一个标量场 V 的梯度。
什么叫做梯度呢？其实相比于散度和旋度，这应该是更加熟悉的概念。梯度 gradient 就是一个标量场变化的程度。我们可以把一个标量场想象成一个山坡，每一点的梯度是一 个向量，指的方向是上坡的方向，大小则是坡的陡峭程度。
接下来，总结一下我们见到的三种向量微分：
于是，从F=- ▽V 这个公式我们看到，保守力场（比如引力场）可以表示为某个标量场（比 如引力势能）的梯度。
之前说过， 保守力场的环量 / 旋度一定为 0。这也就是说，梯度的旋度一定为0。这 是可以想象的，梯度指的是上坡的方向；而如果它有旋度，就意味着它们的指向可以形成的 一个环，在这个环上可以一直上坡。这就像彭罗斯楼梯，是不可能的情形。
还有一个类似的定理，是说旋度的散度一定为0。我们也来想一下几何上这意味着什么。 如果旋度有散度，就意味着在某个球上散度都在往球外指，也就意味着在球上每个点这个场 都是逆时针旋转的。想想也知道这是不可能的，所以我们得到了两个重要的结论：
1、任意标量场 V 的梯度▽V 都是没有旋度的，也就是▽ ×(▽ V)=0；
2、任意向量场 F 的旋度▽ ×F 都是没有散度的，也就是▽·(▽ ×F)=0。
我说过，这些“X 度”都可以认为是场的一种微分，那么这些“X 度的 X 度”就可以 认为是二次导数了。我们看到，有两种二次导数都自动为 0，不必我们深究。还有一种二 次导数也很有名，也就是梯度的散度，它甚至有了一个专门的花哨的名字，叫“拉普拉斯算 符”Laplacian。在此我不作展开，大家只要知道它很重要的就行了。
12、电荷守恒
从麦克斯韦方程组中可以直接推出电荷守恒。这个推导十分简单，且颇为有趣，可以让 大家看到向量微积分的方便之处，我就简要写一下：
首先我们有安培 - 麦克斯韦定律：
两边同时取散度：
注意到左边是磁场的旋度的散度，而旋度的散度一定为 0，故左边为 0。右边交换散度 和时间导数，并约掉 μ0，得：
使用高斯定律：
(14-4) V-B-⃞
代入原式，约掉 ε0，得：
(145) 0-v.J+⃞r
这个就是电荷守恒的公式。用语言说，就是电流密度的散度加上电荷密度的变化率一 定为 0。如果这比较抽象，我们可以对两项同时体积积分，再对 J 那项使用高斯定律变成面 积积分，则结论变成： 一块体积 V 内的电荷的变化率加上通过表面 ∂V 的电流一定为 0。
举个例子，如果一块体积内的电荷 Q 变少了，其变化率为负，根据上述结论，通过表面 的电流一定为正。也就是说，有电流从这块体积内流出去了。这就是非常明显的电荷守恒 了，给出了电荷和电流的关系，这个公式也叫“连续性方程”continuity equation。
连续性方程在流体力学里十分重要，甚至在量子力学里的概率也遵守这个方程（电荷 -> 概率，电流 ->概率流）。
附录：省略掉的各种公式和定义
库仑定律：
毕奥 - 萨伐尔定律：
Nabla 算符：
梯度：
散度：
旋度：
高斯定理：
斯托克斯定理：
真空中的电磁波：
第十五章 黑体辐成就了普朗克能量包量子力学问世 和伦琴发现 xx 射线第一个诺贝尔奖
一、实验寻找曲线的黑体辐射公式
事实上，普朗克运用了麦克斯韦方程组整合前历史科学家的成果之方法论；当时瑞利- 金斯公式在短波方面得出同黑体辐射光谱实验结果相违背的结论，维恩公式则仅适用于黑 体辐射光谱能量分布的短波部分……这种反向借鉴显示，必须找到一个能够成功描述整个 实验曲线的黑体辐射公式，通过深刻思考普朗克，在黑体被加热温度超 2800 度出现反常态 现象从小孔发射出电磁波切入，反反复复实验并作出两个假设偶然诞生的奇迹……连普朗 克自己都没有想到，竟创造了彻底改变传统物理学的世纪性前无古人后无来者的奇迹。
二、1900 年普朗克获得一个和实验结果一致的纯粹经验公式
1901 年他提出了能量量子化假设：辐射中心是带电的线性谐振子，它能够同周围的电 磁场交换能量，谐振子的能量不连续，是一个量子能量的整数倍：
式中 v 是振子的振动频率，h 是普朗克常数，它是量子论中最基本的常数。根据这个
假设，可以导出普朗克公式：
它给出辐射场能量密度按波长的分布，式中 T 是热力学温度 ,k 是玻耳兹曼常数。如图 《辐射场能量密度按波长的分布曲线》表示辐射场能量密度随波长变化的曲线，它同实验 结果完全一致。
作为黑体的空腔内的辐射场，既可以分解为一系列单色平面波的叠加，又可看作是由 光子组成的”气体”。光子的能量 ε、动量 p、波长 λ 和频率 v 之间遵从德布罗意关系 ε=hv，
则有 ε=сp，在 p 到p+dp 的动量间隔内，光子的量子态数目为：
其中 V 是空腔的体积。只有腔壁不断发射和吸收光子才能在辐射场中建立起热平衡， 所以光子”气体”中的光子数就不恒定，这意味着光子”气体”的化学势为零。而且，光子 彼此间没有相互作用 , 光子”气体”是遵从玻色分布的理想气体。于是，每个量子态上的 平均光子数应为：
这样容易得到普朗克公式。
普朗克公式在高频范围 hvkT 的极限条件下，过渡到维恩公式
此式表明 ,w(v,T) 随着 v 的增加很快地趋近于零 , 也就是说在热平衡状态下，几乎不存 在高频光子，这是因为高频光子的能量远大于 kT，而腔壁发射这样高能量的光子的几率是 极小的。普朗克公式在低频 hv<<kT 的极限条件下，过渡到瑞利－金斯公式，这正是以经典 统计理论为基础的能量均分的结果。在瑞利 - 金斯公式中不出现普朗克常数 h。可见，把 h
136 种性自然系统学派诠释——Sora 能创造世界吗？
看作很小乃至零时，量子理论就过渡到经典理论。
普朗克通过对黑体辐射的深刻研究而建立起来的公式是物理学的一个重大突破，他首 次提出的量子论，开创了理论物理学发展的新纪元。
第十六章 人脑构造与 AI 易数（0 、1）起源硅基生 命根本不在一个维度层
一、大脑是人体（物种） 一切感官的中枢
一切感官的中枢由脑细胞组织组成，脑细胞包括神经元和神经胶质细胞，神经元负责处 理和储存与脑功能相关的信息，为神经中枢系统。神经元是特异化的，具有放电功能的一种 细胞类型。神经元之间形由突触相互连接，称神经中枢系统；脑分左右两个半脑，均由神经 胶质细胞支持传递信息，已知的主要功能包括形成神经元轴突外的髓鞘、神经元养分供应和 新陈代谢，参与脑中的信号转导等……脑内其它的细胞类型包括形成脑血管的上皮细胞，组
成眼睛视觉，耳朵听觉，鼻子嗅觉、舌头味觉、全身皮肤和各个部位的微观触觉，此外还有另 外的感觉系统在发挥着作用，比如保持身体的平衡，饥饿的感觉等，有约 20 多种感觉系统协 调人体的衣、食、住、行和社会生活活动——构成了人体高智商动物。图：
大脑为神经系统最高级部分，由左、右两个大脑半球组成，两半球间有横行的神经纤维 相联系。每个半球包括：大脑皮层（大脑皮质）：是表面的一层灰质（神经细胞的细胞体 集中部分）。人的大脑表面有很多往下凹的沟（裂），沟（裂）之间有隆起的回，因而大大
增加了大脑皮层的面积。人的大脑皮层最为发达，是思维的器官，主导机体内一切活动过
程，并调节机体与周围环境的平衡，所以大脑皮层是高级神经活动的物质基础。百度百科： 666666
大脑主要包括左、右大脑半球，是中枢神经中最大和最复杂的结构，也是最高部位（如 图 1 ～ 2）；是调节机体功能的器官，也是意识、精神、语言、学习、记忆和智能等高级神经 活动的物质基础。大脑半球表面呈现不同的沟或裂。沟、裂之间隆起的部分叫脑回。大脑 半球借沟和裂分为 5 叶：即额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶和脑岛。
大脑半球表层为灰质，深层为髓质。髓质内含有神经纤维和核团，其中有 4 对核团位于 脑底部称基底神经节（核），包括尾状核、豆状核、杏仁核和屏状核。尾状核与豆状核又称 为纹状体。纹状体损伤会产生舞蹈病（肌张力下降，运动过多过快）及震颤麻痹（当中脑 黑质发生病变时），全身肌紧张增高，运动迟缓等。半球内的白质有各种走向的，如连合左、 右两半球的纤维，连接同侧半球的纤维，联系大脑皮质和脑干，脊髓的上下行纤维，后者都要 经过内囊，在脑的水平切面上，内囊是宽厚的白质层，分 3 部分即内囊前脚、内囊后脚和内囊 膝。各部分都有相应的纤维束通过。内囊损伤可引起偏瘫、偏盲和偏身感觉丧失的三偏症。 大脑半球内部的腔隙叫侧脑室，内容脑脊液。
人体功能在大脑皮质上有定位关系，如感觉区、运动区等在大脑皮质上都有对应位置。 实现大脑皮质的感觉功能和调节躯体运动等功能。人类有语言和思维，中枢偏于皮质左侧， 称为优势半球。如果这些中枢受损将产生与语言有关的症，如运动性语言中枢受损，患运动 性失语症，虽然与发音有关的肌肉未瘫痪，患者却不能说话；若视运动性语言中枢受损患失 写症，虽然手部及其他运动功能仍然正常，但不能做书写绘画等精细运动；若听性觉语言中 枢损害可患感觉性失语症，病人能听到别人讲话，但不理解所讲的内容。
近年来研究发现，右侧半球也有特殊的重要功能，如对空间的辨认，深度知觉、触觉、音 乐欣赏等。人类左侧半球在语词活动功能上占优势，右侧半球在非语词认识功能上占优势， 但也并非绝对，即左侧半球也有一定的非语词性认识功能，右侧半球也有一定的语词活动功 能。近年来的研究指出，大脑两半球具有机能不对称性。
中国古代哲学家在 2000 多年前就把人之欲分成了低级和高级需求： “糟糠不饱者不 务粱肉 , 短褐不完者不待文绣。”——韩非子。
▲外部结构 大脑 结构
大脑（brain）包括端脑和间脑，端脑包括左右大脑半球。端脑是脊椎动物脑的高级神 经系统的主要部分，由左右两半球组成，在人类为脑的最大部分，是控制运动、产生感觉及实 现高级脑功能的高级神经中枢。脊椎动物的端脑在胚胎时是神经管头端薄壁的膨起部分， 以后发展成大脑两半球，主要包括大脑皮质、大脑髓质和基底核等三个部分。大脑皮质是被 覆在端脑表面的灰质、主要由神经元的胞体构成。皮质的深部由神经纤维形成的髓质或白 质构成。髓质中又有灰质团块即基底核，纹状体是其中的主要部分。
端脑由约 140 亿个细胞构成，重约 1400 克，大脑皮层厚度约为 2-3 毫米，总面积约为 2200 平方厘米，据估计脑细胞每天要死亡约 10 万个（越不用脑，脑细胞死亡越多）。人脑 中的主要成分是血液，血液占到 80%，大脑虽只占人体体重的 2%，但耗氧量达全身耗氧量的 25%，血流量占心脏输出血量的 15%。
端脑主要包括左、右大脑半球，是中枢神经系统的最高级部分。人类的大脑是在长期进 化过程中发展起来的思维和意识的器官。大脑左、右大脑半球由胼胝体相连。半球内的腔 隙称为侧脑室，它们借室间孔与第三脑室相通。每个半球有三个面，即膨隆的背外侧面，垂 直的内侧面和凹凸不平的底面。背外侧面与内侧面以上缘为界，背外侧面与底面以下缘为 界。半球表面凹凸不平，布满深浅不同的沟和裂，沟裂之间的隆起称为脑回。背外侧面的主 要沟裂有：中央沟从上缘近中点斜向前下方；大脑外侧裂起自半球底面，转至外侧面由前 下方斜向后上方；在半球的内侧面有顶枕裂从后上方斜向前下方；距状裂由后部向前连顶
枕裂，向后达枕极附近。这些沟裂将大脑半球分为五个叶：即中央沟以前、外侧裂以上的额 叶；外侧裂以下的颞叶；顶枕裂后方的枕叶；外侧裂上方、中央沟与顶枕裂之间的顶叶； 以及深藏在外侧裂里的脑岛。另外，以中央沟为界，在中央沟与中央前沟之间为中央前回； 中央沟与中央后沟之间为中央后回。
端脑有左右两个大脑半球（端脑半球）。将两个半球隔开的是称为大脑纵隔的沟壑， 两个半球除了脑梁与透明中隔相连以外完全左右分开。半球表面布满脑沟，沟与沟之间所 夹细长的部分称为脑回。脑沟并非是在脑的成长过程中随意形成，什么形态出现在何处都 完全有规律（其深度和弯曲度因人稍有差异）。每一条脑沟在解剖学上都有专有名称（nomina anatomica）。脑沟与脑回的形态基本左右半球对称，是对脑进行分叶和定位的重要标志。 比较重要的脑沟有外侧沟 （lateral sulcus）起于半球下面，行向后上方，至上外侧面；中央 沟 （central sulcus）起于半球上缘中点稍后方，斜向前下方，下端与外侧沟隔一脑回，上端 延伸至半球内侧面；顶枕沟（parietooccipital sulcus）位于半球内侧面后部，自下向上。在 外侧沟上方和中央沟以前的部分为额叶；外侧沟以下的部分为颞叶；枕叶位于半球后部， 其前界在内侧面为顶枕沟，在上外侧面的界限是自顶枕沟至枕前切迹（在枕叶后端前方约 4cm 处）的连线；顶叶为外侧沟上方、中央沟后方、枕叶以前的部分；岛叶呈三角形岛状， 位于外侧沟深面，被额、顶、颞叶所掩盖，与其他部分不同布满细小的浅沟（非脑沟）。
左右大脑半球有各自的称为侧脑室的腔隙。侧脑室与间脑的第三脑室，以及小脑和延 脑及脑桥之间的第四脑室之间有孔道连通。脑室中的脉络丛产生脑的液体称为脑脊液。脑 脊液在各脑室与蛛网膜下腔之间循环，如果脑室的通道阻塞，脑室中的脑脊液积多，将形成 脑积水。
大脑的断面分为白质与灰白质。端脑的灰质是指表层的数厘米厚的称为大脑皮质的一 层，大脑灰质是神经细胞聚集的部分，具有六层的构造，含有复杂的回路是思考等活动的中 枢。相对大脑灰质白质又称为大脑髓质。
间脑由丘脑与下丘脑构成。丘脑与大脑皮质，脑干，小脑，脊髓等联络，负责感觉的中 继，控制运动等。下丘脑与保持身体恒常性，控制自律神经系统，感情等相关。
▲内部结构
大脑半球的内部结构
⒈ 灰质：覆盖在大脑半球表面的一层灰质称为大脑皮层，是神经元胞体集中的地方。 这些神经元在皮层中的分布具有严格的层次，大脑半球内侧面的古皮层分化较简单，一般只 有三层：①分子层；②锥体细胞层；③多形细胞层。在大脑半球外侧面的新皮层则分化程 度较高，共有六层：①分子层（又称带状层）；②外颗粒层；③外锥体细胞层；④内颗粒层； ⑤内锥体细胞层（又称节细胞层）；⑥多形细胞层。
⒉ 皮层的深面为白质，白质内还有灰质核，这些核靠近脑底，称为基底核（或称基底神 经节）。基底核中主要为纹状体。纹状体由尾状核和豆状核组成。尾状核前端粗、尾端细， 弯曲并环绕丘脑；豆状核位于尾状核与丘脑的外侧，又分为苍白球与壳核。尾状核与壳核 在种系发生（即动物进化）上出现较迟，称为新纹状体，而苍白球在种系发生上出现较早， 称为旧纹状体。纹状体的主要功能是使肌肉的运动协调，维持躯体一定的姿势。
二、人工智能只能遵循线性的智力发展速度不可能自动迭代、更不 可能发生“智能爆炸”
假如用参数规模这个指标去衡量人脑的复杂度，万亿参数的 GPD4 到底哪个强？ GPT 的 AI 们会在什么程度上替代人脑？？如果说你把一个神经元理解成一个比特神经元， 不活动是零，活动是一，那么人大脑的运行是可以完全复刻到芯片里的，就是计算机的二进 制——AI 二进制始于 1343 年德国驻中国大使莱布尼茨在清廷偶得《易经》二进制原理回
国后研究发明世界第一台计算机。1680 年德国莱布尼茨发现二进制秘密，成为世界上运用 阴阳二进制创造 O 与 1 数码机械运算计算机的第一人。成为 AI 计算机科学历史见证。0 、 1 二进制一直沿用至今，同样成为人工智能语言基础本元。
然而，人脑并不是二进制（0 、1）计算机那样简单结构构成！事实上，人脑的复杂度 超过人工智能亿亿亿倍……根据拉马克“用进废退”人类脑细胞将能够处理我们能做的所 有宇宙地球上的事情和突发事件；虽然目前尚不知道人类的大脑会以什么方式反馈 Excel 相对具体的数据——我们尚不知道脑结构运行的所有细节、内容——这里有 1000 亿个神经 元和数万亿个 inas，在“用进废退”的不断进化过程，AI 二进制将永远根本无法与人脑匹 敌！甚至，人的内外环境和一生经历的不断变化与改变、突发反馈等等……和所谓的表观遗 传就变得更加复杂，且多巴胺这样的神经递质大脑里有几十种，往往交替运行……脑能源系 统效率的迭代与后天获得性遗传集聚变异微循环都必须在人体大脑进入一切感官的中枢得 到指令并新陈代谢。鉴于“细胞源于细胞”法则，人脑都是由脑细胞组织组成，脑细胞包括 神经元和神经胶质细胞，神经元负责处理和储存与脑功能相关的信息，为神经中枢系统。神 经元是特异化的，具有放电功能的一种细胞类型。神经元之间形由突触相互连接，称神经中 枢系统；脑分左右两个半脑，均由神经胶质细胞支持传递信息，已知的主要功能包括形成神 经元轴突外的髓鞘、神经元养分供应和新陈代谢，参与脑中的信号转导等……脑内其它的细 胞类型包括形成脑血管的上皮细胞，组成眼睛视觉，耳朵听觉，鼻子嗅觉、舌头味觉、全身皮 肤和各个部位的微观触觉，此外还有另外的感觉系统在发挥着作用，比如保持身体的平衡， 饥饿的感觉等，有约 20 多种感觉系统协调人体的衣、食、住、行和社会生活活动——构成了 人体高智商自我意识与独立思维的高等动物 -“物种”是宇宙地球独一无二的！……
二进制规定人工智能只能遵循线性的智力发展速度不可能自动迭代、更不可能发生“智 能爆炸”、“硅基生命”要想形成“物种”无非天方夜谭！
三、胶质细胞 (glial cell) 的由来与高智能专属作用
人脑胶质细胞词语源于希腊语，意思是“胶水”。这就是薛定谔为什么要追朔到古希 腊来论述感官的原由：“只有一个能够强烈感受到思想的简单性和美的天才才能发现它。”！
胶质细胞是脑细胞中的另类细胞，大脑内的胶质细胞通常由三种类型的胶质细胞组成：
①星形胶质细胞、
②少突出胶质细胞、
③小胶质细胞。
星形胶质细胞是一种呈放射形的大细胞，这些细胞通常会围绕着神经元且同脑血管紧 密相连。形成血脑屏障 ，该屏障能够阻挡某些血液传播的病原或一些影响神经活性的化学 物质进入。例多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素如进入血液后就无法通过血脑屏障。
小胶质细胞是一种形状小而且不规则的胶质细胞，其主要在脑损伤中起吞噬和清除受 损脑细胞的作用。
髓鞘是一种包裹着神经元轴突的脂类物质，髓鞘对神经信号自洽电传递具有着重要的 高智商结构性重要意义。是 AI 二进制无法比拟的！
四、只有人脑才存在的独门记忆与忘却
记忆与忘却是人类大脑独门才有万能记忆。人脑最大问题是记忆空间的腾挪。有限 和无限记忆必须由忘却不间断腾挪出记忆空间；这是个很麻烦的事！通常情况下，人脑没 有出现脑部受损的情况大脑记忆容量可达到 500 万本书的知识容量，这不包括老年痴呆症 患者。而且每一个人的记忆能力都不一样，和一个人的情绪密切相关，又受一个人的激动 或者恐怖状态影响颇多；导致大部分人一生中的记忆容量开发有限，仅仅是全部记忆容
量 1/10；也就是说，人的记忆开发潜能未来相对巨大。
记忆还分为：瞬时记忆、短时记忆、成长时人和儿时记忆、梦记忆、一刹那记忆等等……
事实上，忘却是清空人脑记忆容量现象，又叫不记得，忘记。忘却是有利再记忆的生理 功能！
诗云“此处吟诗向山寺，知君忘却曲江春。”
五、记忆忘却与获得性遗传无法改变人长期记忆需求与瓶颈
因为一个人（脑）绝对不能把五千年文明创造的世界所有知识（书籍）都永远记忆下 来，永生世世代代不忘。而且，个体人死亡和历史循回仅仅 100 年；且拉马克获得性遗传学 认为：人的生理存在“获得性遗传”障碍——后天获得的知识、技能、经验、工程技术、规律 法则、甚至金钱和任何一点点物品等等……在任何一个人死亡后，完全没有办法把人学习的 文字、知识、技术能力不带到阴曹地府去的这种现实；更不能把这些后天获得，一点点都不 能让自己的或另外一个人的新生儿带到这个大千世界中来——这就是人类存在的一个自然 产生的巨大生理缺环，并代代相传！也就是说，每一个人都是两手空空、大脑一片空白，无法 选择父母、就不知所措地分娩降生落地来到人间！
人脑除生理构造千篇一律形成先天差异外，只有靠后天学习与获得性累计。
五千年来人类精英、科学巨人都在思考、研究，用什么方法可以改变这种生理缺憾；甚 至出现了 1935 年前苏联做过的人猿杂交实验，实验中科学家尝试把黑猩猩的精子与人类女 孩的卵子结合，以此来打破物种之间的生殖隔离，达到人兽杂交的最终目的，甚至试图打造 出能够参与人类战争的杂交产生巨人士兵……如此惨无人道的实验以失败告终、另有疯狂 “换头术”的实验：在 1959 年 4 月 11 日，前苏联的一名医生弗拉基米尔·德米霍夫，就将 一只小型犬的头殖到了一只德牧犬的脖子上，造出了一只恐怖的双头犬。
意大利的一名神经外科专家赛吉尔·卡纳瓦罗在 2013 年宣布了一项“天堂计划”。他 在这个计划里说，以我们现如今的科技水平，已经有了“换头”的可能性——人类的这种强 烈诉求，就成为人工智能大语言模型诞生的殷切希望和祈求……
六、人猿杂交换头术催生王安发明“磁芯 AI 记忆体”为何折戟沉 沙
王安电脑早已成为美国人工智能领先世界的象征！
1986 年 7 月 4 日纽约自由女神落成 100 周年纪念仪式中，王安被选为全美最杰出的 12 位移民之一，接受了里根总统颁发的“总统自由奖章；与爱迪生同名……
曾几何时，比尔·盖茨神侃感悟说： “如果王安能完成他的第二次战略转折的话，世界 上可能没有今日的微软公司，我可能就在某个地方成了一位数学家，或一位律师”……
从第一个发明电脑记忆功能审视王安才是人工智能大语言模型记忆之父？！只不过今 天，全世界已经没有这样的 AI 历史记忆啦！……
1986 年，王安出版自传《教训》
王安身前曾写下《教训》一书，并在书中强调：“人之所以失败，多半是因为‘搬起石 头砸了自己的脚’。”
“磁芯 AI 记忆体”第一时间催生了2022 年 11 月 AI 发布新一代生成大语言模型 3.5， 目前我们用的这个 chat g PT 完全是基于 GP3 模型开发的一个缩小版本 g3.0，这才是人工智 能最强大的母体！于是美国才成为诞生 AI 无法超越的母腹！
难道我们应该忘记王安在全世界第一个发明“磁芯记忆体”的 AI 启蒙吗！？……
七、更强大而这个母体在今年就会升级迭代变成更为强大更为智能
人类大语言模型用户量未来必将突破十亿，而考虑到算力负荷的问题呀二零二五年 g pt 四会接入超级计算超算，上面的“铁卷”演绎“智能爆炸”真的发生测试；也许就是 OpenAI 在一份声明中所说：
“董事会在经过审议后得出结论，奥特曼在与董事会沟通中不够坦诚，影响了董事会履 行职能的能力。董事会不再对他继续领导 OpenAI 的能力充满信心。”
可是啊！他们没有发现大语言“铁卷”进步速度还在前所未有不断加速。到了年底， “铁卷”已经迭代到了 10.0 版本，团队决定开始启动计划的第二个阶段赚钱……
如果精英团队的第一个目标是公布 3.5 版，迭代到 4.0 版就需要某些服务队员可以把需 要做的任务发在网上；那么，根据山姆 . 奥特曼计划 2020 年秋季 5.0 版就能面市：OpenAI 首届开发者大会刚刚结束，GPT-5 突然被爆 2024 年年初发布。知情人爆猛料，OpenAI Gobi，也就是 GPT-5 多模态模型将在 2024 年年初震撼发布。阿尔特曼还表示，公司正在开 发下一代人工智能模型“GPT-5”，但他没有透露具体的时间表。他补充称，GPT-5 需要用 更多的数据进行训练，数据将结合互联网上公开可用的数据集以及一些公司的专有数据。
第十七章 人类物种生命大爆发自然生态永恒学说与 宇宙大爆炸相得益彰
一、大英帝国稳定“日不落”林奈协策划了进化论惊天大骗局
1859 年 11 月 24 日人类最大造假谎言《物种起源》在伦敦诞生了，恰恰成为达尔文进 化论噩梦！
【自然产物的形状，远较人工产物的“真实”】惊现：地球上的生命在五亿三千万年 到 138 亿年之间的某一时刻，在宇宙大爆炸的 30 多秒 (200 万年 ) 的瞬间，就突然形成了丰 富多彩，形态奇异的物种生命大爆发，他们都是以整体形态大爆发，来到中国世界上的 4 云 南 100 里的澄江！称史：这是澄江寒武纪（整体）生物大爆发。澄江动物群是不是地质遗 迹的特例（个案）昵？如果对照热河生物群，自贡恐龙动物群反馈的整体板块遗传繁殖（律） 古生物化石信息，我们还能怀疑生命整体板块繁殖的规律吗！？
1981 年、1996 年、1998 年、1999 年四次，在中国云南澄江化石库中发现的灭绝动物 类群古虫动物门至少包括四个属，其显著特征是：具有后口动物独有的咽腔癌 [ 裂和十分 奇特的二分躯体构型。可见四属动物群的灭绝是相对同时整体性区域（澄江）灭绝的生命 群落形态的真实存在．所以“云南虫、“华夏鳗力、“西大动物”、“昆明鱼”、“海口 鱼”、“长江海鞘”的“古虫动物门”是整体生命大爆发又是整体灭绝的，是生命整体遗 传繁殖动物遗骸（化石）富集，在云南澄江寒武地貌形成化石集群现象的证明，达尔文”进 化论噩梦”。
澄江生命大爆发遗址大約在 53 亿年的地质沉积中的（巴石语言，印证了远古生命起源 不是达尔文的渐变论、而是整体生命大爆发于灭绝（现象）规律——正如达尔文所言：“人 的愿望和努力，只是瞬间的事，时间是那么的短，若和“自然”在全部地质时期内累积所得 的成果相比，他的成果是何等的贫乏！因此，自然产物的形状，远较人工产物的“真实”—— 寒武纪生命大爆发和中国云南寒武纪澄江化石遗址就是’自然产物’的证明，完全戳穿了 进化论的谎言，达尔文进化论与寒武纪生命大爆发现象，存在严重的冲突。中国的科学家通 过古化石研究向这一权威理论提出了挑战与颠覆！
事实上，达尔文《物种起源》完全是大英帝国网络“日不落”林奈协策划的进化论惊 天大骗局！……
二、从林奈协会亲手泡制达尔文进化论不惜扼杀华莱士手段的残酷 与不惜化石造假
1831 年～ 1836 年达尔文随贝格尔号军舰环球考察。五年考察，观察、记录和积累了大 量动植物现象；1837 年开始写作第一本物种演变笔记并尝试用进化论取替各种唯心的神 造论和物种不变论……1842 年，达尔文开始撰写一份大纲，1858 年，出于年轻的博物学家 R. 华莱士的创造性顿悟发现“适者生存” ——1858 年，年轻的博物学家 R. 华莱士去热带 雨林考察，突患雨林热病，病得死去活来，有一天猛然顿悟“适者生存” ……写出论文，6 月寄给达尔文，并在科学权威胡克的鼓动激励下，达尔文决定把华莱士的文章和他自己的一 部分论稿呈交专业委员会，于是，7 月 1 日“林奈学会”立刻拟就纲领，抛弃华莱士论文第 二年（1859 年）就诞生了《物种起源》。其中第四章 自然选择即最适者生存……就顺理 成为达尔文进化论的核心部分；于是《物种起源》的主题定位就完全是自然选择”进化论……
事实胜于雄辩：1858 年 6 月华莱士给达尔文的来信和论文： 《论变种无限地离开其
原始模式的倾向》。它使达尔文受到空前的挑战，用达尔文的话说：（这是对自己思想）“表 达的非常清楚，令人羡慕。”
根据华莱士的附言：（“如果你认为这篇文章有点价值的话，请转赖尔一阅。） 达尔 文遂把华莱士的信和自己的论文一并给了赖尔，并专门写了一封信，特别强调说：
“据我看，这篇东西很值得一读。您的话已经惊人地实现了……那就是别人会跑到我 的前面……我从来没有看到过比这件事更为显著的巧合；即使华莱士手里有过我在 1842 年写的那个草稿，他也不会写出一个比这更好的摘要来，甚至他用的术语现在都叫我发表， 当然我立刻写信给他建议他把草稿寄给任何刊物去发表。因此，我的创造——不论它的价 值怎样——将会粉碎了……
希望您会赞同华莱士的论文，这样我可以把您说的话告诉他。
达尔文
1858 年 6 月 18 日”
事实上，历史都是后人写的。看中国百度百科说：【然而，他对发表研究结果抱着极其 谨慎的态度。1842 年，他开始撰写一份大纲，后将它扩展至数篇文章。1858 年，出于年轻的 博物学家 R. 华莱士的创造性顿悟的压力，加之好友的鼓动，达尔文决定把华莱士的文章和 他自己的一部分论稿呈交专业委员会。1859 年， 《物种起源》一书问世，初版 1250 册当 天即告售罄。以后达尔文费了二十年的时间搜集资料，以充实他的物种通过自然选择进化 的学说，并阐述其后果和意义。作为一个不求功名但具创造性的人，达尔文回避了对其理论 的争议。当宗教狂热者攻击进化论与《圣经》的创世说相违背时，达尔文为科学家和心理 学家写了另外几本书。《人类的由来及性选择》一书报告了人类自较低的生命形式进化 而来的证据，报告了动物和人类心理过程相似性的证据，还报告了进化过程中自然选择的 证据。】 ——这里，哪有一点点华莱士《论变种无限地离开其原始模式的倾向》论文的影 子？……
在今天，这就是造假！这就是剽窃！
三、从达尔文的自然选择定义看达尔文骗局
什么是自然选择呢 ?
用达尔文的语言定义自然选择说 : 就是“从另一方面讲 , 任何有害的变异 , 虽为害程 度极轻微 , 亦必然消失。这种有利的个体差异 , 变异的保持和有害变异的消除 , 我称之谓 自然选择或“适着生存”。
事实上，是华莱士身体力行发现了：“自然淘汰”法则！“自然淘汰”是自然选择“适 者生存”理论的最早的原创生物学理论精髓和提法。
华莱士这样说：“野生动物的一生是生存斗争的一生（华莱士第一个以生物学家的视 觉，提出了生物学的普遍的生存斗争的概念），它们所有的器官和力量都是为了保护自己以 及子兽幼禽的生存斗争而发挥作用的，在不适宜的季节觅取食物的可能性，逃避最危险的敌 人的可能性、以及其它等等。都是决定个体生存和整个物种生存的首要条件。这些条件也 决定了物种群体的大小，仔细考察这些情况以后，我们就能够理解、并且在一定程度上解释 原先看来是不能解释的事情——为什么有些物种个体数目非常多，而另一些和它们密切相 关的物种个体数目却非常少…… ”
华莱士这一理论的发现，是从他自身经历的生存斗争的事实感悟到的。华莱士到马来 群岛考察，志在搜集生命发展规律的事例，由于马来群岛处于热带雨林生活环境，形成和存 在着热带特有的对生物生存的威胁——热带雨林病。华莱士由于习惯了欧洲的生存环境， 不适应马来热带雨林气候，遂得了热带雨林病，他在与疾病斗争中，认识到只有自己的生理 和功能适应热带雨林的生存环境，并产生适应环境的变化，去战胜热带雨林病，自己才能生
存下去……事实上，华莱士的论文是在自己与疾病作斗争的过程中，对适应热带雨林的生存 环境的顿捂下完成的（论文就在病重的两天完成）。所以，他才能有惊世之语：“野生动 物的一生是生存斗争的一生”！所以，华莱士才能深入浅出地提出：
“一个物种的变异并非如原来想象的那样，它是没有极限的。 野生动物的生命本身就是一场生存斗争。
一个物种被淘汰或减少多少取决于它能否完成适应生存条件。有益的条件变化会使它 数目增加，无益或有害的变化将使它减少，优良的变种将强者恒强，物种不变。自然界存在 物种渐进趋强”。
事实上，华莱士的“生存斗争”、“适者生存条件”、“自然淘汰”、“渐进趋势” 是从量的考察和自身顿捂相互切磋演绎出来的，是有事实根据和自身体验的，是一种“自我 试验”证据！……
四、埃迪卡拉（Ediacaran）动物群是 Sprigg 又一次对达尔文进化论 造成灭顶之灾
于 1947 年在澳大利亚中南部 Ediacara 地区的庞德砂岩层中首先发现的。最初人们未 能确定这一动物群的时代，后来终于确定为前寒武纪，年龄为 6.7 亿年。埃迪卡拉动物群包 含三个门，19 个属，24 种低等无脊椎动物。三个门是：腔肠动物门，环节动物门和节肢动 物门。水母有 7 属9 种；水螅纲有 3 属 3 种；海鳃目（珊瑚纲）有 3 属 3 种；钵水母 2 属 2 种；多毛类环虫 2 属5 种；节肢动物 2 属 2 种。 多保存为印痕化石，尽管它们的形态、结 构都很原始，但它们被认为是 20 世纪古生物学最重大的发现之一。这一发现使科学界摈弃 了长期以来认为在寒武纪之前不可能出现后生动物化石的传统观念。所谓后生动物即是指 相对于原生动物的各种多细胞动物。
艾迪卡拉动物群包含了多种形态奇特的动物化石：身体巨大而扁平、多呈椭圆形或条 带形，具有平滑的有机质膜，是人们迄今为止发现的最古老、最原始的化石，也是在太古代地 层中发现的最有说服力的生物证据。按 Seilacher 的观点，艾迪卡拉动物群可分为辐射状生 长、两极生长和单极生长 3 种类型。除辐射状生长的类型中可能有与腔肠动物有关系的类 群外，其他两类与寒武纪以后出现的生物门类无亲源关系。
尽管有关艾迪卡拉型动物群的性质还有许多争议，但其奇怪的形态令许多学者相信， 艾迪卡拉型动物群是后生动物出现后的第一次适应辐射，它们采取的不同于现代大多数动 物采取的形体结构变化方式。不增加内部结构的复杂性，只改变躯体的基本形态，变得非常 薄，成条带状或薄饼状，使体内各部分充分接近外表面，在没有内部器官的情况下进行呼吸 和摄取营养。如现代大型寄生动物涤虫现代大多数动物采取的是保持浑圆或球形的外部形 态的同时，进化出复杂的内部器官来扩大相应的表面积（如肺、消化道），从化石上可以看 出，这些生物已具有了高度分化的组织和器官，说明它们已不是最原始的类型。它们代表了 后生动物出现以后的第一次辐射演化因此，可以认为艾迪卡拉型动物群是在元古宙末期大 气氧含量较低的条件下后生动物大规模占领浅海的一次尝试，结果失败了，而导致绝灭。在 后来的演化过程中，后生动物采取了第二种方式，使内部的器官复杂化和物种多样化的发 展，即生物系统弱演化。
有人认为：人类并非地球原住民而后来宜居地球！熟食和那么多生理缺欠构成了巨大 支持。那么，人类原本生活的环境应该会非常的温暖而且紫外线并不强烈；比如说是一颗 常年气候温暖恒定的星球或者是一个温室球域！？
我们只有顺着进化论倒推回去——鉴此，只有一种可能那就是：人类祖先诞生时的生 活环境非常的安全根本就没有来自于其他动物的生存威胁！于是，那些人类并不是真的诞 生于地球这个理论的支持学者们来说，人类的这一个生理特性就变得特别的有价值，不管人
类是不是真的来自于其他的星球或者说人类是一种结合了地球动物 dna 的新的生物；人类 在真正诞生的时候生存环境应该是非常的安全，因为任何的物种如果想要继续繁衍子孙保 证这个物种的继续存在首先的前提条件就是解决生存问题，达尔文的缓慢进化是可有可无 和似是而非的空穴来风甚至是无聊的闲言废语吧！……
第十八章 人类科学从神话神学与异教徒叛逆神奇崛 起科学知识先知拜占庭有过大爆发
一、天是无所不包的神是无所不能的
神人和一是意大利文艺复兴本元
艺术本质“人文主义、自由意志”来自《圣经》； 传言大洪水看来人类曾有过灭绝 ! …… 然而，罗恩 1977 年在土耳其发现诺亚方舟遗址和 1918 年香港土耳其考古队再一次见证诺 亚方舟遗址，这样圣经应该是真实存在的人类古国。圣经之前是古希腊神话、有拜占庭废墟 前文明历史为凭……
二、《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》伟大路径看人类早期科学起 步古希腊圣贤
薛定谔《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》确认古希腊是人类走进古希腊自然科学“儿 童期”的真实历史记载而去认真研究，一部 6000 年世界性改写唯物主义之物质与意识、彰 显人文主义“自由意志”，一直到 21 世纪确立量子纠缠、肉体与灵魂统一的诺贝尔奖经典 史记、去实践一部世纪性宇宙大爆炸种性自然系统学派诠释的伟大宣言吧！
古希腊科学 ( 家）人才济济。自公元前 625 年伟大科学家泰勒士（梭伦 、奇伦 、毕阿 斯 、庇塔库斯、佩里安德、克莱俄布 - 古希腊七贤以来）、苏格拉底、托勒密、柏拉图、毕达哥 拉斯、亚里士多德、阿基米德、欧几里得、埃拉托色尼等等……为前所未有的“城邦”高度文 明建树了史无前例的伟大辉煌与高度发展崛起的自然科学巨人前沿；才有意大利文艺复兴 时期的达芬奇和伽利略等伟人科学家都以阿基米德做自己的楷模；可谓“理论天才与实 验天才合于一人的理想化身”！突现最完美的科学家阿基米德在 ( 公元前 287 年—公元前 212 年 ) 一生就写出了《论球和圆柱》、《圆的度量》、《抛物线求积》、《论螺线》、 《论锥体和球体》、《沙的计算》等数学著作。作为力学家，他着有《论图形的平衡》、《论 浮体》、《论杠杆》、《原理》等力学著作，史称“撬动地球的人（第一科学家） ”，阿基 米德延续泰勒斯众古希腊科学家……
薛定谔确认：毕达哥拉斯学派深深地影响了柏拉图及其学园 (Academy)，后者明显继 承了这个意大利南部学派的先验论观点。
事实上，从思想史的角度来看 , 我们或可把这个雅典学派称为毕达哥拉斯学派的一个 分支。柏拉图主义者并未正式遵守“准则”, 这没有什么关系 , 他们急于掩饰而不是强调 自己的依赖性 , 以提升自己的原创性，这就更无关紧要了。关于毕达哥拉斯学派 , 我们的信 息主要来自于亚里士多德忠实而诚恳的记录。不过 , 亚里士多德基本上不同意他们的观点 , 并对其毫无根据的先验论偏见进行指责 , 尽管他本人也很容易持有这种偏见。
我们知道 , 毕达哥拉斯学派的基本学说是“万物皆数”, 尽管 - 些人试图弱化这一隽语 , 把它说成“万物像数”, 即与数类似。我们并不清楚这一断言的真正科学历史含义的价值。 这一影响深远、意义宏大的大胆概括很可能源自毕达哥拉斯的一项著名发现 : 如果用由弦 36 长的整数部分或有理数部分 ( 如 1/2,2/3,3/4) 所产生的音程谱成和谐的乐曲 , 它可能会使 我们感动得落泪 , 仿佛直接向我们的灵魂诉说。( 关于灵魂与身体的关系 , 毕达哥拉斯学派 有一则很美的比喻 , 可能出自菲洛劳斯 (Philolaus): 灵魂被称为身体的和谐 , 灵魂之于身体 就如同乐器之于它所产生的声音。) 乃“自由意识”盛行……
三、薛定谔阐述亚里士多德“数”
【根据亚里士多德的观点 , “事物”( 即数 ) 首先是可感的物体。例如 , 恩培多克勒 (Empedocles) 提出了四根说之后 , 四根也“变成了”数 ; 但是像灵魂、正义、机会这样的“事 物”也有它们的数 , 或者说“是”它们的数。数的分配与数论的一些简单性质相关。例如， 平方数 (4,9,16,25,……) 与正义有关 , 特别是 , 正义与其中的第一个数 4 相等同。其背后的 想法必定是 ,4 这个数可以被分成两个相等的 (equal) 因数 ( 可以与“公平、公正”[equity] 、 “公平的、公正的” [equitable] 等词相比照 )。数目为平方数的点可以排成一个正方形 , 比 如在九柱戏中就是如此。毕达哥拉斯学派也以同样的方式谈及三角形数，如 3,6,10， ……】
鉴此，薛定谔对毕达哥拉斯学派一直到柏拉图、亚里士多德、托勒密……古希腊自然科 学起源总结说： “无论如何，毕达哥拉斯学派凭借其对各种偏见和关于美和简单性的先人 之见，朝着理解宇宙结构这一重要方向取得了重大进展，比我们马上就要谈到的清醒的爱奥 尼亚“自然哲学家”和精神上继承他们的原子论者所取得的进展都大。”（本书 39 页）ℴℴ 于是就演绎了人来早期科学摸仿、修正古希腊科学文明新纪元，诞生了哈维、哥白尼、伽利略 科学巨擘开元时代！
四、哈维修正盖伦心血理论完成《心血运动论》第一部现代科学著 作
《心血运动论》是由英国伟大的生理学家和胚胎学家威廉·哈维（William Harvey） 于 1628 年公开发表的。这本书的出版震惊了当时的医学界和生理学界，它的观点从根本上 推翻了统治人们头脑上千年的关于心脏运动和血液运动的经典观点，提出血液是循环运行 的，心脏有节律的持续搏动是促使血液在全身循环流动的动力源泉——哈维骄傲地说：
“啊！小宇宙体系我心中的太阳” ……
（大宇宙与小宇宙是西方哲学史上表明人与世界的关系的一对范畴。大宇宙指整个世 界，小宇宙指人。这一思想一般认为始于古希腊恩培多克勒的流射说，这一学说认为相似 的东西为相似的东西所知觉。柏拉图的回忆说认为整体的知识完整地存在于灵魂之中，只 是由于感觉的刺激而使人回忆起他已知道的东西，这种人的灵魂与整体的知识相符合的思 想，也是这种理论的一种形式。亚里士多德从认识论角度出发，认为灵魂从某种方式来说就 是他所知道的各种事物，这表明他认为小宇宙与大宇宙是同一的。斯多亚学派的哲学从本 体论出发，认为宇宙灵魂对世界的关系就像人的灵魂对人的身体的关系，而人的灵魂中的普 遍理性就像是世界的普遍理性。中世纪埃里金纳的自然区分的理论已指出人的活动与宇宙 中的各种别的事物是相符合的，人处于宇宙之中就是整体宇宙中的一个小宇宙。）
五、《心血运动论》
英国医生哈维来到帕多瓦大学留学， 1628 年著述了划时代的《心血运动论》
哈维把科学火种从意大利泊到大英帝国，从而诞生了牛顿经典力学《自然哲学的数学 原理》从科学创造了伊丽莎白 300 年“日不落”伟大与辉煌……世界科学技术中心从意大 利转到英吉利，剑桥大学成为牛顿、维多利亚时代的骄傲！
这完全为 2200 年后的 1609-1619 年开普勒行星三定律宇宙“万物皆数”的宇宙和谐 得到千古证明——历史铭记的正是薛定谔的《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》，她回答了 我们人类“为什么要回到古代思想”，找到了人类自然科学的开天鼻祖古希腊自公元前 600 年之毕达哥拉斯学派发展到公元前 387 年的“柏拉图学院”……是啊！薛定谔和现代 西方科学家一致确认，古希腊是人类自然科学的唯一起源，不受古希腊人文主义影响的其他 任何国家地区，都不足以独自诞生现代科学！
六、克劳迪亚斯 - 盖伦（Claudius Galenus , 129 ～ 199）的历史功绩
盖伦又名“帕加玛的盖伦”（Claudius Galenus of Pergamum，帕加玛位于土耳其），是 古罗马时期最著名最有影响的医学大师。是古希腊希波克拉底 (Hippocrates) 之后最著名的 医生、动物解剖学家和哲学家，是世界第一个实践解剖研究人体的解剖学家，在希波克拉底 “体液说”基础上创造性提出了人格类型的概念。著作有《气质》《本能》《关于自然科 学的三篇论文》——这已经彰显了“小宇宙体系”概念萌芽……有趣的是，公元 157 年，盖 伦返回别迦摩并在当地的一个角斗士学校当了三、四年医生，获得治疗创伤和外伤的经验。 在人体呈现暗物质暗能量 - 看不见体内一切的年代，盖伦将“伤”称为是“进入身体的窗”！
在宫廷做医生时期，开始“进入身体的窗”、进行活体解剖直布罗陀猿来研究肾和脊椎 的作用；解剖发现胸部肌肉和横膈膜与呼吸运动的关系，以及喉返神经与发声的关系，并且 用猪做实验，证实了自己的这些发现，关于呼吸、发声、脊髓神经和泌尿等功能的实验震惊欧 洲，对意大利文艺复兴影响深远！ ……著有《盖伦论医学经验》、《论解剖过程》、《论 身体各部器官功能》等 131 部之多。
此外，盖伦成为帕多瓦大学（PaduaUniversity）与年轻的外科和解剖学教授维萨里 （1514-1564 年），在一位法官的支持下，获得囚犯的尸体，开创人体解剖。发现高等动物的 大脑的相对体积和重量都大得多，从而否定了盖仑的“灵气学说”并发表了《论人体的脑 白体》。
七、维萨里是一名解剖学家名医
维萨里著《人体的构造》(De humani corporis fabrica) 是人体解剖学最早权威著作。 被认为是近代人体解剖学的创始人——1543年维萨里以《人体的构造》划时代历史巨著 图文并茂地讲述了人体内部和谐完美的统一，从此开始揭开人体内部“暗物质暗能量”密 码……
盖伦和维萨里对哈维 1628 年发表了《动物的心脏和血液的运动》“Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals”起到了举足轻重的效应，有助哈维呼唤“小宇宙体系”横空出世！
历史地看，英国医生哈维来到帕多瓦大学留学，在尼古拉 . 哥白尼对神秘的天体完成了 大宇宙体系探秘《天体运行论》之后，威廉 . 哈维在对神秘的人体小宇宙体系借助前辈盖 伦“心血论”曾经是神学的“圣经”——盖伦认为，内脏是血液系统的中心，被消化的食物 在肝里转换成血液，然后消失于全身，只作有起点和终点的直线式运动；甚至说：【内脏是 血液系统的中心，被消化的食物在肝里转换成血液，然后消失于全身，只作有起点和终点的 直线式运动；他还提出，肝脏产生“自然灵气”，肺产生“活力灵气”，脑产生“动物性灵气”。 宗教神学就利用盖伦的“灵气论”来论证“一分为三”：人分为僧侣、贵族和平民，自然界 分为动物、植物和矿物，动物分为鱼、兽和鸟，而上帝则是圣父、圣子、圣灵的三位一体。】……
八、哈维对诸方面进行人体解剖捡验与修正完成《心血运动论》把 科学领先世界传入大英帝国
終于在 1628 年著述了划时代的《心血运动论》把科学火种从意大利泊到大英帝国，从 而诞生了牛顿经典力学《自然哲学的数学原理》从科学创造了伊丽莎白 300 年“日不落” 伟大与辉煌……
世界科学技术中心从意大利转到英吉利，剑桥大学成为牛顿、维多利亚时代的骄傲！
九、哥白尼颠覆托勒密 48 个圆圈“地心说”完成了《天体运行论》
托勒密地心说主要内容：
①，地球位于宇宙中心静止不动；
②，每个行星都在一个称为“本轮”的小圆形轨道上匀速转动，本轮中心在称为“均轮” 的大圆轨道上绕地球匀速转动，但地球不是在均轮圆心，而是同圆心有一段距离；
③，水星和金星的本轮中心位于地球与太阳的连线上，本轮中心在均轮上一年转一周， 火星、木星、土星到它们各自的本轮中心的直线总是与地球 – 太阳连线平行，这三颗行星每 年绕其本轮中心转一周；
④，恒星都位于被称为“恒星天”的固体壳层上。日、月、行星除上述运动外，还与“恒 星天”一起，每天绕地球转一周，于是各种天体每天都要东升西落一次。
毕达哥拉斯是最早提出“日心说”的哲学家。
坚实的大地是运动的这一点在古代是令人非常难以接受的，古代人缺乏足够的宇宙观 测数据，仅用肉眼观测误认为地球就是宇宙的中心。毕达哥拉斯一直到托勒密的地心说体 系，可以很好的和当时的观测数据相吻合，又有教皇统治。因此地心说被大众广泛接受并被 当时的教廷认为是神圣不可侵犯的真理。所以在《天球运行论》 出版以后，最为著名的支 持者就是乔尔丹诺·布鲁诺了。在哥白尼著述《天体运行论》之前，教皇权威一口咬定太阳 围绕地球旋转，布鲁诺反对提出地球围绕太阳旋转，被宗教裁判所活活烧死！ ……
科学历史就是这样，在突破人类未知痛苦认知规律和怀疑的历程中，摸爬滚打，跨越教 皇“地心说”，用布鲁诺百花广场残酷血腥生命教训，像哈维那样前仆后继、且由伽利略、哥 白尼顽强接续才完成从古希腊一直到近代科学的一个个伟大突破！……
然而，这里面哥白尼在《天体运行论》就有论述，说上帝无处不在；宇宙万物亘古以来 就构成隐存着整个微观世界，藏于宏观世界的方方面面，存在就是真理！
“自然科学借以宣布其独立并且好像是重演路德焚烧教谕的革命行为，便是哥白尼那 本不朽著作的出版，他用这本书（虽然是胆怯地而且可说是只在临终时）来向自然事物方 面的教会权威挑战，从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来。”——恩格斯
自然科学从神学脱胎就带着“后相对论”颠覆基因的哲学思想一路走来……正如 W.海 森伯 1927 年评价哥白尼与托嘞密认识差异时，应用量子力学分析道出“静止”相对性的本 质；说：【今天，我们甚至可以以更极端的形式说，“静止”一词是由地球静止着这个陈 述来定义的，并且我们把相对于地球是不动的每一物体描述为静止的。如果对“静止”一 词作如此理解——而这是普遍接受的意义——那么，托勒密是对的，哥白尼却错了。只有当 我们沉思了“运动”和“静止”的概念，并把运动理解为至少是关于两个物体的关系的陈述， 我们才能够把关系倒转过来，使太阳成为行星系的不动的中心并获得一个简单得多、也更统 一的关于行星系的观点，后来牛顿充分评价了这种观点的阐明的力量。因此，哥白尼把一个 全新的要素加到直接经验之上，我称这个要素为“自然定律的简单性”，而它与直接经验毫 无关系。】——这就最简单、最朴素的哥白尼、牛顿早期对“后相对论”最权威经典的诠释！
十、伽利略《关于托勒玫和哥白尼两大世界体系的对话》同样是异 教徒反叛神学的“相对运动”一个世纪伟大宣言
布鲁诺、哥白尼都是异教徒为什么会如此坚定反对教皇教义成为全人类研究科学基础 理论的急先锋呢！？
为什么？
伽利略·伽利雷（1564 年 2 月 15 日—1642 年 1 月 8 日）享年 77 岁，原名（Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei）是意大利天文学家、物理学家和工程师、欧洲近代自然科学的
创始人。伽利略被称为“观测天文学之父”、“现代物理学之父”、“科学方法之父”、 “现代科学之父”。
伽利略研究了速度和加速度、重力和自由落体、相对论、惯性、弹丸运动原理，并从事应 用科学和技术的研究，描述了摆的性质和“静水平衡”，发明了温度计和各种军事罗盘，并 使用用于天体科学观测的望远镜。他对观测天文学的贡献包括使用望远镜对金星相位的确 认，发现木星的四颗最大卫星，土星环的观测和黑子的分析。
伽利略·伽利莱（Galileo Galilei ，1564 年 2 月 15 日－ 1642 年 1 月 8 日），是意大利物 理学家、数学家、天文学家及哲学家。我们很多人都熟悉伽利略在比萨斜塔用两个铁球做自 由落体试验，敢于怀疑权威亚里士多德，用试验证明亚里士多德关于“落体速度与重量成正 比”的论断错误的故事。
人类的科学理论大多来自古希腊爱琴海奇迹文明留下的千言万语，成为西方集成现代 科学与文明的本原！……
从亚里士多德著《工具论》（公元前 384-322 年）至今已经有 2330 多年了。那时，亚 里士多德就已经提出“第一实体”论。亚氏说：“第一实体之所以更恰当地被称为实体， 是因为它们是一切事物的基础，而一切其他事物或者被断言于它们，或者依存于它们。而存 在于第一实体和其他一切事物间的关系，也存在于种和类之间。”
也就是说，古希腊科学文明基础理论大爆发，就是建立在“第一实体”物质存在之属性， 就是建立在“第一实体”之基础之上的基础上；物质千变万化皆天机、运动性彰显人类对 待最难科学现象的认识才刚刚开始的啊！科学发现（大量数学物理定律有待深入）科学历 史有待建筑广阔无边的科学巨大金字塔底……伽利略的《关于托勒玫和哥白尼两大世界体 系的对话》、《关于两门新科学的谈话和数学证明》巨著就成为人类物理学创世纪科学理 论元典。
从伽利略“一切力学规律在伽利略变换下是不变的。”定理产生了牛顿经典力学的“绝 对性”——因为朔源牛顿经典力学是建立在“伽利略变换”之上的，同一物体在不同惯性 参照系中观察到的运动学量（如坐标、速度）可通过伽利略变换而互相联系，是力学相对性 原理。再随历史发展自然而然进入 20 世纪，从伽利略变换到洛伦茨变换就升华到狭义相对 论，是不是同样可以说爱因斯坦相对论方程式的运动量都是绝对不变的呢！？
从某种意义上说，爱因斯坦在建立自己的爱因斯坦参照系一开始，就剔除了牛顿力（f）。 按着绝对时空观认为时间与空间的度量与惯性参照系的运动状态无关，那么，爱因斯坦的 “等效原理”的加速度又从哪里来？凭空另一个“引力场强度”又如何跨越“加速度”去 等于“引力场强度”呢？是想象力！——爱因斯坦想象自己从地球跳下去感觉不到引力吗！ （感觉不到就不存在！就像伽利略对教皇说：地球仍在围绕太阳旋转那样引力仍在爱因斯 坦和每一个人身边）……
十一、爱丁顿有句名言：“全世界没有第三个人真正懂得相对论
据说曾经有人问爱丁顿一个问题：
“您觉得这个世界上懂相对论的人会超过三个人吗？” 爱丁顿想了一下回答：
“事实上，我正在想第三个人究竟是谁。” 意在只有爱丁顿和爱因斯坦真正懂得相对论！
这是不是爱丁顿的日全食实验“确定性”天意？！
爱丁顿率领一个观测队到西非普林西比岛观测 1919 年 5 月 29 日的日全食，拍摄日全 食时太阳附近的星星位置，根据广义相对论理论，太阳的重力会使光线弯曲，太阳附近的星 星视位置会变化。爱丁顿的观测证实了爱因斯坦的理论，立即轰动了全世界……从此确立 了爱因斯坦相对论科学历史无法动摇的辉煌历史地位！
也就是说，相对论是爱因斯坦论毕生科学研究的生命结晶，相对论同样经过多次科学实 验证明，是完全无法推翻的。却疑点重重！
比如，历史学家研究认为，当时爱丁顿的数据并不准确，可是歪打正着地宣布了相对论 理论的正确……
爱因斯坦说：“我信仰斯宾诺莎的那个存在于事物有秩序的和谐中并显示出来的上帝， 而不信那个同人类的命运和行为有牵累的上帝。”
为什么世界那么多科学家对上帝独有信奉却能在自然科学建树巨丰呢？！比如：
大天文学家开普勒对天文学有过庄严的定义：“从事天文研究就是研读上帝的思想。”
德国数学家莱布尼茨也说：“秩序，均匀和和谐令我们惊讶不己……上帝是纯净的秩序。 他是普遍和谐的创造者。”
物理学家爱丁顿这样说：“现代物理学必然把我们引向上帝——而不是远离他——没 有一位无神论的发明家是一位自然科学家。所有这些无神发明家都是些平庸的哲学家。”
……总而言之，在全人类跨入暗物质暗能量新百年世纪之前，是时候给牛顿经典力学 “绝对时空”正名的时候了！ ……
让“经典力学只适用于宏观世界不适用于微观世界，首先就是关于速度的一些理论 , 根据经典物理学的理论 , 随着时间的推移 , 物体运动的速度不断增大 , 最终可以使物体获 得任意速度……目前已知的最大速度是光速 , 但是直至今天也无法将一个物体的运动速度 提高到光的速度 , 这是经典物理学无法解释…… ”
当全人类进入“自然宇宙体系”暗物质暗能量属性【通过计算机模拟宇宙大尺度结构 形成得知，暗物质的运动速度应该是远低于光速，呈“冷暗物质”态，从而否定了 L 公设。
在“自然宇宙体系”光速是变量；只有这样才存在“可见光”波长维度！否则无法在 引力作用下形成观测到的大尺度结构——事实上，令人“视觉形象主体”4-5% 都进入模糊 世界，而看不见。】剔除的不是牛顿经典力学而是爱因斯坦的相对论……
2022 年 10 月发布物理学奖三位科学家实验证明贝尔不等式不成立；结论是爱因斯坦错了； 经过 1927 年第五届索尔维会议以玻尔为首哥本哈根学派和爱因斯坦大辩论长达 95 年“量 子纠缠”争论最终得到完美结局！……
十二、35 年后发现经典遗传学之父孟德尔依然是修道院异教徒
孟德尔神父生活的内向思维成为修道院异教徒，在修道院小小的空地进行十年豌豆杂 交试验，十年后孟德尔的试验理论于 1865 年 2 月 8 日宣读，在孟德尔有生之年没有科学主 流响应，曾把试验报告送德国慕尼黑大学植物学权威教授耐格里得到竟是“经验公式”； 辛亏记入《布隆自然科研究会会志》从，此默默无闻 35 年；1900 年有三位科学家：荷兰 的德飞里斯、德国的柯灵斯、奥地利的丘歇马克几乎同时发现找到了遗传学规律、且同时发
现 35 年前孟德尔豌豆实验的三比一律的翻版……就这样科学历史再一次把修道院异教徒 推上经典遗传学天使的制高点，奇迹地完成了全世界公认的分子遗传学之父伟大峰巅……
格雷戈尔·孟德尔（Gregor Johann Mendel ，1822 年 7 月 20 日 -1884 年 1 月 6 日），奥 地利帝国生物学家。出生于奥地利帝国西里西亚（今属捷克）海因策道夫村，在布隆（Brunn） ( 今捷克的布尔诺 ) 的修道院担任神父，是遗传学的奠基人，被誉为现代遗传学之父。他通 过豌豆实验，发现了遗传学三大基本规律中的两个，分别为分离规律及自由组合规律。
孟德尔的科学发现理念是从生物的整体形式和行为无法发现遗传规律，只能从个别性 状研究考察生物整体的同时全方位用统计学研究生物个别性状，并选择具有稳定品种的自 花授粉植物、容易栽种，容易逐一分离计数豌豆进行十年杂交、人工授粉才发现遗传学二规 律 - 孟德尔分离规律和自由组合规律。如图：
孟德尔遗传定律
A 分离定律
孟德尔提出的遗传因子的分离假律已经得到了充分的验证，亦被后人无数次的试验所 证实，现已被世人所公认，并被尊称为孟德尔的分离规律；即：杂合体中决定某一性状的成 对遗传因子，在减数分裂过程中，彼此分离，互不干扰，使得配子中只具有成对遗传因子中的 一个，从而产生数目相等的、两种类型的配子，且独立地遗传给后代，这就是孟德尔的分离规
律。
B 自由组合律
孟德尔在揭示了由一对遗传因子（或一对等位基因）控制的一对相对性状杂交的遗传 规律——分离规律之后又发现了第二条重要的遗传学规律，即自由组合规律，又称独立分配 规律：
自由组合定律
即：一对等位基因与另一对等位基因的分离与组合互不干扰，各自独立地分配到配子 中自由组合。
本章一到十三小节总结
本章“（第十六章） 人类科学从神话神学与异教徒叛逆神奇崛起科学知识先知拜占 庭有过“自由意志”大爆发”——最神奇的是在同一个岁月、同一个世界、同一个时间出现 了五位“神人和一”的教皇异教徒向教皇与教会翻墙引爆人类科学大爆发成为近代史人类 科学开启文明新世纪：哈维的《心血运动论》、伽利略的《关于托勒密哥白尼两个体系的 对话》、哥白尼的《天体运行论》、孟德尔的《经典遗传学》……这里面还夹杂一个教皇教 徒布鲁诺拒绝批判哥白尼“日心说”被教皇在百花广场焚烧残酷死亡仙逝的异教徒：临刑 前大呼：你看地球仍然在绕太阳旋转！……
这是神的力量？
这是超人的力量？
还是“神人和一”的力量？反正在这五位异教徒之后人类再也没有诞生这样伟大独一 无二、无可替代的巨擘与科学元典……这是为什么？
也许，他们是外星人、是来到地球取代教皇统治人类、去除教皇鞭挞人类残酷枷锁的、恢 复古希腊“自由意志”的神圣科学理念的大无畏之神功罢！……
这有 1096 年至 1291 年十字军东征 ( 拉丁文：Cruciata ，1096—1291 年 ) 乃一系列在 罗马天主教教皇乌尔班二世发动的、持续近 200 年的、有名的宗教性军事行动，由西欧的封 建领主和骑士以收复被阿拉伯、突厥等穆斯林入侵占领的土地的名义对地中海东……教皇 覆灭之战争为证明！
十三、1900 年量子力学突然前人类科学家在为宇宙恒星和谐寻找法 则
1900 年是人类现代物理学不可多得的偶然大突破的岁月。在这之前，人类物种大爆发 自然生态永恒学说，才诞生了全人类科学“自由意志”创造出科学发现种种奇迹……
1900 年，他在黑体辐射研究中引入能量量子，因此于 1918 年获诺贝尔物理学奖。
1918 年选为英国皇家学会会员，1930 ～ 1937 年担任威廉皇家科学促进协会会长。后 因反对纳粹暴政，普朗克 1935 年被免去院长职务。
晚年退出科学界，从事反法西斯活动。 1947 年 10 月 3 日卒于格丁根。
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第十九章 后普朗克“黑体辐射”研究岁月“伽利略 变换”之早期人类科学发现前沿编年史略
一、科学历史总是按科学自然系统前沿金字塔形向上发展
科学发现的金字塔底座建立在古希腊科学纪元之上越来越大、越来越坚实和宽广 …… 这样，后来人（科学家）才能攀登到高端；却永远不可能达到顶点——因为科学发现永无 止境，没有最高的顶峰点！ ……
科学家从不同温度条件下的黑体辐射强度变化发现：低于 30K（30K ，K 是开氏温度， 是热力学温度。热力学温度 T 与人们惯用的摄氏温度 t 的关系是：T（K）=273.15+t(℃) 。 温度变化 30K，换成摄氏度变化其实也就是变化 30℃）的低温物质所产生的可见光波段的 黑体辐射强度几乎可以认定为 0。从黑体辐射的角度研究确定普适函数的具体形式就具有 极大的吸引力。显然，如果单色吸收率 αi（λ，T）=1，则该辐射源的单色辐出度 Mi（λ， T）就是要研究的普适函数。而 αi（λ，T）=1 的辐射体就是绝对黑体，简称黑体。
看来，“黑体辐射”科研之路还很漫长，它需要等待 41 年后，普朗克来用“黑体辐射” 推开“量子力学”的神秘大门……
黑体辐射（百度百科）
任何物体都具有不断辐射、吸收、反射电磁波的性质。辐射出去的电磁波在各个波段是 不同的，也就是具有一定的谱分布。这种谱分布与物体本身的特性及其温度有关，因而被称 之为热辐射。为了研究不依赖于物质具体物性的热辐射规律，物理学家们定义了一种理想 物体——黑体 (black body)，以此作为热辐射研究的标准物体。
“1900 年，开尔文勋爵在发表那个著名的《在热和光动力理论上空的 19 世纪乌云》 演说时提到，物理学的大厦已经基本建成了，后辈物理学家只要做一些零碎的修补工作就行 了，只不过在物理学阳光灿烂的天空下，漂浮着“两朵小乌云”。
两朵小乌云，其中一个是 1881 年美国物理学家迈克尔逊和莫雷合作制作了中学课本讲 到过的迈克尔逊干涉实验，用来证明“以太”的存在，结果证明末有以太！
另一个就是利用当时的传统物理学思维无法解释的黑体辐射规律。”。
二、从克鲁克斯管
克鲁克斯于 1859 年创办并主编《化学新闻》。 1863 年当选英国皇家学会会员，1913 年至 1915 年间担任皇家学会会长。是铊（第 81 号 Tl）元素的发现和命名者。其研制的阴 极射线管（克鲁克斯管），为 1895 年 X 射线的发现，和 1897 年电子的发现提供了基本实验 条件。威廉·克鲁克斯同时也发明闪烁镜等实验仪器和防护射线的特种玻璃，以及研究稀土 元素及其光谱、空气中固氮等问题，并以此发明了辐射计。）——阴极射线——黑体辐射—— 伦琴射线——柏克瑞射线—— 镭放射线元素——天然放射性——原子核裂变—— αβγ 粒子——中子——核聚变——热核反应——原子弹——原子能反应堆——核电技术 —— 核潜艇……“两片小乌云”消失在普朗克的“黑体辐射”实验——当黑体辐射进入普朗克 期待的视野，偶然的改良实验并作出两个假设就创造了奇迹、震惊世界地发现“量子”完成 了黑体辐射科学支点延伸：
三、普朗克的黑体辐射实验
普朗克将黑体看作：
1、大量谐振子，每个谐振子会放出和吸收电磁波，原子的性质和谐振子一样，以给定的 频率震荡。
2、黑体每个谐振子具有的能量是不连续的，且只能放出和吸收的能量是不连续的（某 一能量值的整数倍）。
光子的能量 ε、动量 p、波长 λ 和频率 v 之间遵从德布罗意关系 ε=hv，其中 h 为普朗 克常数 h=6.63 × 10^-34，史称为普朗克常数；
通过上述假设，普朗克推出了公式符和黑体辐射曲线。
到此，“不连续的”小小能量包“量子”诞生，竟然创造了新物理学奇迹，彻底改变了 牛顿以来传统物理学的整体趋势……
“量子力学”就这样神秘跃入人类历史科学前沿；量子论轻而易举地开创了理论物理 学发展的新纪元……从而完成了 21 世纪核科学的支点延伸；同样，阴极射线支点延伸成为 1900 年普朗克发现“量子力学”的伟大支撑点，辉煌极致，成为今天量子科学前沿重中之 重……
科学基础理论突破为什么都是偶然的，有了科学基础理论突破，才有相应的应用技术登 上科学技术历史舞台；最经典的另类案例是奥斯特发现“电磁感应”直接催生了美国画家 莫尔斯发明电报！电报“码”语言……
四、科学发现总是从一个科学像另一个科学支点延伸，这从黑体辐
射表现得尤为醒目和经典。比如① - ⑤:
①、黑体辐射到 x 射线的科学支点延伸：
让我们先看伦琴研究“黑体辐射”意外发现 x 射线的奇迹：
科学历史记载，参与克鲁克斯管科学研究实验的各国科学家接近 20 多位，时间超过半个世 纪；有英、法、德、荷、美……最著名的科学家有：
Ivan Pului 教授、
威廉·克鲁克斯爵士、 约翰·威廉·希托夫、 欧根·戈尔德斯坦、
海因里希·鲁道夫·赫兹、
菲利普·莱纳德、
亥姆霍兹、克鲁克斯 尼古拉·特斯拉、
爱迪生、
查尔斯·巴克拉、 马克思·冯·劳厄、 威廉·伦琴……
自 1869 年克鲁克斯管诞生，就快速开始“克鲁克斯管”热潮-1869 年物理学家约翰·威 廉·希托夫观察到真空管中的阴极发出的射线。当这些射线遇到玻璃管壁会产生荧光。
1876 年这种射线被欧根·戈尔德斯坦命名为“阴极射线”——这就是“阴极射线”的由来；
1887 年 4 月，尼古拉·特斯拉开始使用自己设计的高电压真空管。事实上，特斯拉是最 早发现 X 射线的科学家。
1887 年克鲁克斯发明克鲁克斯管研究 X 射线。在其中电子穿过物质，发生了现在叫做 轫致辐射的效应，生成高能 X 射线射线。
1892 年特斯拉完成这一实验，笼统地称为放射能，继续发现实验对生物体的危害性。 1892 年赫兹进行实验，提出阴极射线可以穿透非常薄的金属箔。
亥姆霍兹则对光的电磁本性进行了数学推导。
1895 年 11 月 8 日德国科学家伦琴开始进行阴极射线的研究。1895 年 12 月 28 日他完 成了初步的实验报告“一种新的射线”发布在维尔茨堡的 Physical-Medical Society 杂志上。 1901 年伦琴获得诺贝尔物理学奖：
……
成为世界第一位获得诺贝尔奖的科学家！…… 伦琴之手引爆世界诺贝尔奖↓
世界上，第一个诺贝尔奖在 1901 年 12 月 10 日诞生，瑞典皇家科学院颁发了世界上第 一个诺贝尔物理学奖，获奖的科学家是德国人伦琴，以表彰他 1895 年发现了X 射线……
伦琴以神秘莫测的伦琴手的 X 射线图引爆了全世界原创力可持续前沿… 那么，什么叫 X 射线呢？
因为 X 代表未知数，也就是说，当年人类对这种射线有许许多多的未知……事实上，今 天我们仍然没有完全搞明白 X 射线的方方面面……因为这种射线是伦琴发现的，于是也叫 伦琴射线，又叫 X 射线。
X 射线具有很高的穿透力，能透大多数可见光不能透明的物质，如金属材料、岩石、木 料、人体、生物体等等。这是一种肉眼看不见的射线，在实验室能让固体材料发出荧光、照相 底片感光……特别之处，还在于它能使空气电离等……效应。
X 射线可分：硬 X 射线和软 X 射线。
波长越短的 X 射线能量越大，叫做硬 X 射线。 波长越长的 X 射线能量较低，称为软 X 射线。
X 射线这种属性是由频率决定的。在真空中，高速运动的电子轰击金属靶时，靶就放出 X 射线，这就是 X 射线管的结构原理，此管最早由克鲁克斯发明的，称克鲁克斯管……
②、从 x 射线到放射性物质的科学支点延伸：
1896 年，法国物理学家享利·柏克瑞发现铀盐会发射出一种能透过不透明物体的奇异光 线，偶然发现了射线性物质——1895 年 12 月，法国科学家柏克瑞受伦琴发现 x 射线启发， 实验把一块铀岩放到阳光下爆嗮，希望获得新射线，几天过去了都是没有收获。这一天柏克 瑞拿出铀岩来到外面，抬头看看没有阳光，就回屋把铀岩放进抽屉，随手把钥匙扔进去，关上 抽屉。几天过去了都没有阳光；柏克瑞就开抽屉，把一个没有爆光的胶卷拿到暗室冲洗…… 突然发现底片上有钥匙的影像，柏克瑞惊讶异常，经反复试验发现铀岩会自然发射一种“放 射性”（光） ……柏克瑞就把自己的这一发现写成报告交给法兰西科学博士院，却没有引 起任何人的注意，当时欧洲所有的科学家都没有把“铀射线”当回事……
然而，居里夫人被铀的放射性现象迷住了，认为是一个极好的研究课题，在居里的帮助 下，经过艰苦的研究和实验，居里夫人发现存在放射性现象的不仅只有铀，居里夫人把这种 现象命名为“放射性”，并把有放射性的元素如铀、钍等，命名为“放射性元素”，进一步研 究发现，另外一种元素钍的化合物也有这种现象。
1903 年柏克瑞和居里夫妇由于对放射性的研究而共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。
1898 年 12 月 26 日，玛丽 . 居里夫人跟踪柏克瑞放射性研究，在提交给法国科学院的报 告中宣布他们夫妇又发现一个比铀的放射性要强百万倍的新元素——镭。
故世人称居里夫人是镭的母亲……
③、从放射性物质到核裂变的科学支点延伸：
艾夫居里发现放射性核裂变——小居里夫妇是 F· 约里奥· 居里（Frederic Joliot － curie,1900 ～ 1958）和他的夫人 I·约里奥·居里（Irene Joliot － Curie，1897 ～ 1956）。约里奥— 居里夫妇证明了裂变产生的中子能够引起链式反应。
小居里夫妇发现核裂变和链式反应的我的科学家，从科学实验得到实际利用原子能的 依据，为人类开发新的能源开辟了广阔的前景因为稳定的人工放射性的发现，他们获得了 1935 年诺贝尔化学奖。
英国卡拉姆聚变中心所长 Steve Charles Cowley 在 2015 年 7 月 21 日英国上议院科学 技术委员会上说道：国际热核实验反应堆的成员说 2020 年，但我认为 2025 年反应堆才会 产生首批等离子体。他认为燃烧等离子体在 2030 年早期都不太可能实现……
同样在法国卡达拉舍进行的国际热核反应堆实验（ITER）已经耗资两百亿美元；
核聚变是指较轻的原子核（例如氘和氚）结合形成较重的原子核（例如氦）的过程。
原子核内残留和蕴含着巨大的（宇宙大爆炸）能量，原子核的变化，是从一种原子核变 化为另一种原子核，自然释放出爆烈能量。
④、科学家研究认识到原子核裂变化的科学支点延伸到原子弹：
1939 年 N. 玻尔去美国时告诉费米铀裂变的消息后，费米立刻着手探索核裂变链式反 应并在费米领导下和助手们于 1942 年 12 月 2 日，在芝加哥大学建成世界上第一座可控原 子核裂变链式反应堆——20 世纪 30 年代，英国、意大利、德国的科学家深入研究发现：一 克重的铀裂变后产生的能量，竟然和三吨煤燃烧释放的能量相当。就这样，经过从古希腊德 谟克利特到物理学家费米揭开了宇宙大爆炸潜藏在“原子”内部的（铀裂变）天量暴烈能 量暴露在光天化日之下！——也就诞生了美国“曼哈顿计划”和 1945 年 8 月 6 日美国在 广岛投下一颗名为”小男孩”的原子弹！……
曼哈顿计划是应用核裂变是原子弹的爆炸原理，费米的世界第一座反应堆就是利用核 裂变原理、第二次世界大战期间，他参与制订“曼哈顿计划”，主管用电磁法分离制造原子 弹所需的铀 –235 的工作和劳伦斯由于在创建加速器方面的贡献获 1939 年诺贝尔物理学奖。 目前世界各国都用制造原子弹之核裂变理论来进行发电称核电站。附：爱因斯坦给美国总
统罗斯福的信
To F.D. 罗斯福
通过和 E. 弗尔米，I. 西拉德进行关于研究草稿的交流，最近的工作使我相信在不久的 将来，铀元素（核燃料）将成为一种新型的重要的能源。由此引起的许多问题需要我们提 信高警觉性，假如有必要的话，政府部门应当采取迅速的行动。因此我相信我有责任提醒您 关注以下的事实和建议。
在过去的四个月里，通过约里奥在法国的工作，以及弗尔米和西拉德在美国进行的工 作，使用大量的铀来建立核链式反应堆，从而产生巨大的能量和大量的新型类镭元素已成为 可能。现在基本可以确定这将在不久的将来实现。
这种新的现象将引导着炸弹的构造，并且这是有可能的 -- 尽管还不是那么确定 -- 威力 十分巨大的炸弹将因此而可能被制造出来。这样一颗单个的炸弹，用船运载，并在港口爆 炸，将可能会摧毁整个港口以及周围的环境。然而，这样的炸弹对于空中运输可能显得太过 于沉重。
美国只有很少量适合使用的铀矿石。有一些好的矿石在加拿大和捷克斯洛伐克，但最 好的铀资源还是在刚果。
基于这样的情况你也许会认为在美国建造链式反应堆的物理学家和行政部门保持永久 的关系是有必要的。对于你而言实现这样的可能的方式就是，将这一任务委托给一个你信 任的人，而他将以一个非官方的身份进行工作。他的任务也许包括以下内容：
1. 接近政府部门，熟悉未来的发展情况，并且给政府的工作提出建议，特别是关注为美 国获取铀矿的供应。
2. 通过提供资金加速实验活动，解决目前由预算有限的大学实验室来进行的问题。假 如已经有资金，则通过和愿意为这一事业奉献的个人联系，或者是和具有必要设备的公司实 验室进行合作。
我了解到德国实际上已经停止了捷克斯洛伐克矿山的铀交易，并对其进行了接管。它 已经采取这样早的行动是可以理解的，根据德国副国务卿的儿子魏茨泽克，供职于柏林凯 撒 -- 威廉研究会，而在那里美国关于铀的活动一直在重复着。
你真诚的，阿尔伯特 . 爱因斯坦
From 阿尔伯特 . 爱因斯坦老格鲁夫大街科尼克，长岛 1939 年 8 月 2 日
⑤、科学支点延伸从原子弹到核聚变：
原子弹到核聚变的科学支点延伸——核聚变是氢弹的爆炸原理，因为爆炸太爆烈氢弹 瞬间爆炸产生的（宇宙大爆炸原始）能量是目前人类无法控制的！
鉴此，热核反应堆实验（ITER）目的必须得到受控的核聚变，实现科学家们伟大梦想“人 造太阳核聚变”，就成为 21 世纪伟大科学前沿与新纪元。
迈特纳先知先觉的人造太阳核聚变；地球上的海水中含有大量的氘，产生氚的锂也有 丰富的储量，是理想的较轻的原子核（例如氘和氚）。
科学家发现，一升海水中的氘经过聚变反应释放出的能量相当于 300 升汽油燃烧的能 量！
与目前核反应堆的核裂变相比，核聚变反应产物优势明显，氦很稳定，对环境没有污染。 鉴此，核聚变是未来最理想的最清洁能源。
然而，可控核聚变太难！据劳逊判据：参与反应时等离子气体的密度和对它可靠约束 时间。首先，要求有极高的温度和压力。从宇宙大爆炸考量太阳的中心温度高达 1500 万摄 氏度，并且还有巨大的压力才能使核聚变正常反应。
在地球上不可能获得如此大的压力，只能通过把温度提高到上亿度来弥补；还需要相 当低的密度。高温下的等离子体具有相当大的压强，因此要把容器内的气体抽到绝对真空，
相当于常温下气体密度的几万分之一；又因为高温下的等离子体非常不稳定，就必须对等 离子体进行充分约束，保持一定的时间，使其充分聚变！ ……
在核聚变过程，高温、密度、压强、真空、时间和对等离子体进行充分约束（这就是宇宙 大爆炸需要的条件）；每一个环节都不能出问题。否则必然功亏一篑！甚至产生全球性超 过核爆炸亿万倍的巨大灾难！——人造太阳爆炸了是毁灭世界的啊！
2022 年 12 月 13 日，美国能源部官员宣布，由美国政府资助的加州劳伦斯利弗莫尔国 家实验室，首次成功在核聚变反应中实现“净能量增益”，即聚变反应产生的能量大于促发 该反应的镭射能量。实验向目标输入了 2.05 兆焦耳的能量，产生了 3.15 兆焦耳的聚变能量 输出，能量增益达到 153%。美国能源部长詹妮弗·格兰霍姆在一份声明中称，这一突破是一 项“里程碑式的成就”。
劳伦斯利弗莫尔实验室 资料图片
这是新的人类科学历史的重大突破和划时代能源革命，现代人类正在接近太阳等恒星 内部产生的能量模式核聚变过程，成为造福人类进入清洁能源新纪元！
据劳逊判据：参与反应时等离子气体的密度和对它可靠约束时间。首先，要求有极高 的温度和压力。从宇宙大爆炸考量太阳的中心温度高达 1500 万摄氏度，并且还有巨大的压 力才能使核聚变正常反应 ……在挑战与机遇面前于是，霍金问：
“我们能在地球存活吗？”
霍金扪心叩问说：“宇宙是一个暴烈的地方，恒星吞没了行星，超新星在太空发射致命 射线、黑洞相互撞击，小行星每秒疾驶数百英里。我承认，这些现象并未让空间听起来非常 诱人，但这些正是我们要冒险进入太空而非原地不动的原因。我们无法防御小行星碰撞。 我们最后一次大碰撞大约发生在 6000 万年前，人们认为恐龙因之灭绝，而它将再次发生。 这不是科幻小说，它受物理定律和概率的保证。
我认为我们正不顾危险地冷漠对待自己在地球上的未来。”—— 引自《十问 霍金沉 思录》第 7 问（131 页）。
自做孽不可活！霍金对“我们能在地球存活吗？”回答是否定的！
原因就在于霍金是宇宙大爆炸理论的创始人，太了解宇宙大爆炸在至今为止宇宙行 星、星系地球、太阳系、小行星的“爆裂”属性了（已得到韦伯彩照证明） ；这就是霍金在 生前的“十大预言”多与宇宙外星人、人类毁灭有关！请继续看：
⑥、另类科学支点延伸从“电磁感应”到莫尔斯软件诞生 奥斯特发现“电磁感应”如何应用？
法拉第和麦克斯韦都没有解决，却出现了美国画家莫尔斯完成了这个伟大历史科学使 命。
1837 年，莫尔斯开创的电码，只使用零和一两种状态的二进制代码，代码包括五种：短 促的点信号“ ・ ”，读“滴”（Di）保持一定时间的长信号“—”，读“嗒”（Da）表示点 和划之间的停顿、每个词之间中等的停顿，以及句子之间长的停顿；也就是说，莫尔斯巧妙 地把时间间隔看做一种特殊的电码。
莫斯电码最早就是用一些表示数字的点和划来进行表示的。其中的数字对应单词， 也就是需要查找一本代码表才可以得知每个词所对应的数字，这种信息编码标准的莫斯电 码，它拥有非常长的生命力，就这一点来说，就是其他编码所无法超越的，一直延伸到“剪比 特”……
如图：
⑦、莫尔斯软件密码科学支点延伸诞生了乔布斯苹果
乔布斯咬上一口。倘若这预言要是出自 1982 年《花花公子》刊印苹果广告的时刻， 这到是上帝或真主日苹果永远辉煌的铭示，如果仅仅是今人的杜撰，这只是后人浪漫的评 论——“啊！好美啊！
乔布斯的苹果依然迭代到智能手机的佼佼者、成为全世界第一品牌！
我们终于来到梦寐以求的创意 Apple 之乡！
这小镇是美丽的，这 Apple 是个伟大奇迹。看过了乔布斯车库电脑工厂的旧址。你看 这小镇公路两旁还留下当年电脑淘金的痕迹……这间小屋，它在火车站的对面，那是电脑迷 最早自发成立的民主电脑公司，卅年前脚下的这片热土，比尔·盖茨面对 Apple 无不感慨的 说过：“我不过是乔布斯第二而已，在我之前，苹果电脑快速成长给人们太深的印象， ”可 是啊！当我们面对《教训 - 王安传》王安电脑破产在 IBM 蓝色巨人面前的时候，美国奇迹 经济一瞬间会诞生格罗夫、乔布斯、比尔 . 盖茨……那么多奇迹与典型大咔；事实上，凯撒 是的好： “在人类的事务中有股潮流，洪水般的潮流奔向财富。如果一个人被这种潮流所 抛弃，则他的一生注定黯淡无光，凄惨悲凉。我们就是在这样的海洋中漂浮。我们必须跟随 潮流，随潮流而动，否则，我们将失去人生冒险的机遇！”……
事实上，美国经济的奇迹就是这种潮流，自然延续了福特、洛克菲勒开拓的自由竞争到 垄断的模式，这种模式已经和世界新经济形成无法超越的潮流，这种潮流是一种全球历史的 大趋势，它自始至终贯穿着科学与技术支点延伸向前永不间断地推进，不失时机地完成托夫 勒惊世骇俗的全球《力量转移》！
⑧、今天，苹果依然希望创造奇迹！
Pico 最后的指望，握在了这场苹果发布会手里
整个 VR 行业都在等苹果能够上演“点石成金”的奇迹。
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文 | 壹娱观察 大娱乐家
3499 美元，这是苹果在 6 月 6 日凌晨发布的全新混合现实设备Apple Vision Pro 的价格。
惊人的硬件参数与科幻概念，加上一个远超如今所有主流 VR 设备的价格，放在其他时 刻或许会让其他厂商胆寒，但对于如今主流的 VR、AR 甚至元宇宙玩家来说，这大概是过 去大半年里少有的欢乐时光，尤其是对于 Meta、字节跳动这类在虚拟现实领域投入了大量 资源的公司。
就在苹果这场发布会三天前，Meta 通过扎克伯格的个人账号提前发布了会在今年秋 季上市的 Meta Quest 3，顺便举办了一场时长一小时的 VR 游戏展示活动，发布了数十款新 VR 游戏，不过上线时间同样需要等到今年秋天，蹭苹果热点的企图没法更明显。
当然，希望蹭这波热点的显然也远不止押注 VR 和元宇宙已久的 Meta，字节跳动收购 而来的 Pico，其实也在四月底上线了 Pico 4 Pro，只不过相较去年声势浩大的现场发布会，硬 件有了明显升级的 Pro 版发布反而显得低调了不少。现实就是不论 Meta 还是 Pico，其设备 的销量在过去大半年时间里都日渐低迷，连带以VR 为基础的元宇宙行业也几乎消声觅迹。
这也是为什么苹果这场发布会如此重要的原因，除了时隔七年再次扩展自家硬件品类 之外，所有人都在期待苹果能够在一次上演“点石成金”的奇迹——拯救历史上潮起潮落 多次的 VR 行业，顺带让为这一行业付出了太多真金白银的公司最后在抱有一线希望。
库克耍起足够高端的黑科技，但使用场景呢？
尽管已经有了相当充分的心理预期，但当苹果 CEO 库克以经典的one more thing 开场 来宣布这款新设备时，整个演示片段依然给人带来了相当强烈的冲击，最直观的感受便是： 《黑镜》寓言的某些部分似乎真的到来了。
当然，另一个震撼则留在了 45 分钟的 Vision Pro 演示最后，3499 美元的起售价格，加 上要到明年年初某个时刻才开始在美国本土开卖的时间点，终于又将人拉回了现实。整个
发布过程苹果其实极少提及 VR 、AR 、MR 等概念，对于“元宇宙”更是只字未提。
Vision Pro
根据库克的说法，Vision Pro 是一种代表着“空间计算”的新型电脑设备，通过将真实 世界与数字世界无缝融合来提供增强现实（AR）。
除了外部那块拥有极强科幻感的曲面屏幕之外，Vision Pro 与 Quest 、Pico 、PS VR 等 现有 VR 设备最大的不同在于其是真正的头戴计算设备，不再借助任何手柄帮助交互。
Vision Pro 只能通过使用手部、眼镜和语音来控制，12 个摄像头、5 个各色传感器和 6 个麦克风将会承担起各种交互和操作。
根据演示视频给出的使用场景，用户可以通过 Vision Pro 把巨大的电影屏幕投射到任 何环境中，并能捕捉或播放 3D 视频，像是直接看 3D 版本的《阿凡达 2》或者是将别人发 来的平面图片直接 3D 化。
在娱乐内容方面，苹果请来了迪士尼 CEO 艾格站台，他提到之后将会有一部沉浸式的 《星球大战》剧集和一个允许用户同时观看多个体育赛事的功能，一个数字版的迪士尼主 题公园可能投射到用户的现实世界中，同时他表示在 Vision Pro 发货时就将提供Disney+ 的 流媒体服务。
Vision Pro 演示
同时苹果也展示了这款头戴式装置在工作环境中的应用，包括能够投射类似现代电脑 桌面的屏幕，从而取代电脑显示器的功能，用户也可以使用键盘等蓝芽设备来进行输入。
而原本是如今 VR 硬件设备最为强势的游戏领域，苹果反而着墨最少，仅仅展示通过该 设备可以游玩 2K23 这类 iOS 游戏，又因为 Vision Pro 没有自带手柄，因此苹果演示中的解 决方案是用户还需要自备一个 PS 手柄用来玩游戏。
毫无疑问，Vision Pro 是自 Apple Watch 发布以来苹果最重要的产品发布，2016 年 推出的 AirPods 虽然也是一条价值百亿美元的产品线，但 AirPods 在收入方面仍然落后于 iPhone 、Mac 、iPad 和 Apple Watch，并且起码到现在苹果还没专门为这些无线耳机开发专 属的操作系统。
同时，Vision Pro 又是一款与 Watch 和 AirPods 完全不同的产品。
这些产品卖的再好都是 iPhone 的配件，用户几乎没法脱离 iPhone 来使用它们，而 Vision Pro 则是一款真正沉浸式的独立设备——当你使用它时，你就不会或没法再使用其他 任何东西。
苹果最新的操作系统 Vision OS 为 Vision Pro 提供支持
就像库克所说的，Vision Pro 是“一款革命性的新产品”，能够改变“我们看待技术的 方式以及技术在我们生活中的作用”。它的定位与 Mac 更类似，一台让人戴在头上的个人 电子计算设备，苹果也的确把 Mac 上的 M2 芯片放进了这款设备，并且还额外增加了一块 R1 芯片。
但显然就目前来看一台 Mac 并不适合用来进行娱乐或内容消费，又有多少人会单纯为 了生产力为 Vision Pro 付出 3500 美元呢。
在几乎没有独占游戏加持的情况下，目前 Vision Pro 最惊艳的使用场景自然还是作为 虚拟影音设备，极高的屏幕与音响设备显然会对看电影看剧有极大助益，问题是其自带的外 置电源续航仅仅只有两个小时，连一部《阿凡达》都没法看完。
产能之外，这大概也是苹果并不急于在发布之后尽快开卖的原因之一，他们还需要更多 的开发者加入同时发布的 VisionOS，为这个平台打造更多可看、可玩的原生优质内容，进一 步丰富这一设备潜在的可能性。
Vision Pro 演示
很难说 Vision Pro 有什么竞品可言，因为不管是 VR、AR 还是 MR，整个市场一年几 百万台的销量其实远没有形成明确竞争环境的可能。苹果的加入更像是一种宣言，重新让 整个科技行业和消费市场的目光从 AI 转回到虚拟现实头显身上，而这种关注恰恰是同样身 处业内的其他公司所渴望的。
成为苹果头显的平替，Pico 准备好了吗？
在过去的六个月里，一度火热的 AR/VR 以及元宇宙，在科技行业的 “下一件大事 “的 地位，已经被 ChatGPT 为首的 AIGC 彻底抢走。
整个市场对 AR/VR 的兴趣也在减少。PitchBook 的数据显示，在截至 3 月的六个月里， 风险资本对 AR 和 VR 公司的投资同比骤降 74%，只有 8 亿美元。
相关的硬件设备销售情况也颇为低迷，根据 IDC 在 6 月 1 日公布的“全球 AR/VR 头 显季度报告”，整体 AR/VR 头显市场在第一季度同比下降 54.4%，其中 VR 头显占头显出 货量的 96.2%。而与去年同期由疫情带动的那一波热度相比，今年一季度显得尤其惨淡。
目前市场上的前五大 AR/VR 头显制造商中，Meta 以 47.8% 的市场份额领先，索尼由 于新出的 PS VR2 的销量暴增使其在一季度占据了 35.9% 的市场份额，字节跳动的 Pico 从 去年同期的 4.4% 上升到今年的 6.1% ……
即便 PS VR2 销量增长不俗，也仅仅只是卖出了 60 万台而已。可以说整个虚拟现实硬
件行业，依然没有摆脱尝鲜属性真正进入主流消费者的日常视野。 但大厂的投入却并很难止血。
Meta 第一季度重回增长轨道，但虚拟现实业务依然亏损高达 40 亿美元。Pico 的销量 不及预期，也让字节过去半年里多次裁员减少亏损。两家公司对于 VR 硬件的策略几乎也 相似，以硬件成本定价，搭配上不菲的营销费用，试图以卖一台亏一台的想法去拓展市场。
现在苹果放弃了这一低价走量思路，选择从高端突围。
Vision Pro 出现之后，不论去年发布的售价超过 1000 美元的 Quest Pro，还是刚刚上市 不久定价 3799 元的 Pico 4 Pro 终于可以放下身段，不再强行制造高端产品的假象，进而让自 己变得更加亲民，不论是在价格还是概念上。
Pico 4 Pro
尤其是 Vision Pro 遥远的上市时间和前期发售地区的限制，都为 Pico 和 Quest 提前一 步抢占市场留下了充足的时间与空间。
今年九月底 Quest 3 就能开卖，Pico 显然也会在下半年拿出一款基于高通 XR 芯片迭 代的新品，抓住 Vision Pro 所带来的关注度窗口，显然是这两家公司的 VR 产品当下最好的 出路。
⑧、更重要的是，苹果在软件层面强大的销售能力无疑能够让更多的开发者进入虚拟现 实软件的开发，这其实对于 Pico 来说更为关键，毕竟相较于 Meta 早早买下的大量游戏工作 室和开发者生态，国内 VR 不温不火的状态也让 Pico 的软件生态其实没法发挥出其硬件参 数的实力。
这其实也很像 iPhone 和一众国产安卓手机的关系，硬件上各家厂商用更便宜的价格也 能实现七八成 iPhone 的整体体验，而只要开发者能通过 App Store 赚钱，便会有更强的动力 与意愿为安卓平台开发类似产品，进而扩大自己的营收。
如今的 Pico 显然也急需这样的外部环境，以缓解需要自己软件、硬件一把抓的困境，之 前《华尔街日报》报道字节在海外到处高薪挖角 Quest 的软件开发者就是现状写照。
苹果和 Vision Pro 更大的优势在于，不管早晚，它们肯定都能进入中国市场并且拓展本 地化的内容生态，这都是 Meta 做不到也无法带给 Pico 的辐射效应。
过去十年里，苹果强行制造“需求”的能力在 Apple Watch 和 Airpods 上早已有目共睹， 一旦消费者笃定的认为自己需要一款戴在头上的设备，即便面对 Vision Pro 高昂的价格感 到犹豫，退而求其次买个 Pico X Pro 也能创造出一个不小的市场，正像Apple Watch 之于小 米手环，或是 Airpods 之于各类国产 TWS 耳机。
一旦需求被创造出来，并不是所有消费者都想或是有能力选择市面上最好的产品，这就 是“平替”们存在的价值和意义。
Pico 的销量已经证明了即便仅靠字节烧钱烧流量也很难创造出需求，那么不如安心搭 上苹果这趟“空间计算”的顺风车，或许反而能活的更滋润一些。
168 种性自然系统学派诠释——Sora 能创造世界吗？
此时此刻，有谁会想到 2011 年 10 月 5 日乔布斯离开我们 11 年后，GPT3.5 就横空出 世且诞生了另一个天才山姆 . 奥特曼不声不响地悄悄把人类推向工业 4.0 更伟大、辉煌的时 代呢！？……
第二十章 为什么异教徒开创全人类科学元典确保
“自由意志”
一、为什么全世界科学大师巨擘都相信上帝存在
1452 年的哥白尼身上的上帝光环——哥白尼是波兰教会法博士、神父，同样是教会的 叛徒……这样的宗教叛逆在科学历史上举不胜举；而且，世界大科学家信奉上帝的成功者 比比皆是：牛顿、爱因斯坦最为经典……
因为“自然和自然规律都隐藏在黑暗的夜间，上帝说： ‘让牛顿降生吧！于是一切都 变得光明了。’”
——亚历山大 . 蒲珀
爱因斯坦说：“上帝不扔色子”！
德国数学家莱布尼茨也说：“秩序，均匀和和谐令我们惊讶不己……上帝是纯净的秩序。 他是普遍和谐的创造者。”
物理学家爱丁顿这样说：“现代物理学必然把我们引向上帝——而不是远离他——没 有一位无神论的发明家是一位自然科学家。所有这些无神发明家都是些平庸的哲学家。”
写出划时代开拓性著作《生命是什么》的薛定谔说：“生命体的结构元素不是人的笨 拙作品，而是上帝的量子力学最精细的杰作，它是根据几条基本原理完成的。”
德国著名生物学家依克斯库尔说：“谁赞美造物的计划，目的和意图，谁就会赞美造物 主上帝的存在。”
德国生物学家拜尔说：“今天我们从大自然的语言中聆听到的是一首具有崇高规律性 和美感的妙不可言的交响曲。有一天，当我考察了人体。我便相信，我听到了一次最有说服 力的布道。我脱下了帽，我要高唱哈利路亚。”
1920 年获诺贝尔奖的德国杰出物理学家能斯特说：“从事物理学，就是从背后瞧一眼 上帝的创造行为。”
法国物理学家卡雷尔说：“人需要上帝，恰如他需要水和氧气 。”
德国化学家李比希说：“人们努力从大自然这本巨大的书中读懂造物主的思想，这样， 他们才能真正认识造物主的伟大无边的智能。”
世界发明大王爱迪生说：“……我们理应把最伟大的敬意和惊叹给予所有的工程师们， 但是其中最伟大的一个正是上帝！”
飞船发明家德国的齐柏林说：“上帝才是一位艺术家，我不过是他的工具罢了。
法国杰出数学家柯西有过一段总结性的自白：“我是一名基督教，就是说，像第谷、哥 白尼、笛卡儿、牛顿、莱布尼茨、巴斯卡……那样，我也相信基督的神性。他们都是历史上最 伟大的天文学家和数学家。”
意大利电学家伏打说：“……我对上帝的信仰，带给了我丰硕的成果。”
美国物理学家康普顿说：“我们对大自然了解得越多，对大自然的上帝以及它在宇宙 大戏中所扮演的角色就会更加理解。”
分类学创始科学家林耐说：“因此必须把这些祖先的不变性，归于某个全能全知的神， 这个神就叫做上帝…… ”
二、杨振宁同样承认有“造物主”是人“自由意志”的反馈
诺贝尔物理学奖获得者中国科学家杨振宁同样承认世界有“造物主”！杨振宁认为“易 经毫无逻辑所言”，一味归纳，仅仅是八卦推演；思维表现为浓缩化、分类化、抽象化、经典
化、符号化！ ……
《易经》理论的核心是八八六十四卦、意象取卦形成5000 年中华民族的“易”思维：【《易 经》里面 64 卦开始是乾卦和坤卦。如果问《易经》是怎么形成的，以下这个说法大家似乎 可以接受：最早中国发展了占卜，因为要对占卜作系统性了解就发展了卦符，所有 64 卦都 有卦符。乾就是六个连线，坤是六个断线。有了符以后还得有名与字。卦名有音，有音还不 够，就有一个字。这前后发展的次序我不是研究考古学的，不过我想这个次序很可能多少是 对的。
可是我们知道孕育《易经》的年代也正是汉语汉字开始形成的年代，是中华文化孕生 的年代。这些卦是“象”，这是周易里面自己讲的，是浓缩了的观念，以卦符卦名将天、地、 人的变迁分类为“象”。
“故事”略……
上面的故事清楚地显示归纳与推演二者同时是近代科学的基本思维方法。中华传统文 化的一大特色是有归纳法，可是没有推演法。其中归纳法的来源是什么？“易者象也”，“圣 人立象以尽意”，“取象比类”，“观物取象”。都是贯穿《易经》的精神。都是归纳法， 是向上求整体“象”的方法。
近代科学的思维方法不同；见下图：
近代科学
归纳与推演都是近代科学中不可缺少的思维方法。为说明此点让我们看一下 Maxwell （1831-1879）创建 Maxwell 方程的历史。】 ——引自《杨振宁 :《易经》对中华文化的影响》
三、事实上，这种“自由意志”已经为 2022 年诺贝尔物理学奖三 位大科学家用实验证明
“当一个人体、表象不存在的时候，那么他们会存在其他的世界中，而是以游离的情况 出现的。死亡后，有人说有幽灵和灵魂，这其实就是一种粒子，微小的物资。“好比，我有这 个思想的时候，那么在某个地方，同样有这种思想的人存在。”神学，就是人可以超度，粒子 可以借用他人的肉体，借用肉体的信息（也是一种粒子）指导行为，继续运行。”……“人 的生产方式是变了的，可是人的生活方式没变，依然要吃饭睡觉运动等等。有一个奇怪的现 象，长相、个性也会隔代遗传，为什么？有人说是基因的原因，有了量子力学纠缠后，我们或 许可以理解为，其实生命没有死去，而是换了一种存在的方式，只是肉眼看不到。在经过一 段时间运动后，粒子又会依附于生物，变成有形的东西，周而复始。”- 引自《量子力学：人 不会死去，人本身就不存在，人来自个人定义》——这样去认识人生和死亡、物质与意识、
灵魂和肉体、唯物和唯心……已经毫无意义！面对人工智能神与人类，大科学家内心深处隐 瞒着上帝的灵感智慧造福人类就够了 - 这样的大科学家只有第一个、永远没有第二个，像牛 顿、爱因斯坦、乔布斯、山姆 . 奥特曼等等……任何人无法、永远无法模仿、更不可能超越！
上帝说：这是人类精英、永远无法超越的人与神……
笛卡尔说：“只要我们在科学里除了直到现在已有的那些根据以外，还找不出别的的 根据，那么我们就有理由普遍怀疑一切，特别是物质性的东西。”
让愚蠢人们编造的唯物唯心阶级斗争控制人（类）科学见鬼去吧！
四、笛卡尔看蜘蛛结网梦解析几何认为头上三尺有上帝神灵
勒内·笛卡尔（René Descartes ，1596 年 3 月 31 日 –1650 年 2 月 11 日），1596 年 3 月 31 日生于法国安德尔 – 卢瓦尔省的图赖讷（现笛卡尔，因笛卡尔得名），1650 年 2 月 11 日逝于瑞典斯德哥尔摩，法国哲学家、数学家、物理学家。他对现代数学的发展作出了重要 的贡献，由于他的几何坐标系的公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。
一天，笛卡尔偶有点小恙，不愿意动弹躺在床上百无聊赖，看天花板，茫然无奈时，突然 看到墙角旮旯，有一个蜘蛛在天棚墙角跳来跳去，时而停下、时而到棚顶在一根根蛛丝的三 维（两墙与一顶）空间坠下，又奇迹飘上去，没有多久就结下一张网，悬在墙角旮旯三维空 间上……
看墙角就是一个点射出三个无限大的角面积，仿佛三条无形的射线延伸，竟是一个神奇 坐标系……笛卡尔立刻来了精神头，爬起来用笔画了起来，就这样诞生了解析几何……也就 是说，拓扑学离不开笛卡尔看蜘蛛“动”性几何思维，在整合量子力学计算时，是“动性” 拓扑主导？还是看不见的“上帝”主导？还是蜘蛛“动性”量子纠缠主导！？这是未来的 一个谜！
从笛卡尔的蜘蛛“动”性思维发现创造解析几何看，笛卡尔感觉道蜘蛛后面有上帝。 于是，上帝是笛卡尔第一哲学中心范畴；认为上帝不仅仅是宇宙之根、世界之根、生命之 根……所以人类要想真正认识这个世界、认识并发现科学理论、认识自己、必须首先要认识 上帝、用理性的方法证明上帝的存在和灵魂不死，去进一步信仰上帝！
科学理论、特别是经典科学理论必然或多或少出现笛卡尔坐标系二元论，出现造物主 “缺口”，这是人类科学历史认识必然产生的自然哲学的科学原理二元现象。因为一物有 一物的法则，人类不可能同时看到。所以自古希腊柏拉图以来一直到 21 世纪，每一个经典 科学理论发现的科学巨擘、大师都是相信上帝存在和上帝的佑护！
特别是笛卡尔有过三次上帝启迪梦境……
五、1619 年 11 月 10 深夜笛卡尔做的三个梦
一夜三梦”发生在 1619 年 11 月 10 日深夜。 第一个梦
一开始看见了几个幽灵，他受到了惊吓，接着，他又觉得自己仿佛在大街上行走，突然感 到右半边的身子发软，他奋力挣扎着要直立起来，却仿佛被一股外力推得到处乱跑。笛卡尔 被惊醒了，他觉得非常痛苦，仿佛是在被什么恶魔所驱使，而前往他不愿意去的地方。于是， 他开始虔诚地祷告，祈求上帝原谅他的罪恶，并给他力量。
第二个梦
不久，笛卡尔又睡着了，他再次进入了梦境。这次梦境发生了转变，他被一阵狂风刮到 了一间黑暗的木屋，突然出现闪电，接着周围全是火花。笛卡尔再次被惊醒，睁开眼睛，只见 房中一片宁静，于是他又慢慢地睡去。
笛卡尔又做了第三个梦，与前两次梦不同的是，这个梦温和而令人愉快：
他在梦里先是拿着字典，后来在一本他钟爱的诗集中读到“我将追求什么样的生活道 路 ?”这样的句子。更为有趣的是，在醒来之前，他自己对梦进行了分析。他当时分析是， 那本字典是指结合在一起的各门科学。而诗集则更清楚地标志着哲学和智慧的统一。
六、笛卡尔“一夜三梦”的启示
在梦境中，笛卡尔等到自然醒来后，笛卡尔又遵循着同样的思路继续对梦进行解析 : 第 一个梦提醒他过去的错误 , 第二个梦暗示真理降临其身，第三个梦则预示着未来，为他开辟 通向真正的知识的道路。从此，笛卡尔自觉“天降大任于斯人”，认为他的使命是去建立一 门崭新的科学。
创立学说需要智慧，也需要莫大的勇气。毫无疑问，苗卡尔不缺乏智慧，他只需要勇气 的支持。而“一夜三梦”则为笛卡尔增强了创立新学说的信心。
笛卡尔认为“上帝赐予了每个人用于分辨是非的智慧之光。”
则“用我一生的时间来完善我的理性。尽我所能的遵循我所拟定的原则，探寻真理之 路的奇奇葩。而我从中得到的，将是令人难以置信的无比甜蜜和纯洁的快乐。”笛卡尔的 种种快娱、知识与善的关系，完全和先哲苏格拉底的名言“美德即知识”有异曲同工之妙…… 可见笛卡尔受古希腊哲学大师深刻影响非同一般！……
七、西格蒙德·弗洛伊德解梦理论与解析
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud ，1856 年 5 月 6 日—1939 年 9 月 23 日），奥地利 精神病医师、心理学家、精神分析学派创始人。1873 年入维也纳大学医学院学习，1881 年 获医学博士学位。1882—1885 年在维也纳综合医院担任医师，从事脑解剖和病理学研究。 然后私人开业治疗精神病。1895 年正式提出精神分析的概念。1899 年出版《梦的解析》， 被认为是精神分析心理学的正式形成。1919 年成立国际精神分析学会，标志着精神分析学 派最终形成。1930 年被授予歌德奖。1936 年成为英国皇家学会会员。1938 年奥地利被德 国侵占，赴英国避难，次年于伦敦逝世。他开创了潜意识研究的新领域，促进了动力心理学、 人格心理学和变态心理学的发展，奠定了现代医学模式的新基础，为 20 世纪西方人文学科 提供了重要理论支柱。
影响思想和行动的很多因素存在于意识之外，正常的和异常的行动都包含了潜意识的 作用。现在脱胎于过去，这是西格蒙德·弗洛伊德精神分析理论的核心。可见冲动（我们这 里主要讨论的是创新冲动，发现科学理论的冲动）是鉴于心理的要求，由体内迸发的一种现 象。费洛伊德把心理作用比作一种装置。正是我们给感觉、思维、感情、反应、观念以物性的 理由。装置是物性的，没有虚无飘渺的装置（唯心成分）。费洛伊德的心理学基点是追求 快乐，是一种普遍的本能的欲望……
这和 300 年前笛卡尔的“心灵与身体的关系”、“关于外部事物存在的证明”、“灵 魂的激情”等等……论述不谋而合 - 我们不管兴趣是什么、爱是什么？只要兴趣、爱好是一 种欲望就够了！我们不是迷信费洛伊德“欲望的满足”，也不是迷信笛卡尔的二元论！可 现代科学正在证明这些是自然真实的存在。美国衣阿华大学医学院神经部主任特玛西奥教 授，用大脑医学实践证明。他强调说： “善于意识的本质弗洛伊德的观点与现代最尖瑞的 神经科学的见解是一致的”，同样也适合笛卡尔的人类哲学。
弗洛伊德是心理学领域的巨匠之一，他的梦境解析理论对于人类的心理发展和治疗有 着重要的意义。在弗洛伊德看来，梦是人类内心的一种表达方式，梦境所包含的信息和象征 意义都是可以被解读的。弗洛伊德的梦境解析理论《梦的解析》、《性学三论》等……
一）、梦的本质
梦是人类精神活动的一种表现形式，它是由潜意识所控制的。在梦中，人们可以体验到
一些现实生活中无法感受到的情感和体验，这些体验往往是受到了潜意识的影响。弗洛伊 德认为，梦境中的内容往往是受到了人类内心深处的欲望和冲动的影响，这些欲望和冲动在 现实生活中可能被抑制，但在梦境中得以释放。
二）、梦的象征意义
梦境中所呈现的内容往往并不是字面上的含义，而是具有象征意义的符号。弗洛伊德 认为，这些符号可以被解读，并且能够揭示出人类内心深处的欲望和冲动。例如，梦中出现 的蛇可以被解读为性的象征，而梦中的水则可以被解读为情感的象征。通过分析梦中的符 号，人们可以更好地理解自己内心的需求和欲望。
三）、梦的功能
弗洛伊德认为，梦境有着重要的功能，它能够帮助人类消化一些无法处理的情感和体 验。在现实生活中，人们可能无法直接面对某些情感和体验，但在梦境中，这些情感和体验 得以释放和消化。此外，梦境还可以帮助人们解决一些现实生活中的问题，例如，当人们遇 到困境时，梦境中可能会出现一些解决问题的线索。
四）、梦的解析
梦的解析是指对梦境中的符号和象征进行解读的过程。弗洛伊德提出了一系列的解析 方法，例如自由联想法、梦的日记法等。通过这些解析方法，人们可以更好地理解自己内心 的欲望和冲动，从而更好地应对现实生活中的问题。
八、从笛卡尔二元论看科学与自然上帝同在
笛卡儿方法论体系分为三个部分：①“形而上学”，即认识论和本体论；②“物理学”， 即自然哲学；③各门科学，主要是医学、力学和伦理学；笛卡尔用大树比喻自己的理论《世 界》，说“形而上学”比作一棵树的根，把“物理学”比作树干，把各门科学比作树枝，以此 表明哲学的重要地位……最重要的是果实是在树枝上结出的，以表明科学的重要意义—— 表述科学是全人类的动能与发展本质！
事实上，大树的比喻 对哥白尼和伽利略元典太离经叛道，不足以“表述科学是全人类 的动能与发展本质”……
事实上，形而上学并不是笛卡尔自己的定义，完全是唯物主义诠释的说词。 什么是形而上学？
形而上学是指对世界本质的研究，即研究一切存在者，一切现象（尤其指抽象概念）的 原因及本源。最早由亚里士多德所构建，称其为“第一哲学”、“第一科学”。
形而上学，是原始哲学的一个门类，指对在无法用经验证据证明的情况下，对世界本质 的猜测。最初是研究“存在”的本体论体系，其理论原则是柏拉图的“世界二重化”—— 其实笛卡尔的“二元论”才表达了古希腊柏拉图到亚里士多德“世界二重化”的本质，因 为笛卡尔最早是要完成《世界》包容世界宇宙的含《天体运行论》与《托勒密与哥白尼两 个同学的对话》科学元典丰富多彩的科学理论，由于法国教皇势力的把压而没随已愿，只得 在晚年分别以“物理学”、“方法论”、“天赋观念论”、“关于上帝存在的证明”、“关 于外部事物存在的证明”、“论世界”多理论集合留世形成笛卡尔二元论哲学——笛卡尔 二元论本质就是科学“自由意志”和上帝同在；实现柏拉图与亚里士多德毕达哥拉斯学派 形成的古希腊自然生态系统：一部 6000 年世界性改写唯物主义之物质与意识、彰显人文主 义“自由意志”，一直到未来世纪确立量子纠缠、肉体与灵魂统一的《世界》大部头著作。
可惜后人没有这样理解！……
今天，2022 年诺贝尔物理学奖经典“自由意志”和笛卡尔的人类哲学，对科学发现的 历史要义与作用已经深入人心；只需要全人类去实践一部世纪性宇宙大爆炸种性自然系统 学派诠释的实践而去实现智能世纪伟大宣言的践行吧！
第二十一章 马斯克移民火星外星人来过地球？
一、中国天眼也宣布要找，科学家：他们可能已找到人类 - 网络
地外生命存在吗？
在科学中，对于地外生命来说，我们似乎真的是还没有一点成果出现，因为我们还没有 找到一个关于地外生命存在的有利证据。根据 METI 国际会议科学家表示，尽管我们在数 十年之中，寻找生命没有获得实在的证据，但是他们的存在可能性非常的高，并且外星人或 者地外生命可能已经在我们没有意识的情况下找到了人类。
而就有科学家们声称，有智慧的生物在“银河动物园”中静静地看着人类。所以说部 分科学家是认为外星人或者其他地外生命可能已经找到了人类，而并没有与我们进行接 触，科学家说这可能是因为他们藏匿了。据福布斯报道，来自各个学科的科学家聚集在科学 与工业科学博物馆，虽然这是令人不安的想法，但有些人认为外星观察者一直都在那里，而 我们没有意识到这一点。
所以说一些科学家说，人类可能还没有找到外星生命的证据，但这并不意味着他们没有 找到我们。根据美国宇航局（NASA）专家表示，我们将在 20 年内找到外星生命，所以说 我们是越来越相信地外生命的存在，当然也存在一部分不相信的，整体上来说，存在的概率 是大于不存在的概率，如果只有地球存在生命，是不是可能就太孤独了。
当然，我们还是那句话，如果地外真的存在生命，那么地外生命的基础可能与人类是不 一样的，也许他们的存在并不是需要氧气，水等让地球生命赖以生存的物质，而是需要其他 物质来进行维持，所以说我们也是很难发现的，如今我们探索的方式主要就是以地球生命的 基础元素为主，所以这还是存在一定的差异性的。局限性稍微有点大。
在地球上，我们也时常看到一些不明飞行物或者常说的 UFO
有不少的科学爱好者在内，都是怀疑这可能是来自地外生命或者外星人提供的，因为这 些不明物体出现的时间和反应速率是人类科学无法达到的，所以很多人并没有留下什么证 据来进行分析，都是拍摄的照片和视频为主，并且都是相对比较模糊，缺乏说服性的，这依然 就成为未解之谜。
当然说到外星人的事情，我不得不说又想起了著名学者霍金，早期的时候霍金也在一次 演讲中，警告人类不要与外星人接触，而如今人类是大力的推进对外星人的发现，所以说看 来人类对霍金的警告无效，找到外星人可能才是我们最希望的。并且在 2018 年年底，我国 的“天眼”也宣布了加入寻找地外生命的证据，并且根据科学报告显示，中国“天眼”能接 收到 137 亿光年以外的电磁信号，观测范围可到达宇宙的边缘，所以说外星人是无处可逃 的，只要存在基本上可以探测到。就看未来“中国天眼”是否能够在寻找地外生命上是否 有所突破，也许真的存在我们说的“外星人”或者是地外生命是可能的。
这个真相终于公布 : 地球，或许是外星文明的监狱！
三、美国西方公布更多外星人消息
有图有真相！为你揭开全球最真实的外星人面目！ 英国游客在巴西雨林中拍到疑似外星人视频
2011 年 10 月，两名英国游客在巴西雨林游玩的时候，拍摄一群孩子玩耍的画面，然而 随后，他们在录像中惊奇地发现了“外星人”的身影。
英国游客在巴西雨林中拍到疑似外星人视频
在录像画面的背景中，人们能够清晰地看到一个奇怪生物的轮廓。它的头和眼睛都很 大，手臂很长，它弓着背躲在一棵树的后面。
而在画面的右上角还有一处诡异的明亮光源，似乎和这个生物的出现有着某种联系。 英国游客拍到“外星人”影像的消息一出，立刻引发人们的极大兴趣。
德国战后去纳粹化其实是失败的
[ 摘要 ] 盟军的去纳粹化程序是设计拙劣的、不成功的尝试，没有能够让德国人正确面 对他们个人在纳粹罪行中的罪责，甚至为犯人的平反铺平了道路。
按语
最近，希特勒自传《我的奋斗》在德出版一事在网络上引发了广泛的注意和讨论，这是 二战结束以来，该书第一次在德国合法出版。而这也将我们再次拖回那个梦魇式的问题： 究竟怎样理解希特勒在历史上的存在？真的有这样一幅容易明白而又可以认真接受的希特 勒画像吗？
沃格林自身就是侥幸从纳粹政权中逃脱的哲学家，也是我们这个时代少有的直面现代 性问题深处灵魂的疾病的哲学家。1964 年，他回到慕尼黑大学做了关于“希特勒与德国人” 的系列讲座，直言不讳地质疑德国人是否已经充分地反省了他们的纳粹历史并经历了精神 上的革命。
在沃格林看来，要理解希特勒，就必须充分考虑那 7000 万服从和参与的普通德国人。 在当时流行的极权主义理论中，个体被描述成专制机器捕捉和控制的对象，德国人民是希特 勒的牺牲品。而“越是把希特勒妖魔化为蛊惑德国人心的诱惑者，他们对于国家社会主义 政体的确立和运行所负的个体责任就越是滑到背景中去”，希特勒就越像是德国人的一个 借口。
我们由于日本的战后形象在前，德国通常被视为战后反省的榜样。而《希特勒与德国人》 一书将会带给我们一些新的观察视角和理解路径。下文节选自该书的《英译者编者导言》， 它告诉我们，德国战后的去纳粹化实际上是失败的。标题为小编所拟。
检书 01|推荐编辑：胡子华
《希特勒与德国人》埃里克·沃格林著 张新樟译上海三联书店 2015.8
德国战后的去纳粹化是如何失败的？ Detlev Clemens
自 1943 年起，反希特勒盟国就已经约定，一旦德国在军事上战败， “希特勒的死党 和德国佬”就必须受到审判，让他们为战争罪行负责。纳粹头领们必须予以拘禁，整个 德国民族必须明白是他们自己给他们的国家带来了混乱和灾难。最后，要消除一切国家 社会主义的痕迹，对公共部门和所有纳粹党活跃分子经营的重要公司进行“去纳粹化” （denazification），对德国人民进行民主的再教育。
然而，到了 1949 年 5 月西德联邦共和国成立，进一步的战犯控诉和去纳粹化的责任转 移给德国当局之后，盟国不得不承认，他们对德国人进行去纳粹化的最初目标由于不可避免 的法律和政治问题没有得到实现。
针对主要战犯的纽伦堡审判（Nurembergtrails）表明，通过普通的刑法没有办法有效地 指控那些阿伦特（HannahArendt）所谓的“行政性大屠杀”——那些由不负责任的国家当 局组织实施或代表其组织实施的恶性罪行。后来，对于纳粹罪行的许多审判都印证了这一 洞见，沃格林也对此进行了广泛的探讨。在纽伦堡审判中，只有依据界定模糊的“破坏和平” 和“发动侵略战争”这样的罪行才有可能对主要战犯定罪，而当时这类罪行缺乏没有争议 的国际法依据，从而可能引起是否违反了“不根据法律不得惩罚”（nullapoenasinelege）这 一法律原则的疑虑。
虽然盟国曾谨慎地避免胜者为正义者的印象，但是这些审判在某种程度上还是给德国 人留下不太好的心理影响。但有一点是确定的，那就是，审判中所揭露出来的暴行的详细证 据，让德国人从国家社会主义幻想中猛然醒悟，使纳粹统治最后丧失了合法性。还有一点是 确定的，那就是，1946 年绝大多数受访的德国人认为纽伦堡审判是正当的、公平的。由于 少数高级纳粹分子对战争罪负主要责任，广大德国人在战前普遍丧失政治、道德和伦理敏感 性的问题，他们的服从意愿和他们对罪行的参与，都没有成为问题。罪责可以加在纳粹精英 身上，普通的德国人可以感到无罪。
但是，没有罪疚感就不可能有成功的再教育，出于同样的理由，去纳粹化也是失败的。 在公共部门中清除所有前纳粹官员，说起来容易，实行起来难。对于盟国而言，要想在德国 人中间通过大众问卷和去纳粹化法庭来区分主犯、罪犯、轻犯、从犯、无辜者，这需要德国人 自己的意愿以及他们自我批判的合作。他们没有这样做，相反，他们对于大众调查和拘留的 反应是“一律开脱罪责的团结”。在整肃纳粹法庭上被判“无罪”、并且彼此帮助获得洗 白凭证——这种凭证被讽刺性地叫做“去纳粹化证明”（PersilScheine），取名于一种知名 的肥皂粉牌子——是恢复日常工作所必须的，因而也是回到市民社会的一个前提条件。于 是，说谎、跟风和机会主义再次成为常态，成为政治翻身的保证。因此，甚至那些愿意认为纳 粹应当为其罪行负责的人、那些愿意合作的人，也都认为整肃纳粹的程序是不成功的，而且 首先是不公平的。
确实，除了存在严重的组织问题，对纳粹的整肃还受到四个占领国之间的明显分歧的影 响。四国在各自的占领区内对于去纳粹化的一般概念、具体目标的界定以及执行力度各方 面都大不相同。而且，苏联和美国占领区的做法是一律解雇纳粹党员公职，西方占领区的做 法则是依据法律上可疑的“受控者必须自我证明无罪的原则”，强制调查所有 18 岁以上人 员，这两种做法都激起了德国人受到不公正对待的感觉。
这些措施可以视为源于德国人“集体罪责”（Kollektivschuld）的假设，所有的德国人， 无论是好是坏，都被怀疑亲自为一个犯罪和谋杀的系统出力。然而，由于大多数德国人排斥 无效和不公平的去纳粹化，认为集体罪责过于不分青红皂白，因此他们也掩盖了一个潜在的 事实，即，德国国家社会主义政权犯下的罪行，确实要求每一个德国人都要检验自己的良心。
那些在调查和审判中被宣布已经去纳粹化的人，相当于获得了未参与过纳粹罪行的准 官方的确认。总而言之，盟军的去纳粹化程序是设计拙劣的、不成功的尝试，没有能够让德 国人正确面对他们个人在纳粹罪行中的罪责，甚至为犯人的平反铺平了道路。这对于德国 人来说一直是一个很受伤的、没有结果的经历，这让他们对于自己在第三帝国中的经历保持 长久的沉默、压抑和不诚实。
那些德国的杰出人士——思想家、作家、电影制片人——把第三帝国的失败和垮台视为 “零点”（zerohour），一个重新建设在政治上和道德上焕然一新的德国的特别机遇，但是 事实上，去纳粹化程序的结果与这一期望背道而驰。他们认为，作为个体的德国人对于他们 自己的非人性和残暴的自我检讨乃是重建德国的前提。
出版家尤根·科贡（EugenKogon），布痕瓦尔德（Buchenwald）集中营的幸存者，把他 那本描写党卫军在集中营的暴行事实的书理解为“一面‘看这个人’（eccehomo）的镜子…… 不仅照出了一些魔鬼，而且也照见了你和我，我们也屈服于那些创造了这个体系的人所屈服 的那个邪灵。”思达特（WolfgangStaudte）1946 年的那部著名影片以这样的标题提醒德国人： “谋杀者就在我们中间”。666666
雅思贝尔斯（KarlJaspers）于 1946 年对德国人集体罪责的驳斥，只是部分地为德国人 对来自国外的指控作辩护，其主要意图是要指出，需要处理的不是抽象的“德国人的罪”， 而是每个个体的德国人在刑法、政治或道德上的罪。因此，他呼吁仅仅通过社会中的个人， 实现一种“无条件的自我检讨”和“内心的转变”。在雅思贝尔斯看来，灵魂的净化， “不 断地成为自我”（continuousbecomingofoneself），乃是在灾难性的专制经历之后实现个人 和政治自由的前提条件。
在同一年，阿伦特从另外一个角度涉及到这个问题，她这样问，如果一个人无法把清白 者和无名英雄从罪犯和大屠杀刽子手中区分出来，仍然被迫紧邻他们居住，那么对于德国社 会来说，后果是什么？
这正是 20 年后沃格林系列讲座的核心教训之一：对于自己的历史的接受、个人对于自 己以德国人民的名义所犯罪行无情的自我批判，乃是建设一个没有相互猜疑和不信任的真 正自由、民主的社会的前提条件。唯有这样的社会才能唤起决心，去宣布那些犯罪或煽动犯
罪的人的罪责，从而印证雅思贝尔斯所说的话，罪责总是个体的，从来都不是集体的，哪怕它 覆盖了相当大的一部分人民。人们甚至可以问，在雅思贝尔斯看来，是不是因为德国人拒绝 从各个不同的层面公开处理个体的罪责问题，才使得把国家社会主义者的罪行的集体罪责 加在他们身上成为可能。
尽管战后上百万人的迁移和位置变动使得许多犯人和恐怖政权的支持者获得了新的身 份，从而逃脱了个人涉罪的责任，但是至少在当地的处境中，每一个人都知道谁曾是“百分 之百的纳粹分子”，谁是知情者与合作者。然而，德国人没有揭发他们，把他们告到盟军那 里，或者后来告到德国当局那里——这样做会对他们自己在专制政权下的行为提出致命的 质疑——于是集体沉默成为德国人对待彼此的纳粹经历的主导态度。
原因可以是多方面的：由于连年的战争和囚禁所导致的很深的创伤；去纳粹化程序无 效乃至不公平的印象；对战后困境中自身生存的关注；长久坚持并得到国家认可的信念及 其可怕后果的突然暴露；幻想的破灭，对未来的恐惧，以及为更好的未来而工作的决心；再 后来，是对德国当局不愿追究前纳粹官员、让他们官复原职感到沮丧。所有这些原因都使得 德国人在“瓦砾的岁月里”——其中“把握现在”是一个身体的而非精神的问题——采取 不关心政治的态度，避免公开讨论个人对于纳粹罪行的罪责问题。
这种复杂的体验使得德国人在面对他们的纳粹往事时产生震惊、失语、言行上的忏悔、 甚至于压抑的反应，也会对任何去纳粹化的企图产生厚颜无耻的机会主义以及雅思贝尔斯 所谓的“咄咄逼人的沉默”的反应。毕竟，在 1945 年和 1946 年，大部分德国人都认为国家 社会主义是一个好的理想，只不过被执行坏了，直到 1950 年代，人们还是广泛地认为，要不 是战争的话，希特勒也许会成为德国历史上最伟大的政治家之一。
检书烧烛短，看剑引杯长。读书在今天可以变得更便利，但不会变得更轻松。为增广智 识的读书，不妨给自己加一点点难度。
地球已被暗物质保护 是外星人设置的“结界”？
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-17 14:53:14
作者： 来源： 科技讯 编辑： 翟静
美国航空航天局(NASA) 的科学家最新研究发现，在地球周围发现暗物质形成的长矛， 每根长度可达 300 万公里，保护着地球。这些究竟是天然形成的? 还是外星人放置保护地 球的屏障 ?
据美国宇航局的消息，航空航天局喷气动力实验室的科学家盖瑞 . 普利兹奥提出，暗物 质存在一种长纤维结构，简称为 [ 暗物质毛 ]，它们分布在地球周围
宇宙外星人大揭秘：英国曾公开 UFO 绝密档案照 http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-16 10:25:30
迄今一共发布了 1998 年至 2007 年共计 9 个年度的 UFO 报告。这些报告均为 PDF 格 式文件，打开后是一个表格，分“目击时间”、“目击地点”、“观察者”和“简要描述”等。
式文件，打开后是一个表格，分“目击时间”、“目击地点”、“观察者”和“简要描 述”等。
中国古代 UFO 历史 苏东坡亲眼目睹
小怪兽呜呜 | 发表时间 2016-01-15 18:09
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据说那是在三国时期的吴国，一群玩耍的小孩中出现一个地身高四尺，身穿蓝衣，长相 很怪异的孩子。这个蓝衣孩子对其他小孩说，自己是火星人，因为看地球上的孩子玩得开 心，所以才下来看看他们。还说将来天下要归司马氏所有。
“是时江月初生魄，二更月落天深黑。江心似有炬火明，飞焰照山栖鸟惊。怅然归卧心 莫识，非鬼非人竟何物？ ”（苏东坡《游金山寺》）不是鬼不是人究竟是何物？不说苏东 坡当时夜游镇江的金山寺时，在月黑星稀的二更，忽见江中亮起一团火的奇遇深感迷惑，今 人也是迷惑的。因为这样的景观今人看了还是无法给出准确的答案，而仍是猜测这样的不 明物可能为 UFO，即外星人。
点悬而未解的外星人之谜
外星人之谜是当今世界的热门话题，其是否存在、究竟是什么样子等争执从来没尘埃落 定过，但是从古自今，对那些被今人视为 UFO 的不明物，古籍、书画中有颇多记载。
比如清代画家吴友如约作于 1892 年（光绪十八年）的画作《赤焰腾空》，就被人们认 为是一篇详细生动的 UFO 目击报告。《赤焰腾空》的画面上绘有许多身着长袍马褂的市 民聚集在南京点击查看南京及更多城市天气预报朱雀桥头，仰望空中一团火球。
苏东坡曾遭遇外星人？
吴友如在画面上方落款写到：“九月二十八日，晚间八点钟时，金陵（今南京市）城南， 偶忽见火毯（即球）一团，自西向东，型如巨卵，色红而无光，飘荡半空，其行甚缓。维时浮 云蔽空，天色昏暗。举头仰视，甚觉分明，立朱雀桥上，翘首踮足者不下数百人。约一炊许渐 远渐减。有谓流星过境者，然星之驰也，瞬息即杳。此球自近而远，自有而无，甚属濡滞，则 非星驰可知。有谓儿童放天灯者，是夜风暴向北吹，此球转向东去，则非天登又可知。众口 纷纷，穷于推测。有一叟云，是物初起时微觉有声，非静听不觉也，系由南门外腾越而来者。 嘻，异矣！”
重磅消息！火星惊现背着书包的小外星人
2016-01-15 14:53 来源：UFO 探索网 我有话说
2016-01-15 14:53:29 来源：UFO 探索网作者：责任编辑：王焕君
据外媒报道，国外 UFO 探索者最近在 NASA 发布的火星照片中，赫然发现一个背着书 包的小外星人。从照片中可以看出，这个外星人的身体向前倾斜，背上的包和整个躯干差不 多大，就像人类的小学生背着一个大书包。难道是在故意躲避好奇号火星车的镜头 ? 避免 人类发现，迅速跑开 ?
从照片中可以看出，这个外星人的身体向前倾斜
还有一种可能性是，这个外星人在躲避某种致命性的灾难，但是他没有躲避过去，被瞬 间石化，最终保持这个奔跑状态。
还有一种可能性是，这个外星人在躲避某种致命性的灾难
颠覆宇宙观：神秘的引力波终于找到了！ 来源：环球网 2016-01-13 13:08
爱因斯坦在相对论中提出了众多理论，已经逐一得到了验证，但是广义相对论中的引力 波 ( 重力波 /Gravitational wave) 却一直是个谜，科学家为了发现它穷尽了精力。
现在，曙光终于出现了！据香港《文汇报》报道，美国亚利桑那州立大学收到可靠证据 称，美国的激光干涉引力波观测站 (LIGO) 已经成功侦测引力波！
目前，LIGO 研究团队正收集数据，撰写报告，不日就将公布这一惊人发现。
若传闻属实，广义相对论里这一最重要的预测在提出整整 100 年后将得以证实，让人类 可以进一步揭开宇宙奥秘，成为宇宙暴胀和大爆炸理论的强烈证据，大大促进人类宇宙观的 发展。
爱因斯坦在广义相对论提出，物质在时空中运动时，附近的曲率会随之改变。如果是 大质量物体运动，例如两个黑洞碰撞，所产生的曲率变化会像波一样向外传播，导致时空压 缩、伸展，这就是引力波。
引力波现象是广义相对论的局域洛伦兹共变性的结果之一，因为它限制了相互作用的 传播速度。相反，牛顿引力理论中的相互作用都以无限的速度传播，所以在这一理论下并不 存在引力波。
理论上可以被探测到的引力波射源包括由白矮星、中子星或黑洞组成的联星系统，不过 引力波的能量极其微弱，传到地球时已经几乎消失，再加上地球上的各种通信干扰来源众 多，要在找到引力波的踪影，比大海捞针还要难得多。
LIGO 团队在美国首都华盛顿及路易斯安那州各安装了一块巨型镜片，再发射激光，让 光束在两块镜片之间往来穿梭，进而检测光束内的信号干扰，藉此寻找引力波。
在此之前，科学家已通过各种间接方法发现了引力波的证据。例如，拉塞尔·赫尔斯和 约瑟夫·泰勒发现赫尔斯－泰勒脉冲双星在互相公转时逐渐靠近，这为引力波的存在提供了 证据，两人因这项发现于 1993 年获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。
2014 年 3 月 17 日，哈佛－史密松天体物理中心的天文学家宣布利用 BICEP2 探测器在 宇宙微波背景中观测到引力波的效应，但在后来的分析验证中发现无法排除星际尘埃的可 能。
引力波——时空的波纹（示意图）
宇宙历史：根据推测，大爆炸刚发生后的超光速暴涨过程产生了引力波
双星系统绕质心运动的示意图：牛顿力学中这个轨道总是稳定的，但在相对论力学下 引力辐射会造成轨道的缓慢收缩
线性偏振引力波
激光干涉空间天线示意图
霍金新定义：丢失信息或存储在另一宇宙
导读：有关宇宙的信息我们现在所知道的全是可补充的，随着我们对宇宙的更深层次 的认知在不断的补充中，如在 2015 年 3 月，斯蒂芬·霍金就对黑洞理论进行了修改，近日又 有了新定论，丢失的信息或储存在另一个宇宙。
霍金宣称黑洞实际上是“灰色的”。新“灰洞”理论称，物质和能量被黑洞困住一段 时间后，又会被重新释放到宇宙中。
在 2015 年 8 月，霍金还指出，黑洞并非“永恒的牢笼”，某些信息会以不同的形式释放 出来，但某些信息可能依然在黑洞内无法逃逸。
美国防曝光：神秘 UFO 来访地球
小轩 | 发表时间 2016-01-13 11:47
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目前据英国宇航局报道，美国 国土 安全 部意外拍到 UFO 时速 200 千米还能一分为二 事件今天就此的揭晓，神秘 UFO 造访世界。
美国国土安全局拍摄到的画面：
美国国土安全局拍摄到的画面
美国国土资源机意外拍摄到一段疑似 UFO 的视频，一个神秘飞行物自海中快速飞出， 最后一分为二。该视频为美国国土安全部派出的飞机所拍摄到的，时长约 4 分钟。我们一 起看看到底真假那 ?
美国国土资源机意外拍摄到一段疑似 UFO 的视频
地球末日论再引恐慌：外星人将入侵？ (2)
每天都有无数星体在靠近地球，科学界部分理论认为，地球 5 次生物大灭绝事件皆因大 陨石撞地球。其中包括 6500 万年前的恐龙灭绝和二叠纪生物大灭绝。
4. 气候变化
一些研究警告称，由人类活动或自然环境引发的气候突变或将打破地球的微妙平衡，使 大气中的有毒气体浓度提高，直至人类无法呼吸的水
霍金警告世人 :20 年后机器人向人类宣战
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-14 15:39:26
作者： 来源： UFO 探索网 编辑： 罗琳
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猫头鹰性感“撩裙”似 玛丽莲梦露 |
智能时代 : 运动文胸 实 时记录健康数据 |
・ 湖南一公司年终奖发 13 台 奥迪 网友 : 还招人不 ( 图 ) ・ 清东陵被盗后面目全非： 慈禧尸体全身长满白毛 ・ 上海迪士尼 6 月 16 日正式 开园 部分景点曝光 ・ 湖北省七姊妹山 国家级自 然保护区里的冰雪“烈焰” ・ 男子 10 年前爱上光脚走路 从此成“赤脚大仙”( 图 ) ・ 年底家人急催婚 大龄女街 头扮芈月寻觅如意郎君 |
关于人类与机器人之间的竞争 , 笔者认为机器已经大规模、快速进入了人类社会 , 电脑 也是一种机器 , 只是它不具备人工智能 , 没有这些机器人类完全无法生存下去。从大规模 集成电路开发到现在也仅仅数十年的时间 , 所有人都离不开手机 , 没有机器的支持生活似 乎没有了着落。那么机器与人类之间何时到达一个平衡点 , 计算机专家勒德曼认为 20 年 后这个平衡就来了 , 每年人类制造出的机器与全球新生儿的数量是一致的。
这个临界点在 2040 年代到来 , 届时每天有大约 35 万名婴儿出生 , 机器也将以这个速 度诞生 , 尤其是在军事领域 , 无人机、无人地面车辆、遥控潜水器等都是机器界的代表。
机器人
这个平衡过后 , 机器每年诞生的数量将超过人类的新生儿 , 这一天之后地球应该说进 入了机器时代 , 那么机器人与人类 , 谁才是这个星球的统治者 ?
月面发现阿波罗登月时期火箭残骸：已时隔 43 年 来源：中国江苏网 2016-01-12 11:10
新浪科技讯北京时间 1 月 12 日消息，据美国太空网报道，上世纪 60 年代，美国实施阿 波罗登月计划，首次将人类宇航员送上月球表面并安全返回地球，创造了人类航天史上的巅 峰时刻。
而为了实现将宇航员送上月球表面的目的，美国研制了迄今威力最大的运载火箭—— 土星 -5 号。时隔 43 年之后，近日一艘美国飞船在月球表面识别出了当年坠落在月球表面 的火箭推进器残骸，让人有恍若隔世之感。
美国宇航局正在月球轨道飞行的“月球勘测轨道器”(LRO) 近日在月球表面识别出了 1972 年4 月份执行“阿波罗-16”登月任务所使用的火箭残骸坠落月球表面时留下的撞击坑。
这个撞击坑直径约 40 米，位于月球表面上的岛海 (Mare Insularum) 区域，大致位于哥白 尼陨坑西南 260 公里处。前者是月球表面上非常显眼的一处地标性景物。
这一位置坠落的残骸应该是属于S-IVB 段，这是运载登月宇航员的巨型火箭“土星5 号” 的第三级。从 1970 年发射升空的阿波罗 -13 任务开始，S-IVB 段会被故意用于撞击月面。
因为在此之前的几次阿波罗登月任务期间，宇航员已经在月面上安装了月震仪，因此这样的 撞击将能够产生人工月震，从而让科学家们有机会对月球内部结构情况开展相关研究。
此次观测中，S-IVB 段撞击的大致位置是根据当年保存下来的轨道记录数据文件得到 的。“月球勘测轨道器”(LRO) 自从 2009 年以来一直在围绕月球的轨道上飞行，在飞行期 间它已经找到了阿波罗 13,14,15 和17 号任务期间撞击月面的 S-IVB 段留下的撞击坑痕迹。
然而却阿波罗 16 号任务期间撞击月面的 S-IVB 段却一直没有下落，这是因为当时在 S-IVB 段朝着月面下降时曾经与阿波罗飞船短暂失去联系。事实证明，由于这一短暂的联 系空白，实际撞击发生的位置与当时测控系统预测的理论撞击点偏差了大约 30 公里。
由阿波罗 16 号的 S-IVB 段撞击产生的撞击坑，其深度相比小行星或彗星撞击产生的撞 击坑要浅得多。LRO 探测器成像组的科学家在配发的相关轨道图像图注中写道：“由火 箭推进器撞击产生的撞击坑非常独特，因为它们是由密度非常低的物体以非常低的速度( 大 约每秒 2.6 公里 ) 撞击月面而形成的。”
他们写道：“S-IVB 推进器可以被想象成一个空的饮料罐头用力撞向地面——仅仅是 一个金属外皮，它的内部是空的——因为当时其内部所有的燃料都已经被用于将宇航员送 往月球轨道，它的燃料箱已经被清空了。因此在撞击发生时，只能在月球表面产生一个浅浅 的撞击坑。”
原标题：月面发现阿波罗登月时期火箭残骸：已时隔 43 年
远古外星人隐匿地球千年惊天内幕 http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-11 20:24:38
外星人到底是不是真的存在，如果存在那么它们有藏在何处，是否是藏在地球的某个神
秘角落，还是藏在那我们不为人知的异世界，这些都值得我们去探讨、去证明、去解决，小编 相信当你看了下面这些惊人的事实之后，你的疑团自会解开！
1969 年 7 月 20 日，阿波罗 11 号抵达了它的目的地 -- 月球。伴随着当宇航员尼尔·阿 姆斯特朗和巴斯·奥尔德林的脚步，人类终于迈出了历史性的一步，实现了登上月球的梦想。
今年暑期档热映的电影《变形金刚 3》，将这次登月行动，描绘成了一次寻找外星文明 的秘密计划。这其中自然带着很大的演绎色彩，不过转过头来想想，难道当年登月计划的策 划者们，真的没有盼望着可以在月球上找到生命，甚至是比人类更先进的外星文明吗？不管 怎样，阿波罗登月计划的成功，将世人的目光集中到了浩瀚无边的宇宙空间之中，人们已经 开始憧憬着与外星文明来一次亲密接触了。几十年来，人类探索宇宙的步伐一刻都没有停 止过，但至少到目前为止，仍然没有确凿的证据能够证明外星人的存在。正当许多人感到失 望之时，研究者们却在地球上找到了突破口
霍金 : 已找到证明新黑洞理论方式 我终将获诺贝尔奖
2016-01-11 16:04:18 15380 次阅读 12 次推荐 稿源：环球科技 80 条评论
据香港《文汇报》1 月 11 日报道，英国著名物理学家霍金 20 世纪 70 年代提出新黑洞 理论，称黑洞并非吞噬一切的重力墓场，而是会释放辐射，并可能在过程中导致小型黑洞“蒸 发”。这项理论为物理学带来重大革命，但由于始终缺乏实验数据证明，令他至今没有获诺 贝尔奖垂青。他上周在伦敦皇家学会演讲时透露，已找到证明新黑洞理论的方式，更直言： “我或者终会得到诺贝尔奖。”
霍金承认，有生之年或未必能直接观察从黑洞溢出的“霍金辐射”，但相信能借探测宇 宙形成初期的重力波找到线索。
加拿大理论物理学周界研究所教授图罗克指出，“霍金辐射”过于微弱，可能无法在 霍金有生之年观察到，但科学家相信，“大爆炸”刚发生时也有发出“霍金辐射”，这些辐 射的不规则性，决定了宇宙形状。
据报道，科学家目前已可利用卫星技术，探测宇宙背景辐射的波动，有助证实“霍金辐 射”存在。
中国人竟是外星人始祖！来看看这些证据 (2) 潘多拉 | 发表时间 2016-01-10 13:20
传说黄帝在几百岁的时候，乘黄龙升天，留给我们万世膜拜。一个人不可能活到几百 岁，所以大家认为这是神话不可信，可是如果他是外星人呢？也许活几百岁就很正常。
那条黄龙，应该就是一条黄色的宇宙飞船，一架可以随意变形的先进机器。根据地球上 各种生物的样子集思广益，飞船就变成了我们后人熟悉的龙的形象。
这样飞船回到外星报告科考成果，就很形象生动了，简直就是一个标本大采集啊！我们 现在看不到龙了，因为外星飞船不是经常来。
黄帝
还有皇帝和蚩尤大战的时候，请九天玄女来助阵，这更加说明他是外星人 -- 他去外星老 家搬了救兵来了。
4、唐尧（贯月飞船）
唐尧时期出了一件奇事，一群外星人驾驶宇宙飞船来到了地球。
据晋《拾遗记》记载：“尧登位三十年，有巨查浮於西海，查上有光，夜明昼灭，海人望 其光，乍大乍小，若星月之出入矣。查常浮绕四海，十二年一周天，周而复始，名曰贯月查，亦 谓挂星查。羽人栖息其上，群仙含露以漱，日月之光则如暝矣。虞夏之季，不复记其出没，游 海之人，犹传其神伟也。”
用科学的观点看，这是一艘空水两用飞船（浮于西海）；飞船上还有电器照明设 备（查上有光，夜明昼灭）；还可以调节照明亮度（海人望其光，乍大乍小）。
唐尧
这飞船在四海做环球旅行，十二年绕一圈，好像外星人来地球游玩（查常浮绕四海， 十二年一周天）；这船可以行驶在星月之间（名曰贯月查，亦谓挂星查）。
船上有一些穿着航天羽绒服的人（羽人栖息其上）；外星人每天都要刷牙（群仙含露
以漱）；后来太空船没有再来（虞夏之季，不复记其出没）；但人们一直传说着它（游海之人， 犹传其神伟也）。
恐龙曾是地球上的霸主，它们种类繁多，数量庞大，在当时地球的食物链中，处于绝对强 势的地位。这种优势，足以让恐龙生生不息的繁衍下去。然而，在 6500 万年前，这种盛极一 时的生物，却在极短的时间内永远的灭绝了。关于恐龙灭绝的原因，也成为生物进化史上的 谜题，一系列的猜想也因此而生
猜想 1：陨石撞击说
陨石撞击说在有关恐龙灭绝的猜想中一直占据着主导地位。陨石撞击说认为，在距今 6500 万年前，一颗直径达到 10 公里，体积相当于一座中等城市般大小的小行星从天而降。 它在地球上撞出一个巨大的深坑，地球产生了铺天盖地的灰尘，极地冰雪融化，植物毁灭。 火山灰遮掩了太阳的光芒，气温骤降、大雨滂沱、山洪暴发、泥石流将恐龙卷走并埋葬起来。 在以后的数月乃至数年里，天空依然尘烟翻滚、乌云密布，地球因终年不见阳光而气候变 冷，恐龙无法适应这强烈的环境变化，一个个死去，恐龙时代结束
各种动植物共同生存的地球，在太阳系乃至银河系，都是极其特殊的存在。直至今日， 科学家们尚未在银河系之内找到除地球外第二颗存在生命的星球。不过，科学家们相信，在 更加深远的宇宙中，仍然有可能存在生命体，甚至它们的文明远远超过人类的想象。
科学家们还表示，现在不存在生命，并不意味着曾经甚至以后都不存在。人类生活在地 球上不过数百上千万年，地球诞生至今不过数十亿年，这相对于整个宇宙而言，只是极其短 暂的时间，因此，很难想象，是否在其他星系的星球上，存在着与人类类似的生命。
霍金曾警告人类称，外星人是一定存在的，人类不要轻易去宇宙中寻找它们，因为我们 并不知道它们是否对人类友好，如果它们充满敌意，很有可能会给整个地球带来毁灭性的灾 难。即使如此，科学家们还是十分好奇，想要继续探寻宇宙中其他生命体的踪迹，毕竟，人类 是如此孤独的存在着。
美国太空总署近日在勘测火星轨道器上的相机拍到火星上出现不寻常的洞，科学家对 于这到底是这个洞穴的来源感到不可思议，这个在帕蒙尼斯火山出现的陨石形状地洞，被认 为可以通到地下，科学家们推测在这个洞里可能存在的火星生物。
据《每日邮报》报导，美国科学家根据照片分析指出，这个洞直径大概约 35 公尺，深度 大概 20 公尺，由于这是美太空总署 (NASA) 观察火星以来相当罕见的特殊现象，引起不少 科学家猜测。
不少科学家看到照片时，都相当好奇这个圆形洞穴是否有通往哪里 ? 是什么原因造成 的。也有人认为，这样的坑洞可以让火星上的生命拥有较好生存环境。专家认为，这个神秘 洞穴将是未来太空船、探测器、机器人甚至太空人探索的首要目标。
NASA 的科学家通过火星车获得了最新火星照片，其中有由高分辨率成像科学实验相 机拍摄的火星洞穴照片。
照片显示，在火星帕蒙尼斯火山斜坡上有一个明显的陨石坑状洞口，陨石坑通向一个地 下洞穴，洞口右侧的部分局部被照亮。
UFO 曾造访中国 外星人制造空中怪车事件
非洲小白脸 | 发表时间 2016-01-08 16:54
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沈阳空中怪车事件，别列为最有可能是 ufo 的事件，因为沈阳空中怪车事件目击者众 多，每个人都认为这是与外星人有关，可是空中怪车出现事件太短暂，而且没有实证，所以空 中怪车事件仍是一个未解之谜。
空中怪车事件轰动一时。有人认为它的出现是外星造物，有人认为是自然天象，由其引 发的诸多猜测和调查在这几年间一直没有停止过。这起事件之所以多年来尤为引人关注， 是由于人们对这一事件的原因始终争论不休，而各方专家的说法又没能找到一个圆满的答 案来解释，于是出现了空中怪车事件是由 UFO 造成的，外星人曾经造访都溪林场的说法。 此次事件也成为了中国神秘 UFO 事件之一，现遗址位于贵州省贵阳市白云区天鹅湖森林公 园境内。
沈阳空中怪车事件
空中怪车事件始末
外太空不明飞行物
1994 年 12 月 1 日凌晨 3 时许，贵阳市北郊 18 公里处的都溪林场附近的职工、居民被 轰隆隆的响声惊醒，风速很急，并有发出红色和绿色强光的不明物体呼啸而过。
几分钟过后都溪林场马家塘林区方圆 400 多亩的松树林被成片拦腰截断，在一条断续
长约 3 公里、宽 150 米至 300 米的带状四片区域里，只留下 1.5 米至 4 米高的树桩并且折断 的树干与树冠大多都向西倾倒，长 2 公里的 4 个林区的一人高的粗大树干整齐排列在林场 上。有的断树之间又有多棵安然无恙，个别几棵被连根拔起，周围一些小树有被擦伤的痕迹。
美国 2 男子意外拍摄到两个 UFO 并驾齐驱，首例真实图片曝光 来源：东北网 2016-01-04 21:34
目前发生在美国拍摄到的真实UFO 图片，奥康在蒙大拿州上空看到有UFO 迅速飞过， 而且有两个同时出现。照片其后送交 NUFORC，经专家分析后，虽然表明照片影像是真实， 没有任何修改，不过那物件到底是外星人还是其他东西，专家则未能确定。
目前仅有的资料显示：
当时拍摄到的真实图片，没有任何的修改，图片被证实为真实，但是图片中拍摄的东西 正在研究之中。
NASA 前员工曝猛料：月球上有 UFO(3)
小怪兽 | 发表时间 2016-01-04 15:50
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四、质量不均匀
一般认为，45 亿年前，一个火星大小的天体撞击地球，产生的部分碎片形成月球，但这 也仅限于推测。
月球形状的另一个谜团是，月球面对地球一面在物质构成及外貌方面与背对地球一面 差异很大：前者地壳比另一面地壳薄许多，并拥有由玄武岩构成的广阔平原，这些平原被称 为月海，这是很久以前月球表面火山喷发的结果。背对地球的一面地壳厚很多，有更多陨石 坑，几乎没有月海。
月球的质量不均匀
一定程度上，月海中密度较高的玄武岩使月球的质量中心不在几何中心，偏离了约 1.6 千米。但是，迁移的发生过程尚不清楚。
五、月地渐渐远离
法国人拉普拉斯在 18 世纪末发现月球形状不规则难能可贵，然而，他没有看到的是，月 球正在逐渐远离地球。月球每年远离地球约 3.8 厘米。
现在的月球自转和公转周期相同，所以它的一面总是朝向地球。科学家估计，和现在约 38 万千米的距离不同，早期的月地距离可能只有约 2.6 万千米。由于天体运行轨道半径与 天体转速有关，按照这一假设，1 比 1 的自转公转周期比可以解释当前月球形状不规则的 现象。
月地渐远离
还有一些科学家假设，月球形成初期的自转公转周期比为 3 比 2，也就是公转 2 周期间 自转 3 周，这种情况至多持续了几亿年，最后因为潮汐力而自转降速，自转公转比稳定为现 在的 1 比 1。计算结果表明，这段自转比公转快的时期可能提供足够的力，为月球形成目前 的形状准备了条件。
火星是地球前身？ NASA 揭秘第二地球事实 http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-05 15:24:58
12 月 14 日消息，对于第二个地球，科学家们一直在不断的进行研究当中，相对来说，对 于火星的研究则是最多的，因为，很多科学家认为火星就是地球发展的前身，未来可能作为 第二地球存在。
科学家：火星或是地球的前身相似度极高
美国宇航局通过数十年的研究，发现火星此前拥有液态水海洋，几乎整个北半球都被液 态水覆盖，于是就产生了一个问题：火星在数亿年前是否有生命 ? 鉴于地球与火星的轨道 属于近邻，天体生物学家认为既然地球拥有生命，火星也可能有相同的生命种子。SETI 机 构卡尔 - 萨根中心的科学家认为地球与火星拥有相同的生命种子。
破解外星人踪迹真相：就在月球背面！ ( 图 ) http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-03 10:26:53
月球，跟随地球不知多少年了？也许地球上还没有人类之前，它就在天天看着地球。以 前，大家都说月亮里有一座广寒宫，住着一位古代美女─嫦娥、一只白兔，还有一位天天在砍 伐桂树的吴刚。
然而，一九六九年七月十九日，美国太阳神十一号太空船登陆月球，没有看到广寒宫，也 没有找到嫦娥和白兔，更没有桂树和吴刚，于是许多人的美丽幻想成为科学的失望。
但是，时至今日，太空人登陆月球已有 26 年了，人类对月球的了解并没有增加，反而由 于从太空人留在月球上的仪器，得到更多的不解资料，让科学家愈来愈迷惑，每当夜晚抬头 望向月球之时，产生既熟悉又陌生的复杂情绪，不禁要问：月亮呀！可不可以告诉我们，你 的真相？未有定论的月球起源目前有关月球起源的说法有三种，第一种假说是月球和地球 一样，是在 46 亿年前由相同的宇宙尘云和气体凝聚而成的；第二种假说是月球系由地球抛 离出去的，抛出点后来形成太平洋；第三种假说是月球为宇宙中个别形成的星体，行经地球 附近时被地球重力场捕获，而环绕地球。
地球环境研究小组根据最新的调查数据报告称，在经历了五次地球物种大灭绝之后，地 球正在进入第六次生物灭绝阶段，而这次生物灭绝的主要对象，将会是目前地球的主宰者， 人类。
研究者说：在上个世纪，脊椎动物的种类比起无人类活动之下以 114 倍更快的速度在 绝迹，研究者用最保守的方式在推算着绝种率。这意指在过去 100 年绝种的生物，在自然汰 换速度之下，要花 11,400 年才会绝种。
研究者说：多数的绝种源自于人类活动造成的污染，栖息地的减少，侵入性动物的引进 以及碳排放的增加使得气候变化和海洋酸化。
太空惊魂：UFO 秘密接近阿波罗 7 号 (2)
老黄牛 | 发表时间 2016-01-03 13:54
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回顾 80 年代，以 UFO 现象为主体的多种不明现象，一次又一次地冲击着现代科学的根 基，使人类的思维面临着前所未有的挑战。
1、女宇航员太空离奇受孕生子
据苏联密档显示，第一位在太空间受孕的婴儿于 91 年 7 月 25 日在苏联诞生。科学家 说，这个太空儿的怀孕期比正常情况要短得多。
据说，这个太空婴儿出生一个月就已经能够仰卧起坐和转身并能说简单的句子了。
苏联女宇航员塔莉丝科芙
说来令人难以确信，塔莉丝科芙与其他 4 位苏联女宇航员在环绕地球飞行 2 个月后，全 部发现怀有身孕。其他 4 位女宇航员或决定打胎或在怀孕期间流产，只有塔莉丝科芙一人 最后顺利将孩子生了下来。
据塔莉丝科芙本人和与她一起进行宇宙飞行的四位女宇航员回忆，在宇宙航行期间，他 们 5 人都感到过阵阵暖意及快感。据有关方面分析，这种现象可能与她们受孕有关。
孩子生父是谁未知
但令人奇怪的是，这位太空婴儿的母亲，女宇航员塔莉丝科芙本人直到在还不知道自己 是如何受孕的，更无人知晓孩子的父亲是何许人了。
令人放心的是，塔莉丝科芙生下的太空儿除了肺部的发育不完全外其余与人类的模样 无异，整个身体的状况非常健康。
她们是如何受孕？孩子的父亲是谁？来自何方？这些都是未解之谜。
【科学怪谈】他与外星人曾 11 次接触，是现实还是虚幻？他却推出物理公式作证，你能 破解码？
环球物理 2016-01-02 08:32:41 阅读 (96720) 评论 (89)
声明：本文由入驻搜狐媒体平台的作者撰写，除搜狐官方账号外，观点仅代表作者本人，不代表搜狐立场。
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Stan Romanek 声称有令人难以置信的ET 遭遇，外星人甚至在大白天造访。2000 年到 2008 年，Stan 声称一共与外星人接触 11 次，在这 11 次第三类接触中，他被灌输神秘方程式， 给他看外星人家乡星图，甚至与外星女子配种。从过去几年， Stan 上过无数电视採访节目， 他所拍摄外星人录影也一度饱受争议，最为奇特的是，只有小学水准的他居然在催眠下写出 神秘方程式。
在5 岁的时候，Stan 遇上一个有着蓝色眼睛的陌生女人，她用心灵感应对小 Stan 说：「你 很特别，你长大后有重要的任务要完成。」整个童年期间，这个女人时不时出现在 Stan 身边。 终于到了 2001 年 9 月，属于 Stan 的第三类接触正式开始。当天晚上，不少人注意到 Stan 家 附近天空中出现一个红色 UFO。此时，Stan 家出现敲门声，一打开门，3 个长相奇特的外 星人出现在他家门口。第二天醒来， Stan 完全失忆了，除了手上的奇怪伤口。最惊奇的是，
这些伤口在紫外光下会发光。
从此之后，外星人就一直密切关注着 Stan，同时在他家中多次拍到会发光的球形物体， 这些物体仿佛一直在监视他。而 Stan 外星人接触案最不可思议的就是 Stan 在催眠下，或者 在意念操控下写出的方程式，这些方程式仿佛在向我们传达某种资讯，这也一直困扰着不少 尝试破解的数学家和物理学家。
这是 Stan 在 2002 年 7 月第一次接触后通过催眠写下的方程式。这个方程式随后送到 内布拉斯加大学给物理学家破解。神奇的是，上面似乎向我们展示第 115 号元素，而该元素 直到 2004 年才被发现。一位在 51 区工作的人员 Bob Lazar 就曾爆料过，115 元素用来当 作 UFO 推进系统的原料。
这是 Stan 在 2002 年 7 月第一次接触后通过催眠写下的方程式。这个方程式随后送到 内布拉斯加大学给物理学家破解。神奇的是，上面似乎向我们展示第 115 号元素，而该元素 直到 2004 年才被发现。一位在 51 区工作的人员 Bob Lazar 就曾爆料过，115 元素用来当
作 UFO 推进系统的原料。
不少物理学家表示，这些方程式表示电磁场量、零点能以及弯曲的时空等内 容，简直不 可思议。在上面的方程式中，我们大致猜到这些外星人来自猎户座，距离地球 1500 光年。 有意思的是埃及大金字塔位置刚好与猎户座「腰带三星」准确对应。
四、在浩瀚的宇宙空间中，有一颗极其美丽的蓝色星球
地球诞生至今已有 46 亿（据宇宙大爆炸理论必须改写）年了，它孕育了数以亿记的生 命，却从无“怨言”，没错，它就是我们的地球。
地球，是目前人类已知唯一拥有生命的星球，但人们内心知道，在宇宙中一定还有其他 和地球一样，拥有生命甚至高等文明的星球，只是我们还没有发现而已。与地球 46 亿年的 悠久历史相比，我们人类的文明只能算是一个小小的瞬间，或许五亿年或者十亿年前，地球 上曾出现过比人类更加先进的文明。
人类并不是宇宙中唯一的智慧生命，这个观点已经不用过多的讨论，如今，人们对另一 个说法产生了浓厚兴趣 : 地球是某个高等文明修建的监狱，人类是它们发配下来的囚徒！ 这个说法虽说有点耸人听闻，但有科学家提出了一些观点，让这个说法变得有那么一丝可信 度。
在上个世纪五十年代，著名天体物理学家恩里科·费米提出了一个悖论：如果智慧文明 在宇宙中具有普遍性，为什么外星人到目前为止还没有接触过人类呢？这种奇怪的静默背 后到底隐藏着什么秘密？如果有外星生命存在，那么外星人和人类一样吗？我们该如何找 到外星人？
法国原子能委员会的著名天体物理学家罗兰 Lehoucq（CEA）认为，太阳系外行星的 环境差别很大，而智慧生命长期生活在和地球相差很大的环境中，所造成最直接的结果就 是 : 它们和人类拥有极大的不同，所拥有的能量可能会超出我们的想象！ -（威哥话世界）
五、在 20 世纪 70 年代，科学家提出了著名的“动物园假说”
回答“伟大的静默”之谜。他们相信外星人已经知道了地球和人类的存在，但为了不 扰乱人类，他们躲在黑暗中观察，就像我们一样，在围栏之外，观察着动物们的一举一动。 METI 主席Douglas Vakoch 认为，为了让“动物园管理者”出现，人类应该采取措施积极寻 求外星文明，例如积极向附近的恒星发送强大而有意义的无线电信号，以吸引外星人的注意 。Vakoch 也做了一个形象比喻：如果我们去参观动物园，我们发现斑马转过头目不转睛地，
并用蹄子在地上写出一串神秘的符号，我们就不得不做出回应。
比“动物园假说”更加令人匪夷所思的是“宇宙隔离假说”。参加研讨会的法国科学 家 Jean-Pierre Rospars 提出，地球智能生命的演变呈现出随机特征，但同时又遵循某些可预 测的路径。因此，宇宙智能物种的独立性和复发性应该是普遍的，我们有理由相信，我们人 类的认知并不处于领先水平，一些更高级的文明可能已经存在很多年了。
那么为什么外星人会拒绝接触人类呢？罗斯帕尔斯的解释是，外星文明将地球有意地 “隔离”起来，因为他们意识到人类的快速发展将对其他文明产生灾难性的影响。
六、1962 年在英国谢菲尔德拍摄的 UFO 照片。图 / 新华国际
据新华社电 UFO，英文全称为 UnidentifiedFlyingObject，中文可译为不明飞行物。20 世 纪以来，不少目击者观测到的 UFO 都是碟状的，因此，也有人用“飞碟”代指 UFO。
其实，关于外星人的目击在 20 世纪并不少，只不过大多有哗众取宠之嫌，但其中有一些 似乎也让人找不到破绽。近日，美国中央情报局公开了一些关于外星人传言的机密文件。
飞行员追赶两盘状飞行物
值得注意的是，美国中情局共计公开了 10 份机密文件，时间集中在上世纪 40 年代和 50 年代，当中的5 份是关于 UFO 的目击档案。
其中一份来自 50 年代初期的比属刚果，也就是现在的刚果（金）。在南部一座铀矿附 近，有目击者称看到了两个盘状飞行物，以“优雅的曲线”飞行，不断变换方位。听到报告， 一位名为皮雷的空军指挥官驾驶飞机从附近一座机场起飞追赶。别说，还真追到了。
据皮雷的描述，这两个飞行物飞行路线准确、轻快，数秒内可以变换数百米高度。他估 计，飞行物直径在 12 米至 15 米之间，可以看见中间有一个静止不动的内核。飞行物的外围 被火焰覆盖，且高速旋转。皮雷判断，从不规则的速度和中心的温度看，应该是无人驾驶的 飞行物。
大约 15 分钟后，两个飞行物加速离开，皮雷估计，飞行物的速度在 1500 公里每小时左 右。
评估称不会对美国造成危害
此外，也有 5 份文件披露的是可以用科学观点来解释的现象。
其中一份，是 1952 年科学顾问委员会对于不明飞行物报告的评估和建议。科学顾问委 员会列举了 1952 年的数次 UFO 目击事件，得出结论称，对于大多数目击而言，可以给出合
理的科学解释，因此，经过推理和科学方法推断可以断定，其他一些目击事件也是类似情况。
另外，这个委员会的成员一致断定，这些目击中出现的 UFO 不会对美国的国土安全造 成危害。
除去 5 份关于解释 UFO 事件的文件外，中情局还对那些 UFO 发烧友提出十点建议，教 他们“如何调查飞碟”，包括成立调查目击事件小组、确定所调查物体的性质、向专家咨询 等等。
仔细观察这 10 份文件，其实不难发现，对于是否存在外星人，中情局并没有表态，只是 拿出了一些 60 多年前的解密文件，供发烧友或者怀疑者参考而已。
霍金发出严重警告：人类终将毁在他手上 动拐动拐 | 发表时间 2016-02-01 15:27
霍金除了对外星人入侵地球十分关注外，也对人工智能技术的发展感到担忧。
霍金不止一次在公开场合对人工智能技术爆炸后出现的杀手级机器人行为进行预测， 认为全自动武器站的普及使得机器人能够获得一定程度的开火权，甚至在智能决策系统发 展后超越人类的指令，直接开火。
霍金对人工智能技术的发展感到担忧
这种杀手智能机器是极度危险的，国际天主教爱尔兰分部秘书长也指出，杀手机器人的 使用就会把我们人类推离伦理和文明的社会。
越来越多的人开始关注全自武器自行选择和攻击目标的行为，即使人类的某些行为存 在局限，但是我们的基本道德准则是与人性站在一起的。
越来越多的人开始关注全自武器自行选择和攻击目标的行为
目前半自主的无人机已经在美国、俄罗斯、韩国和英国等国家的军队中部署，韩国的哨 兵机器人 SGR-1 和英国的防空武器都能够自行寻找攻击目标。
最近的联合国会谈目的是限制或禁止可能导致士兵与平民误伤的全自主武器的使用， 但多数国家不同意协议中的条款，其中包括是否应该限制现有技术和未来的发展。
霍金警告：未来人类将被外星人灭亡 (2) 小新 | 发表时间 2016-01-30 09:23
他总结称：“和外星人接触委实太过冒险，如果外星人探访我们，我认为情况会像哥伦 布首次在美洲登陆一样，对美洲土著并非好事。”对于年届六十八岁、全身瘫痪须靠电子仪 器发声的霍金来说，要完成纪录片的拍摄，并非易事。整个节目足足花了三年时间筹备和拍 毕，期间霍金坚持重写大部分剧本内容，并监察拍摄工作。
霍金 斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金，CH ，CBE ，FRS ，FRSA（英语：Stephen William Hawking ， 1942 年 1 月 8 日－），英国剑桥大学著名物理学家，被誉为继爱因斯坦之后最杰出的理论 物理学家。肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症患者，全身瘫痪，不能发音。 1979 至 2009 年任卢卡斯数 学教授（英国最崇高的教授职位之一）。
霍金是当代最重要的广义相对论和宇宙论家，是当今享有国际盛誉的伟人之一，被称为 在世的最伟大的科学家，还被称为“宇宙之王”。
霍金近些年说出了 7 大极富争议的惊世之语：
一）、人类应避免与外星人接触
霍金十分确信在地球之外的其他世界存在着智慧生命，但他警告人类应当想尽一切办 法避免与这些外星生命接触。
人类应避免与外星人接触
霍金表示：“我们只需要看看自己，就能知道 这些外星生命会如何变得让我们宁愿没 碰见过他们。如果外星人来拜访人类，我想其结果会变得与哥伦布到达新大陆时非常相似， 那对美洲土著可并不有利。”
导读：在上世纪 90 年代，人们在一块岩石中发现了一枚嵌在石头中的螺丝状物体，这 一发现引起了世界的广泛关注。但至于它到底是什么东西，人们一直在争论不休。
俄罗斯的研究人员认为，这一不寻常的物体已经有 3 亿年历史了，一些人因此宣称， 这很可能是某种高度发达的人类文明留下的遗迹，甚至可能是外星人的杰作。然而，专家表 示，这一问题可能有个更“接地气”的答案——这个螺丝钉实际上是某种海洋生物的化石。
<img alt= ”” src= ”http://img.quwenjiemi.com/2016/0129/20160129141921112.jpg ”/></p>
据悉，这一“螺丝钉”般的物体是俄罗斯“太空搜索协会”（Kosmopoisk）的研究人 员在卡卢加地区（Kaluga）受到小行星撞击后、在搜索该地区时发现的。其长度约一英寸（约 合 2 厘米）。
发现者称这块石头的年龄在 3 亿至 3.2 亿年之间，而且在用X 光照射之后，他们认为石 头中还埋藏着另一枚“螺丝钉”。但一些比较传统的科学家还没有机会亲自看一眼这块石 头，因此只能从网上的图片进行推测。太空搜索协会尚未说明这枚“螺丝”是由什么制成的， 也没有给出任何详细信息。该组织曾向被认为有外星生物出没的地区派出过数支远征队， 在国际上毁誉参半。
英国公布 27 张绝密照 外星人存在被证实
2016-01-28 13:46:53 来源：UFO 探索网作者：责任编辑：王焕君
英国公布了涵盖 1870 年 -1979 年首批 57 张经典 UFO 照片后，16 日又公布了最新一 批 UFO 经典照片，照片共 27 张，拍摄于 1980-2005 年间。因为其照片的权威性，一经发布， 立刻引发人们对外星人存在与否的热烈讨论。很多人表示，在看过所有的这些被披露的照 片之后，他们对外星人早已经出现在地球已经没有任何疑问，外星人绝对真实存在，不然这 些 UFO 从何而来？
1980 年该物体出现在波多黎各列维镇的一个住宅区的上空
1980 年 , 该物体出现在波多黎各列维镇的一个住宅区的上空作低空飞行，当时有数百 人目击到了它的被明亮光线照亮的身影，警官何塞 - 科尔德罗（Jose Cordero）用宝丽来照 相机拍下了 10 张照片。
迪阿兹拍摄的清晰 UFO 照片
1981 年3 月23 日由卡洛斯- 迪阿兹（Carlos Diaz）拍摄于墨西哥迪坡斯特兰城(Tepoztlan) 的阿胡斯科 (Ajusco) 国家森林，迪阿兹称自己曾被驾驶该飞行器的生物劫持。
40 年了 ! 美国将公开轰动世界的 UFO 绑架案 (2) baby520 | 发表时间 2016-01-20 14:33
他们知道警长肯定不会相信的，然而， Walton 在他的书《Fire in the Sky》中写道，警长 在听案件细节时非常沉着冷静，时刻观察工人们的脸部表情。
他们描述完后，一位工人 Peterson 还问了警长：“你应该不相信我们所说的吧 ? ” Ellison 警长说：“不，我不会说我不相信，但不得不承认这听起来真的很离奇。”
随后，Ellison 警长又叫来了更多的同事以及搜捕小组。Walton5 天后出现时，故事变 得更加神秘了 !
Ellison 警官近些天并没有公开讲过这件案件的细节。他总是说：“那些个人看起来真 的收到了惊吓，如果他们在演戏的话，他们的演技也太好了。”
不明飞行物
除此之外，他没有透露更多细节了。然而，最近他答应了会和 Walton 以及其他目击证 人、调查人员参加该 UFO 事件 40 周年大会。
这项大会叫做天空之火峰会 (Skyfire Summit)，将于 2015 年 11 月 5 日开始召开。在案 件现场附近，众多 UFO 研究者和目击证人将在周末展开讲话。
鉴于该事件目击证人的数量，Walton 案件有着一定的可靠性。没人知道 Ellison 警长 将会分享什么观点和新发现，但他的出席将会为这件有着近 40 年历史的离奇 UFO 事件带 来一定的焦点。
月球的形成时间很长，大约与地球处于同一时期，但是美国宇航局阿波罗登月任务发 现，月球上还有一些地球所没有的物质，这些物质在月球上储量庞大。因此有分析指出，根 据这一点可以认为月球与地球有着不同的起源，虽然两者的存在时间接近，但物质却有不同 之处。在人们研究月球时就发现，月球总是一面朝向地球，阴谋者认为这是月球被控制的结 果，外星人把另一面背向地球，不让我们看到。
在科学上的解释是月球被地球潮汐锁定，强大的引力让月球总是一面朝向地球。但是 NASA 在阿波罗计划后发现，月球在形成初期的相当长时间内没有被潮汐锁定，直到目前我 们仍然可以看到月球并非完全锁定，至少有 10% 至 20% 的背面可以从地球上看到
宇宙火星外星人毁于核战 NASA 发现古代象形文字
【科技讯】1 月 15 日消息，火星毁灭于核战争一直是 UFO 爱好者争议的问题，美
国航空航天局 (NASA) 的“好奇号”探测器所摄的火星地表照片上，发现古代象形文字
(hieroglyphs) 石刻的遗迹，这可以证明火星曾经有大量外星人居住，并且这是证实火星人古 文明被核战争摧毁的最有力证据。
航空航天局登载一张“好奇号”探测器主照相机 (Mastcam) 在夏普山 (Mount Sharp) 周围及“花园城”区域 (Garden City) 所拍摄的照片。UFOvni2012 描述，这张照片上的一个
石块在放大和颜色处理后，出现刻痕。仔细观察石刻的痕迹，可以初步判断和地球上的象形 文字图案很相似。而且，该照片上还有其它非自然形成的结构。
UFO 媒体记者华林认为，火星曾发生战争，因此导致火星成为今天这样的不毛之地，如 今在火星表面能发现很多古代火星人的建筑和雕像的残骸碎片。他说： “很久之前，火星 上发生比太阳风还大的事情。太阳风的说法是上周 NASA 发布的，但是太阳风不足以造成 这样大的破坏，只能导致火星失去大气和水而已。因为我看到这么多破碎的结构和雕像，所 以我才作出火星发生过巨大战争的结论。”
【科技讯】 1 月 15 日消息，火星毁灭于核战争一直是 UFO 爱好者争议的问题，美 国航空航天局 (NASA) 的“好奇号”探测器所摄的火星地表照片上，发现古代象形文字 (hieroglyphs) 石刻的遗迹，这可以证明火星曾经有大量外星人居住，并且这是证实火星人古 文明被核战争摧毁的最有力证据。
航空航天局登载一张“好奇号”探测器主照相机 (Mastcam) 在夏普山 (Mount Sharp) 周围及“花园城”区域 (Garden City) 所拍摄的照片。UFOvni2012 描述，这张照片上的一个 石块在放大和颜色处理后，出现刻痕。仔细观察石刻的痕迹，可以初步判断和地球上的象形 文字图案很相似。而且，该照片上还有其它非自然形成的结构。
UFO 媒体记者华林认为，火星曾发生战争，因此导致火星成为今天这样的不毛之地，如 今在火星表面能发现很多古代火星人的建筑和雕像的残骸碎片。他说： “很久之前，火星 上发生比太阳风还大的事情。太阳风的说法是上周 NASA 发布的，但是太阳风不足以造成 这样大的破坏，只能导致火星失去大气和水而已。因为我看到这么多破碎的结构和雕像，所 以我才作出火星发生过巨大战争的结论。”
七、费米“原力”与悖论
费米首创世界第一座可控原子核裂变链式反应堆揭开宇宙大爆炸“原力”内潜存在万 物大爆炸原力
费米，E 是美籍意大利物理学家，1926 年初，费米根据泡利不相容原理，提出电子应服 从的统计规律。这个统计规律也适用于服从不相容原理的其他粒子，如质子、中子，这对于 理解物质的结构及其性质有空前突破，1929 年被选为意大利皇家学会会员，1950 年被选 为英国皇家学会国外会员。为纪念他所作的贡献，原子序数为 100 的元素，以他的姓氏命名 为镄。
1930 年泡利提出中微子假说（1933年正式发表）费米接受中微子假说，结合 W.K. 海 森伯
1932 年提出的 β 衰变就是原子核内一个中子放出一个电子变为一个质子的过程这个 设想，
1933 年提出了 β 衰变理论，成功地解释了 β 衰变现象诸多特点裂变属性。1934 年，
费米突发奇想用查德威克刚刚发现的中子轰击铀原子核，轰击完之后费米发现了放射性很 强的东西；以为得到了比铀更重的 93 、94 号元素……竟是铀元素被轰成了更小的元素， 1938 年获得诺贝尔物理学奖。
1939 年 N. 玻尔去美国时告诉费米铀裂变的消息后，费米立刻着手探索核裂变链式反 应并在费米领导下和助手们于
1942 年 12 月 2 日，在芝加哥大学建成世界上第一座可控原子核裂变链式反应堆—— 20 世纪 30 年代，英国、意大利、德国的科学家深入研究发现：一克重的铀裂变后产生的能 量，竟然和三吨煤燃烧释放的能量相当。就这样，经过从古希腊德谟克利特到物理学家费米 揭开了宇宙大爆炸潜藏在“原子”内部的（铀裂变）天量暴烈能量暴露在光天化日之下！ —— 也就诞生了美国“曼哈顿计划”和 1945 年 8 月 6 日美国在广岛投下一颗名为”小男孩” 的原子弹！……
第二十二章 拉瓦锡没来得及写出完整化学符号就被 法国大革命送上断头台
一、拉瓦锡首创世界化学称化学之父
安托万·拉瓦锡出生在法国巴黎一个律师家庭，并在 5 岁时因母亲过世而继承了一大笔 财产。
在 1754 年到 1761 年间于马萨林学院学习。家人想要他成为一名律师，但是他本人却 对自然科学更感兴趣。1761 年他进入巴黎大学法学院学习，获得律师资格。课余时间他继 续学习自然科学，从鲁埃尔那里接受了系统的化学教育和对燃素说的怀疑。
1764 年至 1767 年他作为地理学家盖塔的助手，进行采集法国矿产、绘制第一份法国地 图的工作。在考察矿产过程中，他研究了生石膏与熟石膏之间的转变，同年参加法国科学院 关于城市照明问题的征文活动获奖。1767 年他和盖塔共同组织了对阿尔萨斯 - 洛林地区的 矿产考察 1768 年，年仅 25 岁的拉瓦锡成为法兰西科学院院士。
二、拉瓦锡开创定量试验
1770 年一派学者坚持波义耳已经否定的四元素说，认为水长时间加热会生成土类物质。 为了搞清这个问题，拉瓦锡将蒸馏水密封加热了 101 天，发现的确有微量固体出现。他使用 天平进行测量，发现容器质量的减少正等于产生固体物的质量，而水质量没有变化，从而驳 斥了这一观点。
三、拉瓦锡美女妻子助力发现燃烧作用的氧化学说
1771 年拉瓦锡与同事的女儿，13 岁玛丽 - 安娜·皮埃尔莱特结婚。皮埃尔莱特通晓多 种语言，多才多艺，她替拉瓦锡翻译英文文献，并为拉瓦锡书籍绘制插图、保存拉瓦锡实验记 录，协助丈夫进行科学研究突破了燃素说……
为了解释“燃烧”这一常见的化学现象，德国医生斯塔尔提出燃素说，认为物质在空气 中燃烧是物质失去燃素，空气得到燃素的过程。燃素说可以解释一些现象，因此很多化学家 包括普利斯特里和舍勒等人都拥护这一说法。普利斯特里更是将自己发现的氧气称为“脱 燃素空气”，用来解释物质在氧气中燃烧比空气中剧烈。但是燃素说始终难以解释金属燃 烧之后变重这个问题。一派人索性认为这是因为测量的误差导致，另一派比较极端的燃素 说维护者甚至认为在金属燃烧反应中燃素带有负质量。
1772 年秋天开始拉瓦锡对硫、锡和铅在空气中燃烧的现象进行研究。为了确定空气是 否参加反应，他设计了著名的钟罩实验。通过这一实验，可以测量反应前后气体体积的变 化，得到参与反应的气体体积。他还将铅在真空密封容器中加热，发现质量不变，加热后打 开容器，发现质量迅速增加。尽管实验现象与燃素说支持者相同，但是拉瓦锡提出了另一种 解释，即认为物质的燃烧是可燃物与空气中某种物质结合的结果，这样可以同时解释燃烧需 要空气和金属燃烧后质量变重的问题。但是此时他仍然无法确定是那一种组分与可燃物结 合。
1773 年 10 月，普里斯特里向拉瓦锡介绍了自己的实验：氧化汞加热时，可得到脱燃素 气，这种气体使蜡烛燃烧得更明亮，还能帮助呼吸。拉瓦锡重复了普里斯特利的实验，得到 了相同的结果。但拉瓦锡并不相信燃素说，所以他认为这种气体是一种元素，1777 年正式 把这种气体命名为 oxygen（中译名氧），含义是酸的元素。拉瓦锡通过金属煅烧实验，于
1777 年向巴黎科学院提出了一篇报告《燃烧概论》，阐明了燃烧作用的氧化学说，要点为：
①燃烧时放出光和热。
②只有在氧存在时，物质才会燃烧。
③空气是由两种成分组成的，物质在空气中燃烧时，吸收了空气中的氧，因此重量增 加，物质所增加的重量恰恰就是它所吸收氧的重量。
④一般的可燃物质（非金属）燃烧后通常变为酸，氧是酸的本原，一切酸中都含有氧。 金属煅烧后变为煅灰，它们是金属的氧化物。他还通过精确的定量实验，证明物质虽然在一 系列化学反应中改变了状态，但参与反应的物质的总量在反应前后都是相同的。于是拉瓦 锡用实验证明了化学反应中的质量守恒定律。拉瓦锡的氧化学说彻底地推翻了燃素说成为 化学之父。
他先与克劳德·贝托莱等人合作，设计了一套简洁的化学命名法。1787 年他在《化学命 名法》（Méthode de nomenclature chimique）中正式提出这一命名系统，目的是使不同语言 背景的化学家可以彼此交流，其中的很多原则加上后来柏济力阿斯的符号系统，形成了至今 沿用的化学命名体系——总结了自己的大量的定量试验，证实了质量守恒定律……
四、1789 年拉瓦锡发表了《化学基本论述》
拉瓦锡的《化学基本论述》（Traité Élémentaire de Chimie）这部化学巨著拉瓦锡第一 次定义了元素的概念，并对当时常见的化学物质进行了分类，总结出三十三种元素（尽管一 些实际上是化合物）和常见化合物，使得当时零碎的化学知识逐渐清晰化。在该书中的实 验部分拉瓦锡强调了定量分析的重要性。最重要的是拉瓦锡在这部书中成功的将很多实验 结果通过他自己的氧化说和质量守恒定律的理论系统进行了 0 的解释。这种简洁、自然而 又可以解释很多实验现象的理论系统与波义耳的《怀疑派的化学家》一样成为划时代历史 化学开创巨著。
1790 年法兰西科学院组织委员会负责制定新度量衡系统，有拉瓦锡、孔多塞、拉格朗日 和蒙日等……1791年拉瓦锡起草了报告，主张采取地球极点到赤道的距离的一千万分之一 为标准（约等于 1 米）建立米制系统。接着科学院指定拉瓦锡负责质量标准的制定。经过 测定，拉瓦锡提出质量标准采用千克，定密度最大时的一立方分米水的质量为一千克。至今 仍然在世界通用。
拉瓦锡使法国成为化学世界中心，吸引了许多化学家来法国特别是百年前波义耳在英 国处境不嘉，又转移到拉瓦锡所在的法国……
五、拉瓦锡走上断头台
1789 年法国爆发大革命，暴风骤雨旋风般的混乱控制了全法国，拉瓦锡不论在何处都 像是一棵招风的大树，最初的一击是来自让 . 保罗 . 马拉之手。马拉最初也曾想作为科学家 而取得荣誉，并写出了《火焰论》一书提交法国科学院拉瓦锡是会长，对此书进行了尖刻评 论否定结下梁子……
1789 年 7 月，革命的战火终于燃烧起来，整个法国迅速卷入到 - 的旋涡之中，科学无法 幸免似已无法就像 1966 年文化大革命红卫兵冲击一切学会、科学院、度量衡调查会等科学 权威成为牛鬼蛇神，被打翻在地、再踏上一只脚，永世不得翻身，只得走死逃亡……——“学 者是人民的公敌，学会是反人民的集团”法国竟然开了这样一个头，全人类都无法理解！。
然而，堡垒总是是从内部突破 - 化学家佛克罗伊（Fourcroy ，1755 ～ 1809）。他本人 也是科学院的院士，曾在危难之际，也曾在多方面受到过拉瓦锡的保护，反而施展诡计企图 解散科学院，直到最后动用了国会的暴力解散了科学院，拉瓦锡和研究机关被切断并剥夺院 士的衣食的来源，生命危机达到顶点……
六、拉瓦锡成为“包税官”自然走上断头台
麻烦的是 1769 年拉瓦锡当上了一名包税官，在向包税局投资五十万法郎后，承包了食 盐和烟草的征税大权，并先后兼任皇家火药监督及财政委员。1771 年，28 岁的拉瓦锡与征 税承包业主的女儿结了婚，更加巩固了他包税官的地位。在法国大革命中，拉瓦锡理所当然 地成为革命的对象。
在新革命党政府通令“清算帐目”予以交代之后，拉瓦锡和他的同僚们却担心被没收 财产而东躲西藏，进一步激化了矛盾给佛克罗伊之流提供了机会，导致度量衡调查会的 6 名 研究员被开除了，其中也有拉瓦锡。
1793 年 11 月 28 日，包税组织的 28 名成员全部被捕入狱，拉瓦锡就是其中的一个，死 神越来越逼近拉瓦锡……1794 年 5 月 7 日开庭审判，结果是把 28 名包税组织的成员全部 处以死刑，并预定在 24 小时内执行。
拉瓦锡的生命已经危在旦夕。人们虽然在尽力地挽救，人们纷纷请求赦免拉瓦锡，遭到 了革命法庭副长官考费那尔拒绝，全部予以驳回。他还宣称，“共和国不需要学者，而只需 要为国家而采取的正义行动！”
第二天，1794 年 5 月 8 日的早晨，就在波拉斯·德·拉·勒沃西奥执行了28 个人的死刑。 拉瓦锡是第四个登上断头台的。他泰然受刑而死……
著名的法籍意大利数学家拉格朗日痛心地说：“他们可以一眨眼就把他的头砍下来， 但他那样的头脑一百年也再长不出一个来了。”
遗憾啊！拉瓦锡生命最后实验竟是砍头实验——拉瓦锡和刽子手约定头被砍下后尽 可能多眨眼，以此来确定头砍下后是否还有感觉，拉瓦锡一共眨了十一次，这是他最后的研 究！恐怖的可悲、可赞！拉瓦锡……
七、拉瓦锡的最后研究再没有机会“做梦”突破进入有机化学而成 为凯库勒一大美谈
凯库勒，德国有机化学家。主要研究有机化合物的结构理论。在梦中发现了苯的结构 简式，被称为一大美谈。
1829 年 9 月 7 日生于达姆施塔特。1848-1851 年进入吉森大学，原先学建筑，后来他 多次聆听化学大师李比希的讲演，深受吸引和启发，遂改攻化学，并在李比希的实验室里积 极、严谨地进行研究工作，完成了《关于硫酸戊酯及其盐》的实验论文，获得博士学位。 1875 年当选为英国皇家学会会员。1877 年任波恩大学校长。1867—1869 年，凯库勒在演 讲“关于盐类的结构”和《关于莱 1 ，3 ，5—三甲苯的结构》一文中，发表了有关原子立 体排列的思想，首次把原子价的概念从平面推向三维空间。凯库勒回忆说：“那是一个晴 朗的夏夜，我乘坐末班公共马车回家。和往常一样坐在车顶的座位上……我陷入幻想，并且 好像看见许多原子在我眼前欢跳……我常常看到两个较小的原子如何联合形成偶原子，一 个较大的原子如何抓住了两个较小的原子，还有更大的原子如何抓住三个甚至四个较小的 原子不放。同时，它们整体如何跳着眼晕的舞蹈，快速旋转着。我也看到较大的原子如何形 成链子……
凯库勒梦醒默想：“无论如何，我也要花些夜里的时间，把这些幻想中形成的形态轮廓 写进论文中。”这里，我们找不到蜂房的启示……
凯库勒在回忆梦中看到了只形成了偶原子成对和链状形态的主要有机原子构成的特 征。它的具体形状，还需要时间在幻想中寻找蜂房形状的大分子结构……虽然，凯库勒从没 有提及六角蜂房在幻想中的作用？凯库勒肯定有灵感来自于蜂房的启示。因为德国在 18 世纪中叶，已经形成饮用啤酒的民风。蜜已经成为饮料、食品中不可或缺的补品。养蜂盛行
的结果，使人们不可能不对蜜蜂的习性和蜂房有所研究。蜂房成对的六角形四方连续，有着 最醒目的优化组合结构——首先发现研究物的形状是人类认识的通例，作为富于幻想的生 物化学家的凯库勒，绝不会放弃这种观察蜂房引起无限幻想的机会……过了 11 年，凯库勒 终于把在夜班公共马车顶座上的幻想 , 落在了纸上。还是同样的梦幻 - 在思维启动了—— 凯库勒说 : “我坐着编写教科书。然而工作毫无进展，我的思维开了小差，我把椅子靠近温 暖的壁炉，并打起盹来，原子再次在我眼前欢跳，这时较小的原子谨慎地呆在基底……”就 这样凯库勒在幻梦中朦朦胧胧发现了有机大分子苯的化学结构；虽然，这个梦做得很长，竟 长达 11 年，才发现了世界第一个有机碳化学方程式结构图——如图：
就这样，凯库勒不弃不舍坚持做了 11 年梦，终于揭开了“碳基生命”细胞生命的化学 方程式与大分子结构密码，为有机化学找了捷径与坦途！和拉瓦锡之死形成了国与国政治 环境与科学发展衰与败的宏图反差和天壤之别！呜呼哀哉！深思吧！……
第二十三章 拉马克命运在法国比拉瓦锡好不了多少
一、拉马克进化论先祖却在法国默默无闻无人知晓
拉马克
让 · 巴蒂斯特· 拉马克（Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck ， 1744 年 8 月 1 日－ 1829 年 12 月 18 日），生于皮卡第，卒于巴黎。法伟大博物学家，较早 期的进化学先驱。
1809 年发表了《动物哲学》（Philosophie zoologique，亦译作《动物学哲学》） 一书，系统 地阐述了他的进化理论，即通常所称的拉马克学说。书中提出了用进废退与获得性遗传两 个法则，并认为这既是生物产生变异的原因，又是适应环境的过程；最先提出生物进化的学
说，是进化论的倡导者和先驱。世界第一个命名“生物学”的全世界伟大的奠基人， 欺世盗名的达尔文在《物种起源》一书中曾多次引用拉马克的著作。
拉马克还是一个分类学家，是林奈（Carl von linne ’1707 ～ 1778）的继承人。主要著作有《法 国全境植物志》、《无脊椎动物的系统》、《动物学哲学》等。动物学家拉马克在的生物 学巨著《法国全境植物志》……恩格斯说“拉马克早于达尔文诞生之前（1809 年）就在《动 物学哲学》里提出了生物进化的学说，在进化学说史上发生过重大的影响，为达尔文的进化 论的产生提供了一定的理论基础则鲜为人知”默默无闻！
二、拉马克师出卢梭 26 年潜心完成《法国全境植物志》
1768 年拉马克与他的良师让·雅克·卢梭（Jean Jacques Rousseau ，1712 ～ 1778）相识， 卢梭是当时法国著名的思想家、哲学家、教育家、文学家，对拉马克的成才起了巨大的作用。 卢梭经常带他到自己的研究室里去参观，并向他介绍许多科学研究的经验和方法，使拉马克 由一个兴趣广泛的青年，转向专注于生物学的研究。从此拉马克花了整整 26 年的时间， 系统地研究了植物学，在任皇家植物园标本保护人的职位期间，于 1778 年写出了名著《法 国全境植物志》。 1793 年应聘为巴黎博物馆无脊椎动物学教授，于 1801 年完成《无脊椎 动物的系统》一书——拉马克把无脊椎动物分为 10 个纲，是无脊椎动物学的创始人。1809 年出版了《动物学哲学》，当时他虽已 65 岁，但仍潜心研究并写作，于 1817 年完成了《无 脊椎动物自然史》科学成果斐然，真正是 19 世纪生物学大师。
三、对“获得性遗传”非议拉马克晚年双目失明悲惨凄凉死无葬身 之地
生物本能特征是有机体构造成种归类“种性”是唯一标准——拉马克举了一个著名的
例证：即长颈鹿长颈的形成是由于长颈鹿需要吃树上的树叶，为了适应生态环境，经过长久 世代沿袭，长颈鹿群体就产生了长颈的生物遗传性特征；理论核心要点：长颈（鹿）特征、 获得性与遗传是“吃出来”的。后人把拉马克的这种理论叫获得性遗传。遭到魏斯曼的反 对，至今仍有争议。，从拉马克长颈鹿“吃”的“需要”看生物特征的本质需要“吃”的亘 古不变。鉴此，吃是拉马克的遗传性特征需要；同样吃是马尔萨斯理论的根、是布丰的食物 变化，是林奈的物种分类特征不变的依据——亘古以来，是食性本能演绎形成种性的本质在 所有生物个体表达与进化！这样“物种”就只能是“种性”不变的产物！
然而，吃是生物不变的“种性”，“种性”遗传变异是种性制約（先天和后天）千古 不变的法则！
1783 年被任命为科学院院士，为《系统百科全书》撰写植物学部分，并担任皇家植物 标本室主任。
1820 年他双目失明，以后的著作都是由他口述、经他的女儿记录整理出版的。在动物 分类方面，他第一个将动物分为脊椎动物和无脊椎动物两大类（1794），首先提出“无脊椎 动物”一词，由此建立了无脊椎动物学。他也是现代博物馆标本采集原理的创始人之一。
他的代表作是《无脊椎动物系统》（1801）和《动物学哲学》（1809），在这两本巨 著中拉马克提出了有机界发生和系统的进化学说。
拉马克晚年也很悲凉，理论遭受遗弃、贫因交加，导致双目失明。借助幼女柯尼利娅笔 录，坚持写作，把毕生精力贡献于生物科学的研究上，终于成为一位生物科学的巨匠，死后他 的女儿连装殓父亲的灵棺都买不起，只有草席裹尸埋在乱坟岗……
在纪念拉马克 100 周年时，法国找不到拉马克遗骨，1909 年，在纪念他的名著《动物 学哲学》出版 100 周年之际，巴黎植物园为他建立象征性纪念碑草草了事！ ……
遗憾啊！拉瓦锡、拉马克科学巨擘之后，造物主再没有给法国降临如此伟大的科学大 师……
四、拉马克植物分类记录了硅藻并不是说发现了“硅基生命”的影 子
拉马克在 26 年完成《法国全植物志》；在植物分类学中描述了一种小生物、叫做硅藻是 一种极其古怪的生物，它的细胞外面居然有一层二氧化硅组成的细。二氧化硅就是石英和 沙子，硅藻居然住在由它自身塑造的玻璃房子里。拉马克进行了详细的阐述与分类……感 到奇怪得很？！
怎么会有像沙子一样的生命呢？始终是一个谜…… 拉马克没有考虑什么硅生命，仅仅在书中一带而过。
五、200 年后有人恶炒拉马克发现硅基小生命阿诺德感兴趣进行试 验
2016 年 11 月，阿诺德和她的团队使用在冰岛温泉中发现的细菌……她是美国加州理 工大学教授、诺贝尔化学奖得主弗朗西斯 . 阿诺德进行试验，给细菌部分蛋白质的 DNA 重 新编码。促成了 DNA 突变。在 3 次编码之后，他们惊奇的发现，突变的酶居然产生了合成 有机硅化合物的能力，形成了一种硅和碳元素之间的共价键硅碳键，这是人类首次让生物体 自发的形成硅碳碱。对创造硅基生命的科学假想有重要的意义！……
人工合成硅碳键令科学家思考：硅基生命到底是什么？它会是人类演化的新生命形态 吗？这是世界第一次；能不能是一次大胆的科学治疗或者探寻“硅基生命”开辟新路径？
六、2016 年生命演化点燃了硅基生命理论希望
这是人类希望开始尝试创造一个全新的物种，就是以硅元素为骨架的生物分子创建和 构成的生命硅键碳键结构必须需要解决的关键问题——请看相关报道：
{ 硅和碳首次借助天然酶“联姻” 可有助研发新药 中国新闻网 2016-11-26 03:42
科技日报北京 11 月 25 日电 ( 记者刘霞 ) 据英国《自然》杂志网站 24 日报道，美国科 学家发现，在一种天然酶的作用下，当活体大肠杆菌细胞被“喂食”合适的含硅化合物时， 其内部可形成碳—硅键。这是科学家首次证明有机生物体能让硅碳结合。除有助新药研制 外，该研究还有助于解答生物进化过程为何对硅视而不见的问题。
生物体让很多常见的金属为其所用，如血红蛋白细胞中含有铁，叶绿素中含有镁等。尽 管硅是地球上第二丰富的元素，仅次于氧，但硅仅现于生物的无机化合物内，例如单细胞硅 藻的氧化硅壳，从未进入有机生命的碳基链内，这一直是个未解之谜。
此前，科学家们已借助人造催化剂，让硅和碳“联姻”，但加州理工大学的弗朗西斯·阿 诺德想厘清天然酶是否也能充当让硅碳结合的“红娘”。
阿诺德团队发表在 24 日出版的《科学》杂志上的论文称，他们对蛋白质数据库进行了 全面筛查，并从数十种有潜力的酶中挑出了一个。这种酶源于一类生活在冰岛海底温泉内 的嗜极菌——海洋红嗜热盐菌。他们将其插入大肠杆菌内。果不其然，如果添加合适的含 硅化合物，这种酶能催化硅—碳键的合成。
不过，在制造硅有机化合物方面，经过遗传修改的大肠杆菌的效率仍然不是很高，因 此，研究团队让这种酶的活性区域发生变异，经过数代进化，新的天然酶效果优于人造催化 剂。阿诺德表示，接下来他们打算研究将硅整合入生命的好处和成本。
诺贝尔化学奖得主、康奈尔大学的罗德·霍夫曼说：“最新研究将化学方法和定向进化 结合在一起，制造出的酶形成了碳—硅键，这一美妙研究创造了新化学形式。”
以色列理工大学有机化学专家伊扎克·阿佩罗伊格说： “新研究为药物研发领域开辟 了新路径，有助于发现和研制出新药。”
▲弗朗西斯·阿诺德，女， 1956 年 7 月 25 日 [7] 生于美国，现任美国加州理工学院教授。 2018 年 10 月 3 日，2018 年诺贝尔奖诺贝尔化学奖揭晓，弗朗西斯·阿诺德、乔治·史密斯和 格雷戈里·温特尔共同获奖，以表彰他们在酶研究等领域的贡献。 }
也就是说，弗朗西斯·阿诺德、乔治·史密斯和格雷戈里·温特尔共同获奖和硅基生命没有 半点关系，“新研究为药物研发领域开辟了新路径，有助于发现和研制出新药。”
第二十四章 史前文明真实存在的考古见证
一、真实存在的“史前文明”
新西兰遗传学博士但顿在《出现危机的理论：进化论》一书中将达尔文的进化论成为 “二十世纪最大的谎言”，在但顿看来，人类这样的高等生命是极为复杂的，并不是达尔文 所说的“自然选择”突变的结果，并提出一个重磅观点：“史前文明”真实存在，而人类就 是史前文明的遗孤。
2021 年 10 月 17 日 考古学家克莱默和汤姆森 (Michael A · Cremo &Richard Thompson ) 的《考古学禁区》(Forbidden Archeology) 一书 , 列举了 500 个确凿的事例 , 那是几万、几 十万、百万、几万以至几十亿年前的人类文明遗迹，完全是达尔文进化论根本无法解释的对 象！……
古生物学家认为，人类文明仅仅演化了 6000 余年。那么，距今 5500 万年 -26 万年和 20 亿 -26 亿年人类“史前文明”遗迹的发现与层出不穷，将铁面无私地把达尔文进化论打入 世纪冷宫，永世不得翻身！ ……
二、距今 20 亿的大型核反应堆和 28 亿年的史前遗迹
1968 年，考古学家朱伊特（Y. Druet）和萨尔法蒂（H. Salfati）在法国的一块石灰岩层 里发现了一些不同型号的金属管，岩层的年龄是 6500 万年（Corliss, 1978, 652 ～ 653）。 远可追溯到在南非克莱克山出土的几百个精巧的金属球，距今 28 亿年。
在加蓬共和国发现 20 亿年前的大型核反应堆，反应堆的结构也比今天的还要先進，可 用的放射性元素全部被提炼光了……
三、5500 万年的武器和 26 万年的铁矛
1880 年，美国加利福尼亚的太波山300 英尺的地下出土了一批精美的石器工具，经鉴 定这是 5500 万年前的遗迹；
1966 年，墨西哥的霍亚勒克出土了一批铁矛，美国的地质学家麦金泰尔博士发现这是 25 万年的武器。
考古学家胡安·阿曼塔在墨西哥的普瑞拉瓦城，发现一个动物的颌骨化石里面有一块残 破的铁矛的矛头，鉴定这是 26 万年前的武器……
四、铁锤“合金”含有 96.6 % 的铁，0.74 % 的硫，2.6 % 的氯远远超越人类现代文明
美国德克萨斯州拉克西河岸的岩层中，在恐龙脚印化石旁边发现了 12 具人的脚印化 石；后来，在同一地层中又发现了人的手指化石和一把铁锤，锤柄已经变成了煤，表明这个 地区在远古时，曾经深埋在地下。
锤头含有 96.6 % 的铁，0.74 % 的硫，2.6 % 的氯，这种现在都不可能造出来的合金，展 示了史前一个高度发达的人类文明！
第二十五章 6000 年前人类有过大灭绝
一、大洪水确有其事，诺亚方舟也不是空穴来风
大英博物馆的副馆长欧文芬克尔发现了一块古泥板，上面更是记载了诺亚方舟的详细 经过，只不过这个经过与传说有着极大的分歧。
在 1985 年的一天，欧文 . 芬克尔在博物馆中忙碌的工作着，突然一个名为道格拉斯西 蒙斯的古董商提着一个不起眼的袋子前来拜访他。席蒙斯此来的目的是想请芬克尔鉴赏几 件古董，实际上也是想看看这些东西到底值不值钱。之前在这些古董中有一些古钱币、古饰 品，但芬克尔一眼就从这些古董之中找到了那块污泥板。
欧文 . 芬克尔是世界上少有的精通古亚术语、古巴比伦语、古苏美尔语三种语言的学 者，芬克尔对谷泥板上的楔形文字格外敏感，他将泥板拿起来细细研究起来。就让他彻底震 惊了……说阿特拉哈西斯听“我的话，你可以永远地建造一艘大船去拯救……”翻译出这 句话后，芬克尔马上意识到，这说的不就是诺亚方舟的故事吗？是吗！？难道诺亚方舟的传 说的事真的在古代发生过？很奇怪的呀、一个博物馆的副馆长竟然发现了神族存在的证据：
“圣经”讲：亚当和夏娃的直系子孙，诺亚则是其中之一。诺亚从上帝那里得到大洪 水消息后，提前打造了诺亚方舟。据圣经记载，诺亚方舟长 133.5 米，宽 22.3 米，高 13.4 米， 形状就像是一个大型的海上浮川。在方舟打造好之后，大洪水很快降临，善良的诺亚并没有 只顾自己逃，他还救下了许许多多的众生……在大洪水退去之后。诺亚方舟停在了亚拉腊 山，世界从此开启了新的篇章。芬克尔读下并翻译过来泥板记下的古文字不正是圣经中诺 亚方舟的历史吗！立刻引起中外学者惊讶和关注——经历 1977 年罗恩土耳其考古、特别是 2019 年香港和土耳其考古队长期考古研究确认诺亚方舟遗址是古人类真实的历史事件！
二、柏拉图《对话录》的“亚特兰蒂斯”帝国一万年与人类灭绝奇 迹
2011 年，一支考古队声称他们已找到了亚特兰蒂斯的位置：在西班牙南部的泥滩之下， 证实“大西国”在公元前 1 万年，遭遇一场毁灭一切的大洪水，便沉入了海底万丈深渊。
柏拉图在《迈奥斯》两本对话录中，是这样描述的，亚特兰蒂斯是一座位于海格里斯之 柱外，也就是如今直布罗陀海峡外的大西洋中的一座呈现出同心圆状的大型海上城市。它 是由一系列悬浮在海上的同心圆状建筑连接而成，所有建筑都是以当地开凿的白、黑、红三 种颜色的石头建造而成，非常壮观。越往中心，建筑的等级就越高，最中心区域就是整个亚 特兰蒂斯的大门。接近 2.5km 是。建有壮丽的王宫和神殿。神殿是以黄金、白银、象牙和犹 如。闪闪发光，名为山黄铜的金属。黄是。它的价值仅次于对于亚特兰蒂斯遗址的位置，如 今出现了各种各样的说法，但是目前大多数人认为可能性最大的地方只有两处。第一处是 希腊的克里特岛。
在 20 世纪 30 年代，英国一名叫做埃文斯的考古学家发现克里特岛存在着许多远古时 期的房屋遗址，并且在距离克里特岛不远处的希拉岛上，他发现了一幅岩画，上面显示呈现 圆环状的希拉岛其实是一座已经沉入海中的火山顶。当时这一发现立刻震惊了考古界。有 许多许多科学家闻风而至，对此展开系统的调查研究。希拉岛的历史也被人们所充分的了 解。
在公元前 1400 年。左右希拉岛的圣多利尼火山。火的喷发，从而引发了地震和大海啸。 海地。而这件事距离柏拉图提出亚特兰蒂斯文明。考古学家认为，柏拉图讲述亚特兰蒂斯 的故事。是基于希拉岛沉没事件的意向：亚特兰蒂斯（Atlantis）之名，其实是来自于希腊语，
它的本意是阿特拉斯的岛屿，一般被翻译成大西岛、大西洲或大西国，最早是从古希腊哲学 家柏拉图的著作里听到这个名字的——“在 9000 年前左右，海格力斯之柱（直布罗陀海峡） 对面，有一个很大的岛，从那里你们可以去其它的岛屿，那些岛屿的对面，就是海洋包围着的 一整块陆地，这就是‘亚特兰蒂斯’王国。”柏拉图把希拉岛事件和亚特兰蒂斯的故事留在《克 里特阿斯》（Critias）和《提迈奥斯》（Timaeus）这两本书里面……柏拉图认为必须改变 人们的思与思想教化……这样天神才不会发怒，降下灾难给古希腊，就不会重蹈亚特兰蒂斯 的覆辙。
埃文斯的考古学家发现与柏拉图的描述有一些相像之处，比如火山爆发、海啸造成的灾 难。第二处就是撒哈拉之眼——1965 年，美国的双子号太空船飞行到非洲上空的时候，航 天员在太空中，突然观察到了一个奇怪的现：现象在撒哈拉大沙漠西南部出现了一个奇怪 的东西，它像一只巨大的眼睛；紧紧的盯着太空，凝视着在场的所有人，一瞬间，大家寒毛直 竖，沙漠中怎么会出现一只眼睛呢？在感到毛骨悚然后，宇航员们迫不及待的用卫星拍摄下 这只眼睛，然后传回了相关部门，因为这个神秘结构太像眼睛了……
于是科学家们便把它命名为“撒哈拉之眼”，从卫星照片来看，这个巨大的结构并不像 普通的地貌结构。起初，地质学家们怀疑撒哈拉之眼只是个陨石坑，但是在周围并没有发现 陨石碎片，而是中心地势平坦，也没有发现被高温灼烧以及被陨石撞击的痕迹，所以陨石撞 击形成说就被否定了。
但是从外表来看，这与柏拉图描绘的同心圆状亚特兰蒂斯城市的结构，几乎一模一样， 这让众多寻找亚特兰蒂斯遗址的考古学家炸开了锅。从大小上来看，书中记载亚特兰蒂斯 的直径大约为 23.49km，而经过测量，撒哈拉之眼的外圈直径为 23.5 千米；两者尺寸几乎相 同。只是柏拉图形容的亚特兰蒂斯北，北边是青山，南边是海洋……但和撒哈拉之眼对照之 下，原本是海洋的位置却全都都是沙漠，为什么会出现这种现象呢？
难道这里并不是亚特兰蒂斯遗址？如果你仔细观察就会发现撒哈拉之眼处存在明显的 被水流冲刷侵蚀过的痕迹，而亚特兰蒂斯恰好就是被海啸吞没的，这就说明这些沙漠在很久 以前一定经历过大洪水、经历过大量的水流冲刷？
三、后来考古学家进行了更深入的调查，发现在撒哈拉沙漠的周围 真的有许多海洋生物的化石
这些化石就说明撒哈拉沙漠最初就是一片海洋。除了结构和大小以外，撒哈拉之眼附 近还被发现存在大量的白、黑、红这三种颜色的石头，而我们在前面提到过亚特兰蒂斯用于 建造建筑的石头。也正是用的这三种颜色的石头，从这种种证据来看，撒哈拉之眼似乎就是 我们苦苦寻找的消失的亚特兰蒂斯古城！……
3000 年前柏拉图描述，9000 年由于亚特兰蒂斯的沉没，那里的海域变得浅而泥泞，航 行者无法通过那样的环境。经过 1 万年的变化，变成沙漠似乎不是没有可能。但是这里还 有个问题，亚特兰蒂斯不是应该被海水淹没了吗！？确实证明一万年左右亚特兰蒂斯的大 洪水出现人类文明灭绝、岛屿大陆沉没！
四、那么，一万年过去了，怎么会出现在陆地上呢
有许多考古研究人员猜测，或许是亚特兰蒂斯所在的地方因为地震导致大陆板块剧烈 的变化，城市所在的板块被抬升，原来有海水的地方就变成了陆地。亚特兰蒂斯正好处在大 西洋上塞尔特克陆架的边缘，位置最低的部分。塞尔特克陆架是在芬兰斯堪的纳维亚冰盖 的前端，正好是泄洪的边缘。冰盖溃罢以后，倾泻而出的冰水由高到低，在运动中产生了雪 崩效应，进入海洋的时候催生了巨大的海啸。同时地壳变形产生地震和火山喷发。这样，在
洪水、地震和火山的多重打击之下，亚特兰蒂斯大陆在 24 小时之内消失……
尽管亚特兰蒂斯文明距今已有一万多年的历史，随着一万多年的历史地质水陆变迁，古 地质时间基因不可能留下人类灭绝的一点点痕迹……特别是在公元前 1400 年（3400 年前） 左右，希拉岛的圣多利尼火山突然喷发，引发了地震和大海啸淹没了一切！经历一万年水陆 变迁、已经面目皆非、什么都不存在了，很难找到人类灭绝的蛛丝马迹！ ……
只有柏拉图关于大洪水的记录：柏拉图写了一段寓意千古的名言。在《提迈奥斯》的 对话录当中写道：
“现在这些文明都是在什么也没有的情况下建立起来的。周期性的洪水毁灭了一个又 一个文明，只留下一些不识字和不懂文化的人。那么新的文明就只能在无知中开始。你们 就像小孩子一样，不知道久远以前发生了什么，你们只记得一次洪水。然而大洪水却不止一 次…… ”
柏拉图是不是在说：一万年前人类灭绝“却不止一次…… ”
历史各民族都有相似的记载，9000 年前燧人氏结束“洪荒时代”创建了东方古过，6 千多年前从有了夏王朝……在中国的语言文化中，把这次人类文明开始的遥远时间纪元叫 做“洪荒时代”，夏有大禹治水朝代更迭的神话故事……
故印度尼西亚发现一座 27000 年历史的金字塔并非偶然。
五、印度尼西亚发现一座 27000 年历史的金字塔？《自然》杂志表 示不服
银剑侠 2023-11-30 01:08
10 月 20 日，国际一流期刊《考古勘探》杂志发表了一篇论文称，位于印度尼西亚西爪 哇贡巴东史前遗址下的一座“金字塔”可能建造于 27000 年前。该论文一经发表，震惊了 全世界。
不过，当地时间 11 月 28 日，《自然》杂志发表一篇文章提出质疑。
来源：《自然》杂志
27000 年前已有石匠？
该论文的作者是印度尼西亚万隆国家研究所（BRIN）地质学家丹尼·希尔曼·纳塔维德 贾亚。他认为，印尼发现的史前金字塔比 4600 年前的埃及金字塔要古老得多，“是世界上 最古老的金字塔”。这意味着，它早于土耳其已知的最古老的巨石遗址「戈贝克利特佩」， 它是在大约 11000 年前，由石匠所建造。
纳塔维德贾亚说：“它将完全改写该地区的人类文明。”他说，“这需要很高的砖石 技能。”
图片来源：自然杂志
不过，这样的说法让许多研究人员感到疑惑。印度尼西亚万隆布林的一名考古学家 Lutfi Yondri 说，他通过研究发现，该地区的人在 12000 年到 6000 年前居住在洞穴中，在这一 时期的考古挖掘中，并没有发现复杂的石匠的证据。
这表明，该地区在 12000 年前并没有古匠，也不可能“建造”金字塔。 人为的还是自然形成的？
印尼古农巴东的“金字塔”由五个阶梯式石阶地组成，带有挡土墙和连接着的楼梯，位 于一座死火山之上。2011 年至 2014 年期间，纳塔维德贾亚和同事使用探地技术调查了该 地点，以确定梯田下面的结构。
他们确定了四层，认为这代表了建筑的不同阶段。最内层是一个硬化的熔岩核心，论文 中称，它是被“精心雕刻”的。根据这篇论文，第一阶段的建设发生在 2.7 万到 1.6 万年前， 在 8000 年到 7500 年之间，石阶进一步增加。最后一层包括可见的阶梯式梯田，是在 4000 年到 3100 年前“建好的”。
埃及金字塔资料图
英国卡迪夫大学的考古学家弗林特·迪布尔说：“我很惊讶这篇论文的发表情况如何。” 他认为，尽管这份论文提供了“详实的数据”，但它关于该建筑年龄的结论是不合理的。” 他说，没有确切的证据表明这些被掩埋的岩层是由人类建造的，而是自然风化和岩石随时间 移动的结果。
史前文明真的存在？
古农巴东遗址曾出现在 2022 年的 Netflix（网飞）纪录片《古代启示录》中。由英国 作家格雷厄姆·汉考克主持，他提出了一种观点，即 12000 年前，在最后一个冰河时代结束时， 一个先进的全球文明被消灭了。而论文的作者纳塔维德贾亚正是采用了这一观点。
纳塔维德贾亚表示，因为古农巴东是在最后一个冰河时代结束之前建造的，它表明那个 时代的人们有能力建造复杂的结构，“这使它成为一个非常有趣的纪念碑”。
然而，纽黑文南康涅狄格州立大学的考古学家比尔·法利（Bill Farley）指出，这篇论文 并未提供证据证明最后一个冰河时期存在先进的文明。他解释说，虽然来自古农巴东的 2.7 万年前的土壤样本年代确切，但没有发现人类活动的标志，比如木炭或骨头碎片。
加泰土丘的新石器时代遗址资料图
考古记录显示，从狩猎采集社会向占据大型定居点的复杂社会的过渡是在 11700 年前 全新世开始之后发生的。目前已知最古老的城市是有着 9000 年历史的「加泰土丘的新石 器时代遗址」，位于土耳奇。
科学家重新展开调查
据报道，《考古勘探》和出版商 Wiley 已经对这篇论文展开了深入调查。如果如论文 作者纳塔维德贾亚所说的那样，那就真的发现了史前文明，这对于科学家了解人类历史有着 重大意义。毕竟，拥有人工堆砌石阶的能力已属于文明的标志。
只不过，由于论文的多个观点站不住脚，因此并没有获得科学家们的普遍认可。希望经 过重新调查，能还原事件的真相。
六、27000 年人类第一次出现人类灭绝斷层论
2011 年发现位于印度尼西亚西爪哇贡巴东史前遗址下的一座“金字塔”，地质学家丹 尼·希尔曼·纳塔维德贾亚在 2023 年这样描写“金字塔”说：
“印尼古农巴东的“金字塔”由五个阶梯式石阶地组成，带有挡土墙和连接着的楼梯， 位于一座死火山之上。2011 年至 2014 年期间，纳塔维德贾亚和同事使用探地技术调查了 该地点，以确定梯田下面的结构。
他们确定了四层，认为这代表了建筑的不同阶段。最内层是一个硬化的熔岩核心，论文 中称，它是被“精心雕刻”的。根据这篇论文，第一阶段的建设发生在 2.7 万到 1.6 万年前， 在 8000 年到 7500 年之间，石阶进一步增加。最后一层包括可见的阶梯式梯田，是在 4000 年到 3100 年前‘建好的’”。
也就是说，金字塔四层，大概分：
第一阶段的建设发生在 2.7 万到 1.6 万年前，
之后，在 8000 年到 7500 年之间，石阶进一步增加。
最后一层包括可见的阶梯式梯田，是在 4000 年到 3100 年前“建好的”。
这样，自然而然就存在三个人类斷层年代——在 7500 年到 1600 年之间；和 4000 年到 7500 年之间——我们把这叫“纳塔维德贾亚人类斷层”。所谓“人类断层”就是长期没 有人类社会生活生存信息的地质时期！这是证明人类灭绝的指标。
埃及金字塔资料图
因为，人类灭绝的证明特别困难，需要地质学、考古学、古生物学等等多学科专家经过漫 长时间，甚至百年、几个世纪也不一定得到确定无误的结论。比如，10000 年因亚特兰蒂斯 大洪水导致人类灭绝，自柏拉图讲述至今，3000 多年各说一词，面对已经不存在的大西国 也都没有定论。
原因很简单人们不相信人类起源于猴子、同样不相信人类有过灭绝！
这样，“纳塔维德贾亚人类断层说”就成为判断人类灭绝的逆定理可以轻易确定人类 有过灭绝时间段！
比如古埃及金字塔因为这些巨大的陵墓外形形似汉字的“金”字，因此我们将其称之 为“金字塔”。金字塔时代属于早期的法老文明，它开始于公元前 2700 年左右，结束于公 元前 1750 年。这个时代大致上持续了 1000 年，对应于现代历史学家所称的古王国和中王 国时（公元前 2690 年左右，据说，10 万人用了 30 年的时间才得以建成。胡夫金字塔（又 称吉萨金字塔、大金字塔）是埃及最古老的金字塔）；同样也存在公元前 2700 年 +2024 年 =4724 年 ≈5000 年历史。那么，6000 年前呢？就是一个谜……
事实上，“纳塔维德贾亚人类断层说”同样适用古埃及金字塔 60000 年埃及人的断代 历史（或者存在局部人类灭绝）！……
七、玛雅人灭绝是人类灭绝最经典案例玛雅人为什么一夜间消失在 地球上了
ShawSigere2020-08-16 14:35
玛雅文明是世界著名的古代文明之一，从公元前 1800 年，玛雅人开始从事农业活动，到 公元 1697 年，最后一个玛雅城邦毁于殖民侵略者的炮火，玛雅文明延续了 3500 多年，一夜 消失、灭绝。
玛雅人测算地球年遇现代人测算结果误差仅 0.0002 天，玛雅人至少在公元前 4 世纪就 掌握了“0”这个数字概念，比中国和欧洲早了 800 年至 1000 年。他们还创造了20 进位计 数法，玛雅人的历法可以维持到 4 亿年以后，他们计算的太阳年与金星年的差数可以精确到 小数点以后 4 位数，他们有自己的文字，那是用 800 个符号和图形组成的象形文字，词汇达 3 万个。
玛雅文明的建筑工程达到世界最高水平，能对坚固的石料金星雕镂加工。他们在雕刻、 彩陶、壁画上都有杰出的造诣。然而，就是如此高度的玛雅文明却在 10 世纪时突然消失，成 为了众说纷纭的不解之谜。经过科学工作者们大量的研究，认为玛雅文明消失的主要源于
人口爆炸、粮食不足、自然灾害等原因——有学者认为，在大西洋中曾有一个大西洲，经济繁 荣，文化发达。可在 10000 多年前的某一天，它一夜之间沉入大海毁灭了。翻开地图可以发 现，大西洲的位置离尤卡坦半岛很近。德国科学家莫克认为，玛雅人在公元前 8499 年 6 月 5 日 12 时开始了他们的新纪元。按“纳塔维德贾亚人类断层说”雅玛人灭绝是局部人类 灭绝的经典！……
也没有像玛雅人的文化古国，只存在了 700 年创造了那样辉煌，就暂短消失了……
八、1492 年哥伦布发现新大陆美洲印第安人实际处于人类局部灭绝 生态
印第安土著人在 1492 年“发现”美洲新大陆时，在现在美洲境内居住的印地安人总人 口大約 3000-6000 多，印第安人是美洲除因纽特人外所有美洲土著的统称，并不是一个特定 的民族。玛雅人只是印第安人中的一个分支，他们为该地区贡献了某种程度的文化和语言 遗产。公元 1502 年，哥伦布最后一次远航美洲，船在洪都拉斯湾靠岸，哥伦布和船员踏上久 违的葱茏陆地。在当地的市场上，一种制作精美的来自“玛雅”的陶盆吸引了他。从此，“玛 雅”这个神奇的名字第一次传入欧洲。
1526 年，一支西班牙探险队前往尤卡坦，试图用暴力建立西班牙殖民地，并强制推行基 督教信仰。不肯屈服的玛雅人展开了长达百余年的游击战。1697 年，最后一个玛雅城邦在 西班牙人的炮火中灰飞烟灭，几近消失……印第安人从 3 、6000 万经过西班牙一直到盎格 尔萨克逊人残酷血腥殖民美洲大陆，再到美国独立战争结束，16-19 世纪发生在美洲大陆的 一场残暴屠杀印第安人的持续大屠杀，不到 300 年，印第安人就仅仅剩下不足 20 万人—— 几近灭绝；可谓现代历史人类民族局部灭绝的经典！……
这样的经典在 21 世纪俄罗斯与乌克兰战争再一次血腥上演！…… 本章小结
事实上，《圣经》早就是人类一部真实存在的历史记元。这有欧文 . 芬克尔的“泥 板”、1977 年罗恩考古、2010 年香港与土耳其考古队真实记载诺亚方舟遗址铁证昭示； 人类 6000 年前有过 N 次灭绝不是我们杜撰的；可以从古希腊之神柏拉图的一句话神来之 笔留下的诠释见证。
柏拉图说：“现在这些文明都是在什么也没有的情况下建立起来的。周期性的洪水毁 灭了一个又一个文明，只留下一些不识字和不懂文化的人。那么新的文明就只能在无知中 开始。你们就像小孩子一样，不知道久远以前发生了什么，你们只记得一次洪水。然而大洪
水却不止一次……”这是人类有过 N 次灭绝的禅语……而且柏拉图用亚特兰蒂斯灭绝故 事警告后世。自圣经人类历史 6000 年以来，玛雅人一夜神秘消失无疑彰显了人类灭绝的经 典……
“考古记录显示，从狩猎采集社会向占据大型定居点的复杂社会的过渡是在 11700 年 前全新世开始之后发生的。目前已知最古老的城市是有着 9000 年历史的「加泰土丘的新 石器时代遗址」，位于土耳奇。
科学家重新展开调查……”对 2 、7 万年印尼金字塔展开调查并不重要，重要的是 6000 年前人类有过 N 次灭绝命题——“纳塔维德贾亚人类断层说”可以是最重要的旁证， 没有之一！
未来人类历史将永远证明“纳塔维德贾亚人类断层说”必然是柏拉图“大洪水却不止 一次”预言，在之后 3000 年得到现代人类文明最中肯的认可、伟大礼赞与证明！ ……
第二十六章 硅谷爆出内正在秘密训练 AI 智力 GPT3.5 双免全球应用
一、斯塔，据路透社消息
AI 智力水平即将超越，另内硅谷爆出内正在秘密训练。拥有 125 万亿参数的多维态大 模型，待训练完成后的人工智能智上约为 145，仅次于著名物理学家爱因斯坦。据路透社消 息，AI 智力水平即将超越人类。硅谷爆出欧盟内I 正在秘密训练一个拥有 125 万亿参数 的多维态大模型，在训练完成后的人工智能至上约为 145；仅取自于著名物理学家爱因斯 坦——据说，GPT4 、GPT5 在 2037 年出现，将超越 145……
二、现在，ChatGPT 不注册登录也能免费用了
36kr.com 2024-04-02 12:01 算力只是个小问题？
现在，使用 OpenAI 的人工智能平台 ChatGPT，不需要注册账户了。
当地时间 4 月 1 日，OpenAI 正式公布了这个新政策，立即引来了全网的欢呼。
在开放之后，ChatGPT 打开就能用，看起来终于初步具备了「AI 搜索引擎」的样子。
不过这次开放仅适用于免费版的 ChatGPT（3.5 版本），其他 OpenAI 产品如 DALL-E 3、 GPT-4 等仍然需要付费才能访问，当然也需要登录帐户。
人们第一时间涌入 ChatGPT 的网站尝试，很多国家和地区的用户表示仍需登录。也有 人表示第一次需要登录，同一台电脑过一会看又不需要账户了。
仍有用户在访问时遇到了注册页面的阻拦，换了几个浏览器，还是老样子，看起来仍在 处于灰度测试。
OpenAI 在一篇博客文章中表示：「我们正在逐步推出这一项目，目的是让任何对其功 能感兴趣的人都能接触到人工智能。」
从先体验上的用户 po 出的实测看来，不需要注册的 ChatGPT 和原版几乎没有区别。 但如果重新开始一段对话，之前的记录将被清除，不能保留和 ChatGPT 的聊天记录。
另外 OpenAI 表示，所有人向 ChatGPT 输出的信息都会被记录用来持续改进模型（不 论是否登录）。如果你不愿意的话，需要在设置里关闭该功能。
自从 2022 年底首次推出以来，ChatGPT 作为一个新类型应用在全球范围内获得了空 前的欢迎，它成为了有史以来增长速度最快的应用。但一直以来，用户必须注册 OpenAI 帐 户才能使用 ChatGPT。
随着大模型技术的不断发展，OpenAI 陆续增加了付费订阅选项，以允许用户访问 DALL-E 3 、GPT-4 等产品和能力更强的大模型。除此以外，用户们也需要使用帐户来保存
和查看聊天历史记录、共享聊天内容以及进行语音对话。
ChatGPT 的产品形态很大程度上成为了大模型应用的「标准」。
不过在 GPT-5 发布之前，ChatGPT 已经很难称得上遥遥领先了。最近一段时间，不论 是谷歌的 Gemini、百度的文心一言，还是 Claude 和 Mistral 在大语言模型领域都取得了很好 的效果。面对友商的围剿，开放是一个好选择。
也有人认为，ChatGPT 取消账户限制可以吸引流量，获得更多宝贵的「互动数据」。 毕竟 AI 能力的提升不仅需要大规模数据集，也需要实时新增的用户反馈。
谁可以尽可能多地获得数据，谁就拥有了进一步提升 AI 的潜力。
OpenAI 表示，目前已有 185 个国家和地区，超过 1 亿人在每周在使用 ChatGPT。流量 跟踪网站 SimilarWeb 显示 ChatGPT 在 2 月份估计有 16 亿访问者，尽管谷歌提出的竞品 Gemini 已经起势，但在生成式 AI 方面 ChatGPT 的地位仍然无法撼动。
与此同时，其他 OpenAI 产品，例如新发布的人工智能语音克隆服务 Voice Engine 和视 频创作平台 Sora，仍然仅向有限数量的用户和合作伙伴开放，且仍不属于拥有 OpenAI 帐户 免费福利的一部分。
此前有关 OpenAI 和微软的一些报道中称，GPT-5 会在今年发布，OpenAI 可能已向一 些企业用户提供了早期版本的预览。
本文来自微信公众号“机器之心”（ID：almosthuman2014），作者：泽南、佳琪，36 氪经授权发布。
三、网友谈 OpenAI3.5 免费全球浏览
@AI 趋势研究说：“创业企业造成毁灭性的打击。这两年 AI 在销售推广、法律顾问、 AI 陪伴、金融、医疗健康、三地建模等等……领域呢，大量涌现众多 AI 创业公司，有如过江 之鲫。AI 这次免费开放 gpt3.5 接口，将会导致很多公司直接使用 openi 的接口，不用再投入 巨量的资金进行重新的训练。这样呢？也会将这种创业。公司所带来的海量的数据资源将 全部收入 openi，用于训练更强大的模型，这将极大的巩固 open 的垄断地位。我预计大模型 最终也会像手机一样啊，只会剩下两三家超强的公司。openi 目前看起来野心十足啊，让我 们拭目以待！？
Openi 的这个无注册使用影响深远，将会对大模型创业企业造成毁灭性的打击！？ ……
四、OpenAI “两免不开源”仿佛西洋棋计划再一次完成了 AI 大模 型一夜全球垄断
2034 年4 月 1 日完成了 185 个国家两免不开源，让我们想起了当年微软“西洋棋计划”。
创建于 1911 年的 IBM 从某种意义上讲代表着政府行为，这是 IBM 立于不败之地重要 基础”。
这也许说的有道理。但我们并不能证明。
我们从 IBM 的“西洋棋计划”能找到微软崛起的一些蛛丝马迹。在个人电脑疯靡的 初期，IBM 要大举介入 CP 业。才制定了周密完整的“西洋棋计划。”在许多个人创业者 纳入自己的计划之中，选择原件，软件制造企业参与并非第一；凭 IBM 当时的技术、人才， 资金市场实力，实现完全独立的开发软件并不是没有能力。
选择比尔·盖茨从表面上看是机遇，其实主要由于与拥有 CP ／ M 操作系统的基尔代尔 错过了与 IBM 代表谈判的时机，但以稳重追求完美著称的 IBM 作风看，又怎样能以一份可 行报告就认定比尔·盖茨和艾伦应该得到这分合同呢？史料记载多以盖茨的高超谋略，过人 的胆识与其软件的天才赢得了谈判的胜利，难道这里面就没有政府的影子，没有一支无形的
大手在影响着 IBM 西洋棋计划的操作吗”？
历史人物的浮出，统统是在巧合、机遇和背后隐藏着某种权利的碰撞所产生。其因果必 然把这些综合起来才叫完整的历史，有没有一只无形的大手操作“西洋棋计划， ”对于我 们只是猜想，只有当事人明白其中的奥秘！
事实上，奇迹经济之所以奇迹决定着一个国家的兴衰命运，一个企业的行动表面上看是 企业自身的事。然而，历来企业和政府同在一条船上，是世界各国的通则。寻找自己的机遇 吧！因为机遇是永存的……
盖茨倒很有绅士风度，当时就把 CP ／ M 的发明者加里·基尔代尔在电话中介绍给了 IBM 领导，并打电话给基尔代尔要他好好招待 IBM 领导。
命运历史选择了盖茨这是无法回避的事实。阴错阳差，第二天基尔代尔出行错过了谈 判的时（间）机，由他妻子麦尤恩和其法律顾问来与 IBM 代表谈判。由于谈判前 IBM 以 惯例要求对方签订一份保密和诉讼无效的协议，使谈判无果而终……
在此之前，王安电脑硬件超越 IBM ，WPS 成为美国主流从白宫总统办公室到企业， WPS 处理机成为当时最为热门的科技产品，是年，王安公司的营业额突破 1 亿美元大关。 1986 年，美国政府就世界范围内美军空军基地的信息管理系统进行公开招标，王安击败了 包括 IBM 在内的一众大型科技企业，签下了4.8 亿美元的合同。当年 7 月，在纽约“自由女 神像落成 100 周年”纪念仪式中，王安被选为全美最杰出的 12 位移民之一，从里根总统手 上接过了“总统自由奖章”。
王安希望联合微软对抗和打败 IBM 遭到比尔 . 盖茨拒绝、英特尔同样不同意而被孤 立……
与此同时，盖茨又主动与 IBM 联系承诺开发操作系统，终于在 1980 年 11 月双方签订 了合同。从这一天起，历史已经选择了自己世纪的百万富翁——比尔·盖茨，再无悬念！ ……
王安电脑孤军奋战，渐渐被 IBM 孤立，最终在没有报应聘 IBM“冷遇之仇”；错过了 WPS 的 1976 年“电脑发烧友”群雄逐鹿机遇；到 1983 年王安才相信 PC 就是未来，为时 已晚，反被 IBM+ 微软打败。
1990 年 3 月 24 日，70 岁的王安在对公司的重重忧虑中因癌症去世——比尔·盖茨曾说： 如果王安能完成第二次战略转折（专注做软件系统），世界上可能不会有微软，他也不会成 为科技偶像，而是会在某个地方做教师，或是一位律师。
但世上没有如果，一代传奇，就此谢幕。
从比尔 . 盖茨的风格看“西洋棋计划”和 open i 志在必得。于是，我们自然而然想起 2015 年过不了多久马斯克就退出OpenAI；我们还必须想到在奥特曼悄悄玩游戏偶然突破 时微软给了 100 亿美元的唐突神来之笔吧！？
事实上，100 亿已经完全进入奥特曼的灵魂……2022 年 GPT3.5 横空出世微软自然而 然是最大赢家——我们还应该记得无人知晓的 2016 、2018 年微软和奥特曼的两次闭门研 讨的秘密接触详细内容等等……
特别是要想到前几天二月二十九号，马斯克把 open 给告了。说什么成立公司的时候签 过协议不准搞商业变现、只能靠捐款无偿为人类造福！然而，在微软控制了 openi 竟然拼命 玩商业搞变现等等……罪过！
没过几天 i 奥特曼绝地反击，倒腾出来七八年前的电子邮件、这些邮件显示早在二零 一七年马斯克自己明明就同意过 pi 搞商业变现而且还想当大股东、企图控制董事会，被拒 绝以后又提出把 open i 并到特斯拉下面等等……
我们把这一切事情联系起来，今天微软 AI 建立世界垄断是比尔 . 盖茨完成“西洋棋计 划”和凯撒思想行为同出一辙啊——啊！ “在人类的事物中有股潮流，洪水般的潮流奔向 财富。如果一个人被这种潮流所抛弃，则他的一生注定暗淡无光，凄惨悲凉。我们就是在这 样的海洋中漂浮，我们必须跟随潮流，随潮流而动，否则，我们将失去人生的机遇！ …… ”
网友说的不错吧！ Openi 的这个无注册使用影响深远，将会对大模型创业企业造成毁 灭性的打击！？
Openi+Microsoft 大模型称霸全球自“2024.4.1”刚刚迈出第一步，4.0 与 5.0 接踵而至， 未来 Openi 大语言模型在整个 Windows 操作系统环境中运行独领风骚、称霸世界！
让我们拭目以待！……
五、 最近，媒体报道一家世界最贵数据中心微软和 open AI 准备建 设一家超级数据中心
根据一名与 open AI 首席执行官山姆阿特曼进行过交谈。并查看过微软成本预估报告的 消息人士透露，该数据中心耗资可能超过 1000 亿美元，约合 7221 亿人民币。这个数据中心 将容纳一台名为星际之门超级计算机，还有数百万个人工智能芯片组成。称，该数据中心的 建造成本是现在大型数据中心的 100 倍。希望最早在 2028 年建成并投
入。一旦这个数据中心建成将确立微软 + open A 全球人工智能垄断霸主地位！……
该项目表明，人工智能需要巨大资源投入和长期发展的思维，它不是一个短平快的技术 领域，虽然通用人工智能的盈利前景仍不清晰。但微软和 open AI 的大胆愿景凸显了人工 智能的未来愿景，电能考虑应用可控核聚变等等 …… 目前多数科技巨头愿意为此投入。以 确保自己在这场 ai 技术革命领域的超级数据中心获得明显巨大收益。
五、据说 gpt5.0 就会在下半年发布
那么，gpt5.0 就会把 a gi 给释放出来、gpt5 会超越人类实现 a gi 吗？ so 会不会也是 t pd5 开发的？
昨天，奥特曼接受了一个采访说，只要投入足够多的计算资源他们就能创造出超越人类 的通用人工智能 a gi，一旦 a gi 实现了那我们包括像能源紧缺这样的人类社会问题都能得到 解决。这说明他们至少已经知道怎么实现 agi ；然后，奥特曼提醒大家说不要低估了 gdt5g 的进步会远超 gpt4……
通用人工智能必然影响到我们整个人类。所以奥特曼一直捂着不敢透露太多信息，我 们会不会联想到奥特曼被开除的那场风波、以及最近马斯克对起诉 OpenAI 可能都跟这个 秘密有关，马斯克是想通过对 OpenAI 的起诉来逼迫他们公开更多的东西。
鉴此，采访只是试探性给大家一个心理准备，有可能 gpt5 就会把 a gi 给释放出来，ggt5 会超越人类实现 a gi ！？
六、事实上，大语言模型横空出世 8 年前 open AI 早就未雨筹谋
8 年前 open AI 早就未在理论、工程、技术路线、法则多方面修炼未雨筹谋了。如果现在 就说 open AI 会创造 AGI，显然为时过早。或许 open AI 真的是距离 AGI 的终点越来越近 了……
最近，open AI 已经成为整个 AI 领域的先行者，他所取得的巨大的成就其实是算法、 工程、数据、产品以及商业化策略。所有这些因素共同有机配合的结果。我们就给大家做一 个分析，首先我们来看它的技术路线，这是最早在 2016 年 6 月份，还在萌芽的open AI 发了 一个篇文章，是一个个里程碑意义的文章。文章的名字叫 creative models. 就生成式模型。 它在文章的开头就引用了著名物理学家费曼的一个名言。叫 what I cannot create I do not understand, 就是如果我不能创造，我就无法理解。他把创造置于理解之前，这个创造指的是 生成式人与物；所以认为生成式任务是实现 AGI 必由之路。在接下来的6 年时间里面就 把研发重心完全放在了生成式任务上。后续我们用到的一系列的 gpt 的修炼模型，都是基 于一个 transformer 架构的，专门用于实现生成式人与事。奥特曼说，只要能够非常好的预测
下一个 token，就能够实现 AGI。所谓预测下一个 token，就是预测下一个语义单元（词） ， 或者简单化叫预测下一个单词，一个一个单词被预测出来，一个一个单词被预测出来就产生 生成式模型！……这就是生成式任务的核心要义。
这就是 open AI 的首席科学家的看家法宝，在不同的场合里边接受采访的时候，反复的 重复这个观点。而今，大模型 GPT3.5 出世，自然而然顺理成章的就形成生成式生态，就是生 成创造一个大模型 { 任务）……
这种理念完全 来自 著 名物 理 学家 费曼 的 一个 名 言：what I cannot create I do not understand. 就是如果我不能创造，我就无法理解——也就是说，理念意识“自由意志”在先 才能创造！
open AI 就是这么做的，在八年前去选择一个架构模型，大概率你不会选择transformer ， 可能会选择 bird，为什么？因为博尔特在理解任务当中的表现更好，从一开始 open AI 就选 择了 Transformer 架构。一直沿着这条道路走下去，从来没有任何犹豫过！ ……
这就意味着它具有非常好的技术的判断力和敏感性。也成为 open AI 今天成功的最重 要的一个基础。
这里，还有一个工程能也是非常重要的。
这里，首先还要介绍一个概念，就是尺度法则，或者叫规模法则。这个法则的提出，为优 化大语言模型的训练集提供了非常重要的理论指导。因为在传统的学术界往往认为只有算 法的创新才是值得追求。才是科学家应该干的事儿。训练、学习、数据、产品以及商业化策略。 所有这些因素共同整合在一个模型运作，才能保证技术路线相得益彰，走向超前伟大成功！
七、AI 带来的科学研究巨变会不会影响所有人类科学家与科学发展
AI 带来的科学家机会又会是什么呢？
眼前科学家们也正在遭受人工智能带来巨大的冲击，我们来看几个案例和案例：
谷歌 deep mind 最近再次取得巨大突破，阿尔法 9 米数学 AI 模型登上了 nature 杂志， 在数学推理上取得了巨大的成功。这意味着它可以用来做数学方面的科学。从而代替部分 数学家。最重要的是。这样的思路也可以推广到物理、化学和生物学等等……
未来几年，AI 将迎来指数级的爆发。比如，只需要物理学博士通过两个提示词，就让 k3 直接预测出来即将要发表的量子算法，而且 km3 给出的答案和作者论文相似度已经非常 高的结果，说明 AI 已经能够进行科研，未来并不需要科学家啦！ ……
全球最强的 AI 模型3，正在颠覆物理和化学的科研工作。根据国外真实的案例啊，顶 级化学家要花一年时间通过各种实验才能完成。就 k3 只用了 2 个小时就给出了。出的解 决方案，而且比原方案更加简便易操作。最关键的是，AI 给出的这个方案的成本只需要 5 美分……再有一个物理学博士。只通过 2。就让kl3 直接预测出。他即将要发表的量子算法， 而且 k3 给出的答案和作者论文的相似度已经非常高了。说明 AI 已经能够进行科研。国际 顶级的咨询公司麦肯锡预测由 8 亿人可以进行科学实验……
再比如，阿尔法 food，是生物领域的超级 AI 系统 iph，主要是通过大数据和人工智能技 术来预测蛋白质结构，而不是像人类一样一个一个的。到目前为止，人类通过实验解出的蛋 白质三维结构是 19 万。而 alph，一套强大的算法和算力，可以达到“蛋白质三维结构”人 类所有次试验数据的总合！
第二十七章 种性自然系统学派由来
一、从柏拉图整体生命学 3000 多年前年启航
柏拉图确定说“地球啊应该巨大的活生物体”并拉夫罗夫“盖亚假说”试验得到证明； 在 20 世纪 70 年代，发明家兼环保主义者詹姆斯·洛夫洛克（James Lovelock）和进化生物 学家林恩·马古利斯（Lynn Margulis）提出了盖亚假说（Gaia Hypothesis）。”拉夫罗夫在 1979 年出版了《盖亚假说：对地球上生命的新认识》一书，书中拉夫罗夫结论说：“地球 是一种所有生物与矿物在一起的巨大共生体，共生指的就是有利于所有部分的生物联合， 这一超级有机体的特性，就是通过负反馈机制，尽可能地保持一个有利于生命活动的系统状 态。”也就是说，拉夫洛克认为，应该把地球看做各个部分相互关联的整体，而这一整体的 任务就是保持所有成员的良性发展，并用科学实验证明了公元前四百年古希腊大哲学家柏 拉图“地球是一巨大活生物体”理论假定地球是一个单一的、自我调节的系统，在这个系统 中，大气、水圈、所有生命和它们的无机环境共同维持着地球上生命的生存条件。这一理论 很大程度上受到了洛夫洛克在 20 世纪 60 年代为美国宇航局工作的启发，在那里，这位熟练 的发明家设计了模拟火星和太阳系其他行星气候的仪器，说明地球是一个整体生命系统。 同时，我们在《细胞生命的礼赞》得到刘易斯 . 托马斯地球“整体机制”——托马斯一生 临床科学研究证明“这一整体的任务就是保持所有成员的良性发展”和宇宙地球生命是一 个不可分割的整体……形成书稿并且得到科学普及出版社范惠民编审携助编著，经过 18 个 月不弃不舍地编辑完成《给你创新的支点》2003 年 3 有出版。提出“整体生命学”理论， 首创“种性制约机制”（用一句话概括就是：遗传变异是种性制约机制制约下的遗传变异， 遗传种性是绝对不变的，变异只能必须是性状变异，跨越种性的变异致死，跨种生物个体两 性不能也无法交媾交而不孕，无子代遗传不适应种性制约者死亡、灭绝。）和“整体板块遗 传律”（ 效法莱布尼茨易 0 、1 创建世界第一台计算机对马歇尔基因密码表仿易 0 、1 加密， 发现密码隔行对应变化基因数理不是线性数理整合呈现四模块 8 种形式 16 组分模块之 N 维立体整体扳块运行模式即称基因整体扳块遗传律。）初步从柏拉图 -“盖亚假说”启航 建立了“种性自然系统”理论学说。
二、“种性自然系统”理论的由来
“种性自然系统”是人类生命自然存在亘古不变。五千年中华民族就明确说：“食色 性也”，食就是食物、色、就是（男）女性之性！
古希腊柏拉图、亚里士多德哲学大师对“食色性也”人生命本质早就这样认为；西方 第一部食色性也理论是马尔萨斯的《人口论》；本质说就是《食色性论》！
有马尔萨斯二原理为证明——1、从两个“公理”出发 (1) 食物为人类生产所必需 (2) 两性之间的性欲是必然的 , 且几乎会保持现状。这里 (1) 就是食性、(2) 两性就是性！人生 两大需求，缺一不可。
历史性地看：马尔萨斯《人口论》是马尔萨斯对古希腊柏拉图、亚里士多德、特别是对 几个世纪前人科学家的人口思想总结；涵盖了休谟、亚当·斯密、李嘉图的经济理论，罗伯特·华 莱士关于人口按照几何级数增长的观点、约瑟夫·唐森关于人口依赖于生活资料的增长、人 口有超过生活资料的增长的趋势的观点， 以及詹姆斯·斯图亚特关于人口与生活资料间存 在一定比例关系的观点与人口数增加值产生灾难等……的生存本质论述。
种性亘古不变理论最早是林奈在《自然系统》。公元 1735 年，林奈出版了《自然系统》 一书。这本只有 12 页的小册子一出版，便引起人们的疯狂关注。《自然系统》内容主要分
两大块，第一块是建立人为分类体系。此书把自然界分成了三大界：矿物界、植物界、动物界。 植物界主要依据雄蕊的数目和特征分纲，纲下设目。动物界主要依据呼吸器官、生殖器官、 皮肤及感觉器官的特征进行分类，共哺乳纲、鸟纲、两栖纲、鱼纲、昆虫纲、蠕虫纲六大纲。正 如此书的副标题“即可以在大自然的三个界中，按纲、目、属、种进行系统的分类”所言，此 书将植物分为 24 纲、116 目、1000 多个属和 10 000 多个。纲 (class)、目 (order)、属 (genus)、 种 (species) 的分类概念是《自然系统》的首创，一直沿用至今。
林奈是全世界第一个提出“物种不变”的伟大科学家。
林奈说：“1、由于不存在新种；2、由于一种生命总是产生与其同类的生物；3、由于每 种生物的每个个体总是其后代的开始，因此必须把这些祖先的不变性归于某个全知的 …… 这是被每个有生命个体的机制、原理、定律、体质和感觉所证明的”
林奈的植物分类方法和双名制被各国生物学家所接受，将生命世界以一种系统、简明、 有序的方式呈现出来，为现代动植物分类和命名的国际通用的科学体系奠定了基础，被人们 称为万有分类法，这一伟大成就使林奈成为 18 世纪最杰出的科学家之一。林奈自己也曾说： “从未有人像我一样将科学转型。”
林奈学会是为了纪念林奈而创建的。1802 年林奈学会获政府授予的皇家许可证，并迁 入伯灵顿宫旧址。伯灵顿宫中还有不少学会组织，比如皇家化学学会、皇家地理学会，皇家 考古学会等等……
林奈塑像
林奈去世后，他生前收集的大量动植物标本及藏书，被英国植物学家 J.E. 史密斯所收
购，全部运到了伦敦，并收藏在林奈学会之中。这些深藏在地下收藏室中的珍贵藏品犹
林奈塑像
林奈去世后，他生前收集的大量动植物标本及藏书，被英国植物学家 J.E. 史密斯所收 购，全部运到了伦敦，并收藏在林奈学会之中。这些深藏在地下收藏室中的珍贵藏品犹为珍 贵！
林奈学会的藏品有 1600 本书籍、14000 株植物、3198 枚昆虫样本和 1564 只贝壳，这 都是卡尔 林奈生前的私人收藏，也是林奈给了它们各自的正规学名。除此之外，学会藏有 林奈的日志、手稿原稿，有他远赴拉普兰的旅途中记下的日记原稿，也有林奈最著名的作品 《自然系统》的批注手稿。
……
林奈身处的时代，正是欧洲的大航海世纪，对于自然秩序的追求也是这一时期他们共同 的追求之一。此后、许多科学家都承认种性亘古不变；如：
约翰·雷说：“我相信在确定一个物种时，除了应该把通过种子繁殖而使之永远延续的 特点作为标准外，没有其他更合适的标准。”
托马斯·赫胥黎认为：物种稳定不变是由于生物的胚种存在 B 部分。他说： “从整体 来看 B 从来不遭受死亡，只是它的某些部分被吞掉…… ”
杰拉德·皮尔说：“从寒武纪以来没有一个门绝灭。”
薛定谔说： “即基因结构似乎只包含比较少的数量的原子（1000UM 数量级，可以还 要少）。然而，它却表现出最有规律，最守法的活动——并有如此持久性永久性，这就是一
种奇迹”。 ……
三、“种性自然系统”是“把科学研究工作中获得的片片断断的知 识系统地公布于世”
齐曼（ziman,j.m.）在近期《自然》杂志上着文指出，“发明一种机制，把科学研究工 作中获得的片片断断的知识系统地公布于世，一定算得上现代科学史上的关键性事件”这 样去理解“种性自然系统”就是“发明一种机制”
我们就是根据齐曼（ziman,j.m.）的方法论完成“种性自然系统”学说的；这里，还有 卡森《寂静的春天》理论提出的环境污染二法则（法则一：破坏生态是通过破坏环境来实 现的，生态破坏是不可逆转的。
法则二：环境之间存在关连和叠加放大污染传导效应。） 与微生态整合形成“微生态 变异原理”，成为人类防控污染行之有效的路径与理论。
另外，我们还提出《人工自然选择律》；把人工选择和自然选择概念与相互制约的功 能属性整合形成一种规律（人工自然选择律的公式是：
w=(S+E)×tw 表示人工自然选择 ,S 表示广义人工选择 ,E 表示自然选择 ,t 表示时间。( 时 间单位 : 亿年、万年、年、月、日、时、分、秒、微秒、皮秒 )
▲自然选择定义
什么是自然选择呢 ?
用达尔文的语言说 : 就是“从另一方面讲 , 任何有害的变异 , 虽为害程度极轻微 , 亦必 然消失。这种有利的个体差异 , 变异的保持和有害变异的消除 , 我称之谓自然选择或“适 着生存”。
▲什么是人工选择呢 ?
人工选择是人类对生物的定向培育 , 以达到保存对人有利的变异 , 渐变成人为的品种 的过程。
人工选择是人 ( 类 ) 生命食性本能驱使形成的科学实践。马尔萨斯在《人口论》提出
的第原理即 :“第一）、食物是人类生存所必须的………。”- 食本能中国古代圣典早就强
调 :“食色性也。”；第二，两性间的情欲是必然的。马尔萨斯推论：人口在无所妨碍时， 以几何级数增长，而生活资料，即使在最有利的生产条件下，也只能按算术级数增长，因而人 口增长速度会大大超过生活资料增长速度。而战争、瘟疫、饥荒等都是抑制人口增长、使人 口与生活资料相适应的重要手段。
▲什么叫人工自然选择律呢 ?，
这是表达人工选择与自然选择关系的法则。无论遵守不遵守 , 承认不承认 , 自然力总 是以自然选择戒定生命性状的延续 , 消除不利于种的表达与变异 , 保存有利于种的变异 , 维系整个
地球大生命场的和谐永恒。这是永恒的自然法规 , 自然选择力总是以死亡、灭绝 , 来报 复违反、蔑视人工自然选择律的抗争者。用灾难好果无一例外地用时间来检验、表达法则的 威严！
也就是说，我们用整体生命学四科学基础理论著作《种性制約机制》、《整体板块遗 传律》、《人工自然选择律》、《微生态变异原理》整合形成“种性自然系统学说”。她 集柏拉图地球是一个巨大生物体、“盖亚假说”实验成果、林奈自然系统、马尔萨斯二原理、 卡森微生态法则等等……科学研究工作中获得的片片断断的知识诸多科学理论演绎完成 “种性自然系统学说”系统地公布于世，为人类生命科学尽自己微薄之力！ ……
第二十八章 种性自然系统诠释
一、种性自然生命力存在之自然力永远无法抗拒
种性乃食色性也 \ 中国民谚：民以食为天 1 自人类出现在地球以来，特别古希腊五千 年之伯罗奔尼撒战争和黑死病肆虐一千多年、欧洲死亡一半人口，人（类）依然该吃吃该喝 喝、该生儿育女、就生儿育女，一点点分分秒秒都不耽误；细菌也罢、病毒也罢、微生物也罢、 瘟疫也罢……每一次都妥妥被无穷无尽的自然力搞定神秘消失……
用林奈的话说：“由于每种生物的每个个体总是其后代的开始，因此必须把这些祖先 的不变性归于某个全知的上帝……这是被每个有生命个体的机制、原理、定律、体质和感觉 所证明的”——什么叫“每个有生命个体的机制、原理、定律、体质和感觉所证明”？这就 是“自然系统”！也叫种性自然生命力存在之自然力永远无法抗拒！也叫“种性自然系 统”……
这里，林奈的“自然系统”是天、是天地万物、是必须把这些祖先的不变性归于某个全 知的上帝。是上帝！
正如笛卡尔所说： “上帝赐予了每一个人用以分辨是非的智慧之光”，林奈的智慧之 光就是“自然系统”——林奈有个习惯，他在自己的书出版之后，会将一些空白页订入印刷 好的书册中，便于一边重读一边记笔记，来更新他发现的新物种。林奈的笔记将所有的空白 页添的满满当当，都是拉丁语的批注。
如今，林奈学会的藏品也开始数字化，发布于学会的网站上，世界各地的研究人员可以 方便地在网上进行查阅和研究，而那些有着几百年历史的珍贵藏品和手稿，则可以不受打扰
地待在收藏室中继续守望。
这些完全彰显了林奈“生命个体的机制、原理、定律 …… ”-“自然系统”完整性千古
留存！
二、什么叫机制？
林奈最早定义“机制”曰：“祖先的不变性归于某个全知的上帝……这是被每个有生 命个体的机制、原理、定律、体质和感觉所证明的”——什么叫“每个有生命个体的机制、原 理、定律、体质和感觉所证明， ”“机制”最早来自古希腊柏拉图的哲学理念：“理念的本 质。柏拉图认为理念是独立于可感世界的实体，是永恒不变、完美统一的。理念是具体事物 的本质，是“一”的，而具体事物是“多”的。”
这里，[ 永恒不变、完美统一的。] 林奈的【祖先的不变性归于某个全知的上帝……这是被 每个有生命个体的机制、原理、定律、体质和感觉所证明的】同出一辙。
用薛定谔的古希腊是人类科学知识的“婴儿期”说，林奈的机制就是人类成熟期的“物 种不变”——事实上，现代对“机制”最全面的理论，出自美国科学院院士刘易斯 . 托马斯 的《细胞生命的礼赞》（因为全文太长）仅引用十小节：【托马斯论“机制”是《细胞生 命的礼赞》对“机制”论述的节选自成理论曰：《托马斯论“机制”》。
我们生活在由舞蹈跳荡的病毒组成的阵体中，它们象蜜蜂一样，从一个生物窜向另一 个生物，从植物跳到昆虫跳到哺乳动物跳到我又跳回去，也跳到海里，抱着几片这样的基因 组，又拉上几条那样的基因组，移植着dna 的接穗，象大型宴会上递菜一样传递着遗传特征。 它们也许是一种机制，使新的、突变型 dna 在我们中间最广泛地流通着。如果真是这样，那 么，我们在医学领域必须如此集中注意的奇怪的病毒性疾病，就可被看作是意外事故，是哪
里出了点疏漏。
甚至在情况要求有赢有输的时候，这种交易也未必是一场战斗。海生腔肠动物门海扇 的几个种的成员彼此之间表现的那种冷漠态度表明，保持个性的机制一定在进化出免疫机 制之前很久就业已存在了。海扇们长起来总是密密丛丛地挤在一起，长成一块块枝状的东 西，但它们并不彼此融合。假如融合了，那它们的形态无疑将乱成一团。西奥多（theodor,j. l.）在一系列漂亮的实验中表明，当将两个同种的个体放在一起、密切接触时，其中较小的一 个总是先行解体。这种自我毁灭来自一种完全由较小者控制的裂解机制。它没有被摔出场 外，没有被以力战胜，也不是火力不敌，它只是自愿退场。知道生物界还有这样的事，未必就 令人安慰，但至少让人吃惊之余会觉得舒舒服服。
大气中的氧，是植物中的叶绿体产生的（让人惊讶的是，叶绿体也生活在巨蛤和更低级 的海洋生物的吸管里）。组织培养中，遗传上毫无联系的细胞聚到一起，无视种的不同，融 合成一些杂种细胞，这乃是一种自然的趋势。炎症和免疫机制实在得设计得非常强大，才得 以把我们这些生物彼此分开。如果没有这些相当卖力的机制，我们或许早已进化成一种到 处流动的合胞体，盖过地球，那么，大地上就连一朵花都不会生发出来了。
齐曼（ziman,j.m.）在近期《自然》杂志上着文指出，“发明一种机制，把科学研究工 作中获得的片片断断的知识系统地公布于世，一定算得上现代科学史上的关键性事件”。
据称，受过良好训练的猎犬可以准确无误地跟踪一个穿鞋的人的足迹，即使那个人穿过 留下了无数其他人的脚印的开阔地，只要事先让狗闻一下这人的衣物就行。假如非要为全 国人类气味研究会（可以用食品药品管理局和联邦通讯委员会的预算合资建立）想出一项 研究与发展计划，这将是一个开创性的极好的问题。这项计划也许还会产生一些我们愿意 看到由联邦资助进行研究的次级的、分项科研项目。如果真象小说里说的那样，聪明的狗能 通过嗅觉辨出一个人跟其他任何人的差别，那么，这也许就得从 10 碳原子分子几何形状的 不同，或从数种混杂的外激素相对浓度的不同得到解释。如果这是事实，那么，研究免疫学 的人们应该感兴趣。他们早就象立界桩宣布所有权一样宣称，他们弄清楚了区别此与非此 的各种机制。也许，敏感和精确得出奇的、能发觉半抗原那样小的分子的免疫机制，代表着 发觉同一标记者的另一种方法。人的最好朋友可被用来嗅辨出组织相容的供给者，等等。 只要我们能成功地将研究活动维持在这一水平，并或许能成功地通过释放大量的金钱，把每 个人的注意力都从其他方面转移开来，我们可能就不会陷于麻烦。
其他动物也赋有类似的发出信号的机制。成队的蚂蚁在路上爬行时可嗅出同群和其他 蚂蚁的区别。蚂蚁熙熙攘攘过路，留下踪迹，亲近的蚂蚁可以跟踪，别的蚂蚁就不能。
我们周围的动物都有这么些奇妙的感觉技术。为此，我们感觉到有些低人一等，它们有 的我们没有。有时，为消除这种失落感（或感觉的失落），我们自我安慰，我们早已在进化 过程中把这些原始的机制抛在身后了。我们总爱把嗅球看成是某种考古学发现，而提到人 脑中古老的嗅觉区时，好象它们是些上年纪的、疯疯癫癫的亲戚，需要有些嗜好。
不同动物之间用于通讯的嗅觉感受器，对于建立共生系统来说是至关重要的。蟹和海 葵依靠分子构型认出彼此是伙伴，海葵和跟它共生的少女鱼也是这样。类似的装置还被用 于自卫，比如帽贝，它用来防御食肉的海星的方法是将套膜外翻，使海星失去一个立足点； 帽贝能感觉出一种特别的海星蛋白。公平地说，所有海星都制造这种蛋白，释放至周围的环 境。这种系统显然是古老的一种，比我们现在为识别彼此而如此倚重的抗体的免疫感知早 得多。最近已知，细胞抗原标记自我的那些基因和那些通过抗体形成而发生免疫反应的基 因有着密切的联系。有可能，抗体的创生，来自共生所需的早期感觉机制，这种机制可能部 分是用来避免共生活动失控。
一切生物，不管是植物还是动物，它们之间进行化学通讯的非常普遍的系统，被惠特克 （whittaker,r.h.）称为“allelochemics”（不同种间化学作用）。每一种生命形式都用这种 或那种信号，对周围的其他生物宣布它在近处，向来犯者划定界限，或向潜在的共生者散发
出欢迎的信号。总的效果，是形成一种调节生长速度和领土占领的协调机制。这显然是用 来使地球自我平衡的。
十、后来，他历历在目地回忆起那段经过。他是那样惊异于与死亡相联的那不同寻常的 安宁、平静和绝无痛楚的感觉。于是他创造了一种理论，说所有动物都有一种保护性的生理 机制，在死亡的边缘开始起作用，将它们在一团平静的云雾中带到彼岸。】
对于“机制”强燕平认为： 为什么是“机制”呢？
因为“机制”是指各生命要素之间的结构关系和“内、外环境”运行生存方式、是有机 体宏观、微观的构造、功能，“生存斗争”遗传变异、历史演化相互关联的所有数理规则理 论定理、从宏观一直到微观万古不变的守制与可持续生存的自然天择法规。
最后，让我们用薛定谔的“遗传这个词本身就已经表明不变性几乎是绝对的。”（《生 命是什么》32 页）让我们用“基因绝对不变论”证明林奈的“物种不变”——基因绝对不变， 必然所有种的个体遗传下来的“种性”绝对不变！就这样“种性制约机制下的遗传、变异” 和“种性”亘古不变的天注定，万古不变地守制生命永恒乃机制！也就是说，“种性制约机制” 是新的生命科学定律，将跟以前的定律一样已经加入“生命物质在遵从迄今已确立的物理 学定律的同时，可能还涉及至今尚未了解的‘物理学的其他定律’，这些新的定律一旦被揭 示出来，将跟以前的定律一样，成为这门科学的一个组成部分”机制！
——薛定谔《生命是什么》73 页。
三、从卡森“微生态理论”与强燕平《微生态变异原理》与数据了 解全球面临十大环境问题之触目惊心
从柏拉图理念本质看强燕平的《微生态变异原理》是卡森《寂静的春天》精髓理论的 浓缩版。其核心是卡森生态变异二法则：
法则一：破坏生态是通过破坏环境来实现的，生态破坏是不可逆转的。 法则二：环境之间存在关连和叠加放大污染传导效应。
让我们遵循卡森微生态“二法则”来审视《看数据了解全球面临十大环境问题》（大 拇指海外 2023-12-30 20:13 河北）就可以完全得到确切的证明：卡森微生态变异理论原理 完全是防止人类用各种借口、工业化、化学研究等等 ; 打着为人类福祉夹带人类自私的目的 改造自然！人类万万想不到自然用“人工自然选择律”回答全人类 - 自然永远用某种灾难 去消除人类破坏自然的行为而付出惨痛代价……请看卡森《寂静的春天》第十二章《人类 的代价》节选： 【化学药物在人类进入工业时代后才被生产出来，经过一段时间的发展， 现在其生产已达到了一个高潮。化学药物的大量生产很快就引发了严重的公共健康问题。 就在不久之前，天花、霍乱和鼠疫等天灾还让人惊恐不已，现在它们已经不再是人类关注的 焦点，因为高质量的生活、良好的卫生条件以及新型药物已经可以对其进行有效的控制了。 人类现在比较关心的是一种隐匿在环境中的危害。这种危害随着现代生活方式的发展而产 生，并且是由人类自己引入这个世界的。引起环境健康新问题的因素是多种多样的，如辐射 和化学药物开发等，杀虫剂就是其中一个重要的因素。现在，这些化学药物正侵入我们的生 活，毒害我们。化学药物的潜在危害让我们不寒而栗，因为它看不到摸不着，极其隐蔽。我 们一生都将在这些化学物质及其作用之下生活，所受到的影响是不可估量的。
……
如果只是暴露在含有甲氧氯等化学物质的环境中，它并不会在人体内大量储存。于是， 人们就会觉得甲氧氢这一种化学物质的环境中，它并不会在人体内大量贮存。于是，人们就 觉得甲氧氯是无毒的，但这种想法并不正确。如果肝脏已经收受到别的的化学物质的损害， 甲氧氯就会成百倍地在人体内存存，此时它就会像嘀滴涕一样，对神经系统造成持久影响。
但由于引起这一结果的肝脏损害程度非常低，因此很难被人发现。
甲氧氯等化学物质对神经系统的损害，除了表现为急性中毒症状外，还会引发后遗症。 早有文献对甲氧氯等化学物质对大脑和的神经系统的长久性破坏进行了报到。狄氏剂不仅 能引发急性中毒，还能带来“健忘、失眠、噩梦不断、狂躁”等后遗症。
医学研究证明，林丹会在大脑及肝脏组织中不断累积，从而造成“对神经系统的长期损 害”。然而，这种化学物质被当成六氯联苯的一种形式广泛应用各种喷雾设备 ; 在家里、办 公室和饭店，我们都可以发现这种设备不断地喷出杀虫剂的蒸汽。
在我们看来，有机磷类化学物质只会引发急性中毒症状，其实，它还会对神经组织造成 无法恢复的损害。近代研究发现，它很可能会诱发精神疾病。由于多种杀虫剂的使用，现在 也出现了各种不同的麻痹后遗症案例。20 世纪 30 年代前后，禁酒时期的美国发生了一件 非常奇怪的事情，它预示着祸患即将到来。这一祸患不是由杀虫剂引起的，而是由有机磷杀 虫剂同类的物质造成的。为了避开禁酒令，一些化学药物被用来冒充烈酒，其中就有牙买加 姜。由于医用酒精类产品价格太高，于是，私酒商就想用牙买加姜作为替代品。他们手法非 常高超，连化学检测都没有检验出产品中的问题，政府药剂师也被蒙蔽了。他们在姜汁酒中 添加了一种被称作三原甲苯基磷的化学物质，以使其具有强烈的气味 -- 这种化学物质会对 胆碱酯酶造成损害。由于饮用了私酒商的伪劣产品，约有 1.5 万人的腿部肌肉出现严重萎 缩，也就是现在我们所说的“姜瘫”。不仅如此，他们的神经鞘出现了损伤，脊髓前角细胞 也发生了病变。
约 20 年后，多种不同的有机磷杀虫剂被广泛使用，“姜瘫”这一历史病症很快就会重 新登场。德国一名在温室工作的工人就是最好的证明。在与马拉硫磷接触后，他不时表现 出轻微的中毒症状。过了几个月，他便瘫痪了。后来，化工厂的 3 个工人也因为使用有机磷 类化学物质而出现了急性中毒症状 ; 由于治疗及时，他们都康复了。但 10 天后，其中两个 人仍出现了腿部肌肉萎缩的症状。其中一人足足过了 10 个月才恢复过来 ; 而另一个年轻 女工病情更加严重，不仅腿部肌肉萎缩，双手和手臂也受到了影响。两年后，当一家医学杂 志对其病情没进行报到时，她依然无法正常工作和生活。
虽然可能会引发这些病症的杀虫剂已被禁止销售，但目前仍在使用的杀虫剂也可能会 造成同样的损害。实验证明，深受园艺工人青睐的马拉硫磷会导致小鸡出现严重的肌肉萎 缩，看起来和“姜瘫”很像。该症状是坐骨神经鞘和脊髓神经鞘受到损害造成的。
有机磷杀虫剂中毒即使没有造成死亡，也会引发严重的后果。由于有机磷杀虫剂会对 人的神经系统造成严重损害，因此它肯定与精神疾病有关。
最近，墨尔本大学和普林斯亨利医院的研究专家先后提供了 16 个精神病例，它们都证 明了这一联系的存在。这些病人都曾长期接触有机磷类药物，他们有的记忆衰退，有的得了 精神分裂症，有的患有抑郁症。这些人以前都很健康，但他们长期使用的化学药物却掉转 头，杀了他们一个措手不及。
就像我们所了解的那样，多种医学文献都有类似病例的大量记录，不管是关于氯化烃 的，还是关于有机磷的。神志不清、幻觉、健忘、焦躁不安……人类为短时间内消灭某些昆虫 已经付出了巨大的代价。除非我们能停止使用那些会对我们的神经系统造成直接损害的化 学药物，否则，我们将一直为此付出代价。】 ——让我们今天仔细对照阅读 62 年前卡森论 述的“人类付出代价”，21 世纪 20 年代怵目惊心的环境污染 - 人类有一点点进步吗？！
这就是“种性自然系统学派诠释”的历史现实伟大作用和历史意义！…… 一）、全球气候变化与
近 30 年间，北极冰层厚度减小了40%，从原来的 3.1m 变成 1.8m。具有全球 91% 冰面 的南极，已有 5 大冰块从陆地分离流入海洋。1973—1993 年，南极半岛西部的冰层减小了 20%。恒河源头的冰山正在以每年 30m 的速度消失。地球气温上升如果高于 1℃，脆弱的 生态系统将承受灭顶之灾，北极熊、海豹、海象将会濒临灭绝。
二）、生物多样性的丧失
目前，全球每年有 5 万 ~8 万种生物从地球上消失，还有 12% 的哺乳动物和 11% 的鸟类 濒临灭绝。每天有 150~200 个物种灭绝，每小时有 6~8 个物种绝灭。国际植物大会称：人 类破坏了地球近 1/2 的土地， 3100 种动植物濒临灭绝。预计到 21 世纪下半叶，全世界野生 生物的损失估计可达其总数的15% ℴ 30%。 人类正处在第六次生物绝种潮的边缘。
三）、臭气层损耗与破坏
臭氧 (O3)，有特殊臭味，因此得名。在大气层 10~50km 高度的区域，长波紫外线能够杀 菌，中短波紫外线对人体和生物有害。当它穿过平流层时，绝大部分被臭氧层吸收。因此， 臭氧层就成为地球一道天然屏障，使地球上的生命免遭强烈的紫外线伤害。核爆炸和喷气 式飞机在高空中的飞行使那里的臭氧减少 1%，到达地面的紫外线强度便增加 2%。据估计， 到 2025 年，臭氧有可能会减少 10%。有研究表明，大气中的臭氧含量减少 1%，人类皮肤癌 患者增加 4%~6%；而照射到地球的紫外线增加，还会破坏包括 DNA 在内的生物分子，增加 罹患白内障的概率，造成许多有关免疫系统的疾病。臭氧减少 1%，大豆减产 1%； 臭氧减少 可以导致渔业减产——臭氧减少 10% （紫外线辐射增加 20%） 将会在 15 天内杀死所有生 活在 10m 水深内的鳗鱼幼鱼。
四）、土地荒漠化
全球陆地面积占60%,其中沙漠和沙漠化面积29%。每年有600万公顷的土地 变成沙漠。经济损失每年423亿美元。全球共有干旱、半干旱土地50亿公顷，其中33 亿遭到荒漠化威胁。致使每年有600万公顷的农田、900万公顷的牧区失去生产力。 根据《全球环境展望 ( 四 )》报告，约有 20 亿人依靠干旱地区的生态系统，其中 90% 生活 在发展中国家。在全世界，土地总面积的 30% 以上是旱地，其中 30% 已经退化，全球每年有 2 万 ~ 5万 km2 的土地退化。我国的荒漠化土地面积为 262.2 万 km2，占我国国土面积的 28%。目前，我国土地荒漠化正以平均每年 2460km2 的速度扩展，相当于一年损失一个中等 县的土地面积。
五）、大气污染
大气污染物目前已知约有 100 多种。大气污染导致每年有30-70万人因烟尘污染 提前死亡，2500万的儿童患慢性喉炎。大气污染还能对气候产生不良影响，如降低能 见度，减少太阳辐射（据资料表明，城市的太阳辐射强度和紫外线强度要分别比农村减少 10%~30% 和 10%~25%，从而导致城市佝偻病发病率增加；空气污染每年造成约 700 万人 早逝，占所有死亡人数的 1/9。 10 个人中就有 9 个人呼吸着受污染的空气。只有 57% 的国 家针对空气污染制定了法律定义。
六）、水污染
当进入水体的污染物质超过了水体的环境容量或水体的自净能力，使水质变坏，从而破 坏了水体的原有价值和作用的现象，称为水体污染水体污染的原因有两类 : 一是自然的，
二是人为的。于是本来是清澈的水体变黑发臭，细菌滋生，鱼类死亡，藻类疯长，更为严重的 是，本来足以滋养人体的水，常因含有有毒物质而使人染病，甚至致人于死地。水资源的短 缺，水环境的污染加上水的洪涝灾害，构成了足以毁灭人类的水危机。
七、酸雨蔓延
酸雨具有腐蚀性，降落地面会损害农作物的生长，导致林木枯萎，湖泊酸化，鱼类死亡 等。 目前酸雨区面积已接近国土面积的1/3。其控制已被列入国家绿色工程计划。 现 在瑞典的 18000 多个大中型湖泊已经酸化，其中约 4000 个酸化严重，水生生物受到很大伤 害。在加拿大，酸雨毁掉了 14000 多个湖泊，另有 4000 多个湖泊也濒临“死亡”。在美国 酸化的水域已达 3.6 万 km2，在 28 个州 17054 个湖泊中，有 9400 个受到酸雨影响而水质变 坏。美国每年酸雨造成的损失达 250 亿美元。世界上形成了欧洲、北美和中国三大酸雨区。 中国酸雨覆盖面积已占国土面积的 30%~40%，而且酸雨严重区已越过长江，向黄河流域蔓 延，青岛也监测到了酸雨。酸雨给全国造成的经济损失每年达 140 亿元。
四、种性自然系统对人生命保护之科赫准则与人工选择抗生素孵化 超级细菌天差地别
种性自然系统诠释本质是敬畏自然、保护自然、
尊重自然、回归自然和必须按自然规律办事；因为自然完全是为了人类永远存在考虑 的。
事实上，细菌比人类存在早得很，在 50 万年人类还没有出现的时候，地球已经是微生物 的属地，
《未来的灾难》布鲁克史密斯说： “已经为艾滋病等疾病在全世界无度肆虐又出现了 令人恐怖的世界疫病灾难新趋势：比如 2004 年本来已经远离人们的小儿麻痹症又冲破了 免疫“糖丸”的抑制，在非洲部分地区死灰复燃、肺结核“白色瘟疫”也在世界范围重新大 规模传播，已经成为当今中国传染病的第一大杀手、2004 年南亚禽流感至今没有完全消声 灭迹、2005 年马尔堡出血热到 4 月 17 日据报告已有 255 人感染，233 人死亡，死亡率达 91% 以上……世界多种疫病尚无治疗药物、疫苗和方法、特别是对 2020 年新冠病毒全球大 流行的残酷肆虐，尚束手无策”——这就是微生物病原体的罪孽！
然而，科赫准则却揭示了大自然的一种规律：“一种病菌只能感染该病菌专属传染病， 病菌之间，甚至人体（生物体）也没有交叉的免疫机制， ”也就是说，自然把细菌病毒限制 在一种病原体的感染人（生命体）之内，也仅仅在这个病原体范畴内有传染与感染人体的 功能、而其他病原体不得入围！……比如新冠病毒尽管变异了十多次，每一种变异株只能感
染新冠症状、不能跨越任何病原体毒性而感染人类！这就是自然在保护人类的一种法则和 愿景……
然而，人工选择的抗生素（弗莱明在 1928 年进行细菌学研究时，首次发现了青霉素，这 种从青霉菌中提取的物质具有强大的杀菌作用，能够有效地抑制细菌的生长。他的这一发 现彻底改变了人类对抗传染病的方式，标志着抗生素时代的开始。弗莱明的研究为后来的 青霉素临床应用和抗生素领域的发展奠定了基础。1945 年，弗莱明因此项发现与英国科学 家钱恩、弗洛里一同获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖——这是人工选择的成果）尽管成为西 方医学革命的奇迹。正如美国科学院院士托马斯在《医学的历史教训》 中深刻总结临床 检验时，语重心长地说： “按着惯例现代医学的开端被定在 20 世纪 2 、30 年代中期，以磺 胺类药物和青霉素进入药典为标志，人们还通常把医疗实践中的革命性力量归因于这些事 件。在那个时候事情看上去就是这样。医学被翻了个个儿，有的给革命化了。从前的许许 多多不治之症，在那时找到疗法了。已经有了治愈的良方……几乎一夜之间，柳暗花明；一 些最常见，最要命的人类疾病——大叶肺炎、脑膜炎、伤寒、结核病、各种类型的败血病，都可 能用抗生素立时治愈了。” ……可是啊！一个世纪没有过完，大自然就用“人工自然选择 律”使抗生素产生灾难性后果，导致抗生素泛滥出现耐药性和抗生素不能治愈的“超级病 毒”……
这就是种性自然系统生命与自然永恒的宝贵价值和人类永远无法灭绝的自然法则！ 不是么！？自然是上帝。上帝就是自然！
鉴此，就有赵鑫珊的《大自然神庙 : 敬畏上帝宇宙或宇宙上帝》乃站在自然哲学的高 度去鸟瞰整个科学世界的结构、音乐的韵律和美感的神秘并深刻揭示科学世界的精髓和它 的最高境界之伟大理论，并有 2010 年中国香港和土耳其考古队考古发现诺亚方舟遗址证明 《圣经》大洪水是记载远古真实的历史事件） ……自然是上帝、上帝就是自然。这才是真 真的唯物主义……
没有结束的结束语
“大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物…… ”
种性自然系统融汇古希腊科学知识自然哲学理解百川，肇使古希腊“婴儿期”科学史 诗（薛定谔理论）好续科学知识大爆发，方显人类英雄本色。
四异教徒接续托勒密《至大论》、亚里士多德《物理学》、盖伦《心血解剖学》、违背 教皇教义开创异教徒科学元典：伽利略完成大宇宙体系《托勒密哥白尼两大体系的对话》、 哥白尼《天体运行论》、哈维小宇宙体系《心血运动论》、修道院院长孟德尔《经典遗传学 理论》、布鲁诺视死如归被焚百花广场……彰显伟大四异教徒从神话神学彻底叛逆，完成现 代人类科学知识全方位神秘崛起！首创人类科学知识先知模仿拜占庭有过的知识奇迹大爆 发！……
接续，上帝说，让牛顿降生吧！世界便光明啦……牛顿万有引力定律与开普勒三定律 （1609-1619 年开普勒行星三定律宇宙“万物皆数”的宇宙和谐得到千古证明）给大宇宙 体系和谐稳定天体立法……
克鲁克斯管的诞生孵化了一系列科学门类突然发明了辐射学）——阴极射线——黑 体辐射——伦琴射线——柏克瑞射线—— 镭放射线元素——天然放射性——原子核裂 变——αβγ 粒子——中子——核聚变——热核反应——原子弹——原子能反应堆—— 核电技术 ——核潜艇……
开尔文勋爵的“两片小乌云”消失在普朗克的“黑体辐射”实验中——当黑体辐射进 入普朗克期待的视野，偶然地改良实验并作出两个假设就创造了“量子力学”奇迹、震惊世 界地发现了“量子”……于是洛伦茨变换首创狭义相对论原理。并进一步催生了爱因斯坦 狭义相对论 - 广义相对论。却在人们都无法了解相对论机理的时候，爱丁顿非洲观测证明 爱因斯坦广义相对论，功不可没……
玻尔、海森堡发现“波粒二相性”于是，1927 年索尔维第四、五届会议突然爆发了玻尔 为首哥本哈根学派和爱因斯坦大论战，一直持续到 2022 年诺贝尔物理学奖 10 月揭晓‘三 科学家实验证明“贝尔不等式”不成立，得出“量子纠缠”与“自由意志”……存在，终结 了爱因斯坦“上帝不扔骰子！”……
然而，谁也没有想到 2022 年 GPT3.5 横空出世震惊了全世界 —— 一 时间众说纷 纭！？……
本质地说：人工智能只是亚里士多德《工具论》逻辑思维的延续——
2006 年达特茅斯会议当事人重聚，左起：Trenchard More 、John McCarthy 、Marvin Minsky、Oliver Selfridge、Ray Solomonoff。看 2022 年 11 月 ChatGPT 横空出世，“人工智能” 命名确实有一种传奇性超前之辉煌与伟大创举；本是亚里士多德和《新工具论》理论的延展：
《新工具》是英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根创作的哲学著作，原名《新工具或解释自然的一些 指导》，是《伟大的复兴》的第二部分。最初于 1620 年出版。在《新工具》中，培根提出， 自然中真正存在的东西，都是按照一定规律运动的个体，哲学的目的就是研究这种规律，思 想上得到真理，行动中得以自由 - 人工智能仅仅是人类自然逻辑走进“自然王国”之必然， 它依然是人类得心应手的工具！
我们在 2024 年出版了《ChatGPT 永远不能超越人类》（美国版）。今天的《Sora 能创造 世界吗？——种性自然生态学派诠释》是对古希腊至今 6000 年《圣经》自然诠释上帝就 是自然历史之彰显：教义中 ——“上帝创造万物，上帝创造人类”的神创论，必定是公元前 4004 年以前的人所为。《圣经》是人类创造的一种宗教理论的哲学存在，起源 6000 年前 至今西方仍然信奉上帝神这种存在……有赵鑫珊的《大自然神庙 : 敬畏上帝宇宙或宇宙上 帝》站在自然哲学的高度去鸟瞰整个科学世界的结构、音乐的韵律和美感的神秘并深刻揭 示科学世界的精髓和它的最高境界之伟大理论，并有 2010 年中国香港和土耳其考古队考古 发现诺亚方舟遗址证明《圣经》大洪水完全是记载远古真实的历史事件——强燕平的种性 自然系统同样涵盖了人类科学知识自四异教徒创造人类科学知识奇迹至今 5000 年的方方 面面辉煌崛起伟大奇迹。特别是 21 世纪 20 年代 GPT 到 Sora 创造人工智能新世纪伟大奇 迹，仍然是“种性自然系统”整体智能大脑演化到“自然王国”的核心组成部分！
纵观人工智能发展绝对不能产生“硅基生命”更不可能取代人类、甚至超越人类！ ……
这里，诺贝尔奖自 1901 年至今对全人类科学知识“自由意志”有卓越功勋！ 1901 年 至 2020 年 , 诺贝尔奖和经济科学奖共颁发 603 次 , 颁发给 962 个人和组织。加上一些人不 止一次获得诺贝尔奖 , 总共有 930 个人和 25 个组织获得了诺贝尔奖。诺贝尔奖已经成为 全人类科学前沿和科学知识“自由意志”的指路明灯、尊重自然彰显自然系统的伟大辰星 耀眼千秋，只要自然系统永存，诺贝尔奖就亘古辉煌！ ……
种性自然系统学派诠释——Sora 能创造世界吗？ 247
自然不会完结、自然系统和上帝诺贝尔奖永存！
鉴此，“种性自然系统”就不会完结、和自然永远存在——这就是没有结束的结束语！
重要参考书目
《自然与希腊人科学与人文主义》埃尔温·薛定谔著 张卜天译 商务印书馆 2015 年 2 月
《生命是什么》埃尔温·薛定谔著（罗来欧 罗辽复译）湖南科学技术出版社，2003 年 《物种起源》达尔文 商务印书馆 1995 年 5 月
《给你创新的支点》强燕平编著 科学普及出版社 2003 年
《寂静的春天》蕾切尔·卡森著 吕瑞兰 李长生绎 吉林人民出版社 1997 年 《科学发纵横现谈》 王梓坤著 上海人民出版社 1978 年
《科学简史 - 从科学仪器的发展看科学科学的历史》托马斯·克拉普著 （朱润生译） 中国青年出版社 2005 年
《原创技术发明方法 自主创新源泉》 赵大庆 强燕平著 华夏出版社 2006 年
《 一个系统林奈的激情和自然秩序的梦》HELEN SCHMITZ NILS UDDENBERG NATUR KULTUR 2007 年
《霍金的宇宙》 戴维·费尔津著 赵复垣绎 海南出版社 2000 年
《天体运行论》尼古拉·哥白尼著 （叶式辉译）武汉出版社 1992 年 《十问 霍金沉思录》史蒂芬 . 霍金著 湖南科技出版社 2019 年
《人为何是人》日 咗腾方彦编著 北京大学出版社 1990 年 12 月
《人是机器》法 拉 . 梅特里 商务印书馆 1959 年 8 月《定位》美 艾 . 里斯 杰克 . 特劳 特 机械工业出版社 2016 年 10 月
《工具论》古希腊亚里士多德著广东人民出版社 1984 年 3 月 《宇宙之谜》流耀泽编 内蒙古人民出版社 2007 年 6 月
《疾病的希望》德 托 . 德特勒夫森吕 . 达尔克著 春风文艺出版社 1999 年 9 月 《天文学简史》法 伏古勒尔著上海科学技术出版社 1959 年 12 月
《细胞生命的礼赞》刘易斯 . 托马斯 湖南科学技术出版社 1998 年 12 月
强燕平 张正乾 2024 年 5 月 2 日于星河皓月
《Srra能创造世界吗？》（英译版）
Can Sora create worlds?
-- Interpretation of the school of natural ecology of species
Strong yan Ping Zhang is working
From this book:
Dedicated to the scientists and warriors who return to nature for human physics, chemistry, and medical biology and stubbornly protect the natural system and the ecological environment in a life-and-death struggle against the new "biological hazards".
catalogue
inscription
Chapter One Birth of man The first wish to create the world
The First Age of man. Genesis.
The first year is the first year of the Gregorian calendar, that is, the year 1 AD
Three, Zhou Hongyi pattern is too small, the gap between China and the United States AI widened again 10 years with only 1 year Yi
Fourth, or Musk said, "Play well, I concede"
Chapter 2: Before the Breakthrough of the Century, Death was Lonely and AI fell into the sky.
If you are not born in death, you are destroyed in death
Two, 100 hours "palace" peak turn
Three, 100 hours of "palace fighting" excuse is Ultraman "not honest enough"
Fourth, why didn't Sutzkvi use Musk's thousands of people to sign an open letter to "force the palace" to subvert Altman?
Five, how dare Sutzkevi fire Altman?
Six, the storm moment just passed Sora seven colors rainbow sky like a dream elf
Seven, Sora seven color rainbow came out of the deep impact and create a world miracle
Eight, Sora detonated Silicon Valley AI God life and death big Bo kill
9. Is Sam Altman a man or a God
Chapter 3 The Fairy Sues Musk sues Altman
1. Musk sues Altman
Second, the 100-hour storm has just passed a wave of Musk lawsuits again
Third, Altman replies to Musk's lawsuit
Fourth, why did Musk quit OpenAI in 2018
Five, the gods fight a hundred words can not argue! Alas for...
Six, Musk said OpenAI changed its name to drop the lawsuit
The combination of Microsoft and OpenAI is inevitable in the history of AI
Eight, Musk open source to promote Silicon Valley AI leaders with magic power
In the sudden "2024.4.10", Intel CEO Pat Kissinger showed the latest AI chip - Gaudi 3AI computing power is higher than a wave
Chapter 4 Mysterious 7 trillion detonated to create a world of inexplicable conjecture
First, Sam Altman raised $7 trillion is not for chips
Second, Altman again responds to $7 trillion semiconductor plan The world needs more AI chip investment beyond imagination
Three, Nvidia, TSMC, Samsung ten years grinding a sword in persistence
4. Is the "smart explosion" really happening? ?
5. Sora spawned AI-RAN Worldwide Alliance
Joint Statement
"What's the deal with $7 trillion?" Altman replied that the development of AI would require "astronomical" amounts of money
Eight, Raymond's red line and the myth of American AI chips
9. What is the privacy of the funds behind the "astronomical" 7 trillion
10. How many Oriental Chinese faces does Sora elite team have
Mundell can't have a triangle with a fish and a bear's paw
Jeffrey Hinton is most worried about artificial intelligence causing neural networks to go on a rampage
Chapter 5 God Genesis To open one door must close another
1. Genesis records that man was created by God in seven days
In view of this, God has closed the most important door for the continuation of life of all living things, species and individual "interspecies isolation reproduction"
Third, Musk's "silicon machine species" kicked God's big iron door to close the continuation of life
Four, Russian idiot scientist Ivanov ape hybrid was blessed by God exiled tragic death in prison ①
Five, Russian idiot scientist Ivanov ape hybrid by God's favor exiled tragic death in prison ②
Chapter 6 Altman's view of money as dirt and money
First, Ultraman Retarded Gold only focuses on AI iteration
Second, Altmann's bold investment in controlled nuclear fusion
Chapter seven five schools of artificial intelligence
One, Tegmark "Life 3.0" futuristic
The digital utopian is represented by Larry Page
3. Technoskeptics
4. Supporters of AI beneficial movement
5. Luddites
6. Eternal School of natural system of human species
Chapter 8 The Origin of AI Plato Aristotle the logic philosophy of human intelligence and intellectual property rights
First, if the fourth global technology revolution is defined as artificial intelligence
Let us read "Reading Chapter 3 of the Pythagorean School"
Iii. Hume's Three Principles and Intellectual Property Law (Knowledge Privatization)
Fourth, "On the Promotion of Science" to Hume's "On Human Nature" 200 years established the scientific knowledge privatization charter intellectual property law
The birth of Hegel's philosophy and the origin of Kantian liberalism
Feuerbach criticizes Hegelian philosophy
Hayek believed that Marx's Capital was the doctrine of slave-making
Chapter 9 The Bible is an ancient creation not a wonderful myth but a hoax
There is a world of difference between the Evolution of monkeys and the Bible of free will
The Bible records that the site of Noah's Ark has been proved by archaeologists naked grace
The site of Noah's Ark was explored in Hong Kong, China and Turkey to prove that Genesis was not an empty story
Chapter 10 Human Physiology Weakening the Diversity of All Animals Reality is a Darwinian evolutionary nightmare
1. Delayed human sexual development requires a woman of 14 years of age to have intercourse at sexual maturity
Two, people do not change monkeys
Chapter 11 Moore's Law formation and AI graphics card breakthrough
Theory of law
I. The formation and experience of Moore's Law
Second, Huang Jenxun graphics card has been below 4 nanometers has been close to the diameter of the atom
And I can certainly be slightly bored with situation, is the robot really conscious?
Chapter 12: The Schrodinger Wave Function and the Mysterious Dead Cat usher in a new era of "quantum entanglement" of the free will soul
One cannot say "quantum entanglement" without saying "Schrodinger's cat" experiment
The "cat" problem has been plaguing scientist Hugh Everett to propose the theory of parallel universes
Third, the essence is determined by the human visual image subject. The essence of Finch
Fourth, what is the essence?
Five, from the poker experiment and Everett
6. What does Schrodinger himself say
October 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics "free will" conclusion and verdict Einstein is wrong
The Nobel Prize is the beacon of human natural science
9. The Soviet Union was right to criticize Einstein's theory of relativity
10. The Italian Renaissance was a great scientific contribution of great importance to human civilization
11. From Da Vinci's scientific manuscripts we can get a negative and godlike answer
12. The subsequent Baroque of the Italian Renaissance had a profound influence on artistic styles around the world
13. The current observed results were obtained through the process of overheat decoupling during the expansion of the universe. Finch art surplus abundance
Da Vinci invented intelligent robots 600 years ago
In one sense Turing's theory of computers was not the most advanced
16. In January 2007, the iPhone 2G, Apple's first mobile phone, was released by Steve Jobs
Chapter 13 Core - The miracle of Badin, the father of "Silicon-based life" and the challenge of silicon-based life
Listen to the core - Bardeen, the father of "silicon-based life", talks with his partners
Second, only the Nobel Prize quietly recorded this future shock to mankind's "silicon-based life" revolution spark
No one would have thought that Bardeen, the father of "silicon-based life," would not wait until 75 years later for GPT to suddenly emerge
Musk said that "Human beings are just the opening program of silicon life"
Chapter 14: The Miraculous rise of human science from myth, theology and pagan rebellion There was a great explosion of scientific knowledge in the prophets of Byzantium
Heaven is all-encompassing, and God is omnipotent
Second, "Nature and the Greeks Science and Humanism" The great path to look at the early scientific start of mankind the ancient Greek sages
3. Schrodinger elaborates:
Harvey revised Galen's theory of Blood blood and completed the first modern scientific work, The Theory of Blood Movement
V. British doctor Harvey came to Padua University to study, in 1628 wrote the epoch-making "Blood Movement"
The historical achievements of Claudius Galenus (129-199)
Vesalius was the world's first anatomist
8. Copernicus subverted Ptolemy's "Geocentric theory" of 48 circles and completed "The Theory of Celestial Bodies"
Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems of Ptolemaeus and Copernicus is also a great declaration of the "relative movement" of pagan rebel theology for a century
Eddington famously said, "There is no third person in the world who really understands the theory of relativity.
35 years later it was discovered that Mendel, the father of classical genetics, was still a monastic pagan
Before the breakthrough of quantum mechanics in 1900, human scientists were searching for rules for the harmony of stars in the universe
19th century Modern astronomy with the French astronomer Le Verrier in the calculation of Uranus irregular movement of the existence of another planet
Xiv. Kant and Laplace's "Nebular Hypothesis"
15. Lemaitre, Hawking - The Singularity Big Bang Theory
16. Halley used the law of gravity to predict the periodic return of Halley's comet
In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic background radiation
In 1900, quantum mechanics suddenly exploded
Xix. The Solvay Fifth Conference made outstanding achievements in the historical debate of science
The Fifth Solvay Conference made outstanding achievements in the historical debate on science
Eddington famously said, "There is no third person in the world who really understands the theory of relativity.
The Fifth Solvay Conference made outstanding achievements in the historical debate on science
The day before Einstein left us, he personally destroyed the draft paper
24. Oster accidentally discovered the "electromagnetic induction" of Faraday Maxwell's exquisite equations
25. The marvelous Maxwell Equations
26. Appreciate the perfect and exquisite infinite power of Maxwell's equations
The blackbody spoke was the first Nobel Prize for Planck's energy packet quantum mechanics and Roentgen's discovery of xx rays
Chapter 15 Blackbody spoke led to Planck's energy packet quantum mechanics and Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, the first Nobel Prize
First, experiment to find the blackbody radiation formula of the curve
Second, Planck's formula
Chapter 16 Human Brain Structure and AI easy Number (0, 1) Origin Silicon-based life is not in the same dimension at all
The brain is the center of all the senses of the human body (species)
Second, artificial intelligence can only follow the linear speed of intellectual development, it is impossible to automatically iterate, let alone "intelligence explosion".
Third, the origin of glial cells and the exclusive role of high intelligence
Memory and forgetting, which exist only in the human brain
Fifth, memory forgetting and acquisition genetics can not change people's long-term memory needs and bottlenecks
Six, ape hybrid head replacement technology gave birth to Wang An invented "magnetic core AI memory" why failed sand
Seven, more powerful and this matrix in this year will upgrade iteration to become more powerful and intelligent
Chapter 17 The Explosion of Life of the Human Species The theory of the eternal Nature and the Big Bang coincide
First, the British Empire stable "The sun never sets" Linnaeus orchestrated the evolution of the great hoax
Two, from the Linnean Society to create the Darwinian theory of evolution at the cruelty of killing Wallace's methods and at the cruelty of fossil falsification
The Darwinian swindle from Darwin's definition of natural selection
The Ediacaran fauna is Sprigg's latest blow to Darwinian evolution
Chapter 18: The Miraculous rise of human science from myth, theology and pagan rebellion There was a great explosion of scientific knowledge in the prophets of Byzantium
1. Heaven is all-encompassing and God is omnipotent
God Man and one is the original yuan of Italian Renaissance art
Second, "Nature and the Greeks Science and Humanism" The great path to look at the early scientific start of mankind the ancient Greek sages
Schrodinger's Exposition of Aristotle's "number"
Harvey revised Galen's theory of Blood blood and completed the first modern scientific work, The Theory of Blood Movement
V. On Blood Movement
The historical achievements of Claudius Galenus (129-199)
Vesalius was a famous anatomist
Eight, Harvey on various aspects of human anatomy to pick up and correct the completion of the "Theory of Blood movement" to lead the scientific world into the British Empire
9. Copernicus subverted Ptolemy's "Geocentric theory" of 48 circles and completed "The Theory of Celestial Bodies"
Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems of Ptolemaeus and Copernicus is also a great declaration of the "relative movement" of pagan rebel theology for a century
Eddington famously said, "There is no third person in the world who really understands the theory of relativity.
12, 35 years later it was discovered that Mendel, the father of classical genetics, was still a monastic pagan
13. Before quantum mechanics burst out in 1900, human scientists were searching for rules for the harmony of stars in the universe
Chapter 19: A brief chronicle of the early frontiers of human scientific discovery in the post-Planck "Blackbody radiation" research years "Galileo Transformation"
First, the history of science has always been pyramid-shaped upward in the frontiers of science and natural systems
Two, pipe from Crookes
Planck's blackbody radiation experiment
Scientific discoveries always extend from one scientific fulcrum to another, which is particularly striking and classic from blackbody radiation. For example, ①-⑧
Chapter 20 Why the Pagans Created the Universal Science Canon to Ensure "Free Will"
Why do the world's scientific masters believe in God
Second, Yang Zhenning also admits that there is a "creator" is a feedback of man's "free will"
In fact, this "free will" has been experimentally demonstrated by three great scientists who won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics
Four, Descartes see spider web dream analytic geometry that head three feet have God God
On the night of November 10, 1619, Descartes had three dreams
The inspiration of Descartes' "Three Dreams in One Night"
7. Sigmund Freud's Dream Interpretation Theory and analysis
The coexistence of science and natural God from the perspective of Cartesian dualism
Chapter 21 Musk Migrates to Mars Aliens Have Come to Earth?
First, the Chinese Tianye also announced to find, scientists: they may have found the human - network
Second, on the earth, we often see some Ufos or UFO
Third, the United States West announced more alien news
In the vast expanse of space, there is an extremely beautiful blue planet
5. In the 1970s, scientists came up with the famous "zoo hypothesis"
A UFO photographed in Sheffield, England in 1962
Fermi "The Force" and the Paradox
Lavoisier was executed by the guillotine during the French Revolution before he had time to write a complete chemical symbol
First, Lavoisier pioneered the world chemistry known as the father of chemistry
Lavoisier pioneered quantitative tests
Third, Lavoisier's beautiful wife helped discover the oxidation theory of combustion
In 1789, Lavoisier published the Fundamental Treatise on Chemistry.
5. Lavoisier goes to the guillotine
Lavoisier became a "tax collector" and naturally went to the guillotine
Lavoisier's final research had no chance to "dream" of breaking into organic chemistry and becoming a great talk of Kekule
Lamarque's fate in France was no better than Lavoisier's
The ancestors of Lamarctic evolution are unknown in France
2. Lamarque took Rousseau 26 years to complete the Flora of the Whole Territory of France.
Third, the "acquired heredity" criticism Lamarque was blind in his old age and died miserably without a burial place
The Lamarcq plant classification records diatoms not to say that the shadow of "silicon-based life" has been found
Five, 200 years later, someone with a bad taste in Lamarque discovered that Arnold was interested in experimenting
Life evolution ignited in 2016666666
Chapter 27 Origin of the species natural system School
First, from Plato's holistic life science set sail more than 3,000 years ago
Second, the origin of the theory of "species natural system"
"Species natural system" is "the systematic dissemination of pieces of knowledge obtained in scientific research".
Chapter 28 Interpretation of Species natural system
The natural force of existence of the natural life force can never be resisted
Second, what is the mechanism?
Third, from Carson's "Microecology theory" and Qiang Yanping's "Microecology Variation Principle" and data to understand the ten environmental problems facing the world is shocking
Koch criteria for the protection of human life by specific natural systems are very different from the artificial selection of antibiotics to incubate superbugs
A closing that doesn't have an end
Inscription:
sora: Can humans' create the world '? !
"Creating the world" is a false proposition created by man. The first year of the Bible began with the Bible "Genesis" : in the Christian calendar, specifically the year 1 AD, as the basis for Christian historical and theological calculations (this is the Gregorian calendar). It could be sora; The year 2034 is the first year of artificial intelligence -- The legend of heroes Sora no Kiseki second chapter. The Bible was born before 4004 A.D. The man who compiled it, It must be human, and the man who formulated Christian doctrine must also be human.
Therefore, the creationism in the doctrine - "God created all things, God created man" - must have been done by people before 4004 BC. The Bible is a philosophical existence of a religious theory created by human beings, originating 6,000 years ago, and the West still believes in the existence of God...
Why, then, has the West for 6,000 years and the United States for 300 years believed that God is unchangeable? Even many scientists, especially those who have won the Nobel Prize, agree with "God" and say with one voice: "Order and beauty, that is God"...
"Order and beauty, that is God"... In view of this, Nature is God and God is nature (Zhao Xinshan's "Temple of Nature: Reverence for God, the Universe or the God of the Universe" is a great theory that, from the height of natural philosophy, overlooks the structure of the entire scientific world, the rhythm of music and the mystery of beauty, and deeply reveals the essence of the scientific world and its highest realm. And in 2010, the archaeological discovery of Noah's Ark site by the archaeological team of Hong Kong, China and Turkey proved that the Great Flood of the Bible is a real historical event recorded in ancient times. Nature is God and God is nature. This is true materialism...
Chapter One Birth of man The first wish to create the world
The First Age of man. Genesis.
Genesis 1:1 "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth."
· The Bible begins with these solemn, beautiful, and simple words, declaring that God is the sole creator of all things in the universe, and that his creation is both complete and perfect.
· "The beginning" is the beginning of time, God's creation began time, without creation there would be no time.
· The original "god ELOHIM" is plural, probably like the queen of England claimed the plural "I We", is to show respect. The Hebrew word "god" refers to the various deities in the Mesopotamia, the singular being Eloah (Deuteronomy 32:15) or El (Gen. 35.1), the even number Eloahi, and the mode of more than three being Elohim. The biblical term "ELOHIM" is used primarily to refer to the one true God, possibly implying that He is a triune God.
· The original singular meaning of "creation" indicates that although the true God is called ELOHIM, he is the only Creator. The original word "God" appears 32 times in the first chapter, and He is the only protagonist in the creation process, unlike the pagan myth that the creator needed the help of other gods. "Creation" refers to the creation of something out of nothing (vv.1, 21, 27), as opposed to the "making" of existing materials (vv.16, 25, 26, 31).
· The original word "sky" is plural, including the sky, space. Hebrew does not have the word "universe," but instead uses "polarized" rhetoric such as "heaven and earth" to express the concept of "universe."
· The Hebrew text of verse 1, consisting of seven words (and seven characters in Chinese) and 28 letters, is deceptically simple, but it contains many surprising mathematical properties. Modern science tells us that the expression God uses in creation is mathematics, and the entire first chapter is full of mathematical laws.
· Israeli archaeologists recently announced the discovery in a desert cave of dozens of Dead Sea scroll fragments containing biblical texts believed to have been hidden during the Jewish revolt against Rome 1,900 years ago.
· The Dead Sea Scrolls (also known as the Dead Sea Scrolls, Dead Sea Scrolls, or Dead Sea Documents) are the oldest copies of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). The whole of the Old Testament except for the Book of Esther can be found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as a number of books that have been recognized by the Catholic Church but are still considered by Protestants to be extra-scriptural (both sub-scriptural and pseudo-). In addition, it contains some documents that do not belong to the Bible."
· The excavation also turned up a well-preserved woven basket 10,500 years old and the mummified remains of a child about 6,000 years old, The Times of Israel said. In other words, the Dead Sea Scrolls (or Dead Sea Scrolls, Dead Sea scrolls, Dead Sea documents) have a long history, which is longer than the "Xiaohuangshan Site in Ganlu Town, Shengzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China, which shows the human skeleton of the Neolithic Age 9,000 years ago, and the limb bones and pelvis of the human skeleton in the tomb have been excavated." The skull and so on have been shown." The year 1500; The oldest copy of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), the Christian Bible consists of the Old and New Testaments. The Old Testament is the first part of the Bible, referring to the Jewish Hebrew Bible, which Christianity inherited. The Hebrew Bible is written in Hebrew and consists of 39 books!
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·12. Here is the Dead Sea Scrolls:
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·10500 years is by far the oldest human remains (civilization), and as shocking as the British fossil fraud case, it is not good news for Huxley and Darwin:
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Image above: The original Hebrew text of Genesis 1:1 contains seven words and 28 letters. Except for the fourth word, which is a function word, six words have a practical meaning, and the sum of the numbers represented by all the letters is 2701. These numbers imply the following wonderful mathematical properties:
1, 7 represents wholeness in the Bible, and God enters his rest on the seventh day.
2, 6 represents perfection in the Bible, and God used 6 days to create a perfect world. 6 is mathematically the first Perfect Number (6 is the sum of its true factors 1, 2, and 3:6=1+2+3). Only 48 perfect numbers have been found so far,
Both end in 6 or 28).
3 and 6 are mathematically Triangular numbers (i.e. 6=1+2+3). Most of the important numbers in the Bible are related to 3 and the trigonometric number, 3 being God's number (18:2, 9-10).
4, 6 consists of two trigonometric numbers 3: The creation process of God's 6 days is divided into two 3 days to contrast, days 1 to 3 are compared with days 4 to 6, the first 3 days are separated, the last 3 days are filled; God divided the stars, plants, and animals he created into three simple categories.
5 and 28 are mathematically the second perfect number (i.e. 28 is the sum of its true factors 1, 2, 4, 7, 14:28=1+2+4+7+14) and the seventh trigonometric number (i.e. 28=1+2+3+4+5+6+7).
6, 2701=73*37, this pair of mirror numbers implies 3 (Trinity) and 7 (seven days of creation), and is the 73rd triangular number.
Above: 3 is the second Triangular Number, 6 is the third triangular number, and 28 is the seventh triangular number.
Above: 2701 is the 73rd Triangular Number, i.e. 2701=1+2+3+4+... Plus 73 can be arranged in the above triangle.
Image above: Many triangles are implied in section 1. The 28 Hebrew letters of the whole verse can be arranged in the top triangle in the figure above, the 6 letters of the first word can be arranged in the bottom right triangle, and the 21 letters of the words 1-5 can be arranged in the bottom left triangle.
The first year is the first year of the Gregorian calendar, that is, the year 1 AD
The Gregorian era or CommonEra (C.E.), also known as the West Dollar, is the most widely used chronology standard in the international community today, derived from the Christian calendar used by Western countries, with the year of Jesus' birth as the beginning of the calendar. The first year is called the First year of Christ (the year Jesus was born). Later, due to the strong Western culture
The Western Era became the universal standard.
In English, "before the epoch" is represented by "B.C." and "after the epoch" is represented by "A.D."; "B.C." is an acronym for "BeforeChrist", which Christians often translate as "beforeChrist"; "A.D." is a Latin abbreviation for "AnnoDomini" (year of the Lord), often translated by Christians as "Queen of the Lord." Some non-Christian modern scholars and scientists, based on the principles of secularization and religious neutrality, have tried to use "B.C.E." and "C.E." to represent "B.C." and "A.D." respectively; "C.E." is short for "Common Era," meaning "A.D." and "B.C.E." is "Beforeth.
Figure 1: The sum of the numbers represented by all the letters in Section 1 is 2701=37*73, and 37 and 73 are Star numbers, which can form the Star of David.
Heroic legend, the Trail of Emptiness provided by jukuu
Three, Zhou Hongyi pattern is too small, the gap between China and the United States AI widened again 10 years with only 1 year Yi
He also mentioned that although the level of domestic large model development is close to GPT-3.5 on the surface, it is actually a year and a half behind 4.0. OpenAl should have some secret weapons, whether it is GPT-5, or machine self-learning to automatically generate content, "Altman (OpenAI CEO) is a marketing master, know how to master the rhythm, they have not taken out all the weapons." It seems that the AI gap between China and the United States may be widening." -- Zhou Hongyi above the pattern is too small... There is no way to look at the hero legend from the big pattern of the first year of artificial intelligence, N dimension, only from China and the United States, and the trajectory of emptiness provided by jukuu... Obviously can not see sora is once again born human "create the world", subvert the world and use intelligent war to dominate the world's grand pattern to evaluate sora's intelligent first year!
The UK has announced that it will give Ukraine more than 20,000 drones to carry out AI attacks on the Russian rear, and Zhou Hongyi's eyes will only stare at the United States to walk in front of the world!
This pure brittle little man's ambition! It is not as good as Ren Zhengfei one in ten thousand! ...
Fourth, or Musk said, "Play well, I concede"
Hours after Sora's release, Musk responded to "gg humans" on social media, using the acronym for "Good Games." Later, Musk also said that humans augmented by AI will create the best work in the coming years.
However, to the world's confusion, Musk sued a month later
The news of Musk's lawsuit against OpenAI set off another explosion in tech circles.
In a 46-page lawsuit that runs to more than 14,000 words, the former OpenAI co-founder accused OpenAI of recklessly developing human-level artificial intelligence and handing it over to Microsoft.
Musk's lawsuit is directed at OpenAI CEO Sam Altman and President Greg Brockman, both of whom partnered with Musk to start the company in 2015.
The lawsuit alleges that the two violated an initial "founding agreement" with Musk that promised the company would publicly develop AGI (artificial general intelligence) and "benefit humanity."
After the incident, Altman sent out two meaningful tweets that seemed to be a response to Musk's allegations, "All this has happened before and will happen again in the future" and "the storm is getting stronger, but the center of the storm remains different."
To the bewilderment and mystery of the world...
Chapter 2: Before the Breakthrough of the Century, Death was Lonely and AI fell into the sky.
If you are not born in death, you are destroyed in death
Sora was in the extreme loneliness of death before the breakthrough of the century - OpenAI held the first developer conference, launched the "enhanced" ChatGPT-4 Turbo, and announced that it would build an AI platform around GPT, launched GPT Store, and proposed that everyone can open source, Create your own "epochal" concept for ChatGPT - GPTs.
And this conference may be the "fuse" that ignites the long-standing feud between the Ultraman camp and the Sutzkvi camp.
Two days later, Microsoft briefly banned employees from accessing ChatGPT for security and data reasons. Then ChatGPT and some other servers went down again...
May 4, 2023: The Writers Guild of America (WGA) announces a strike, the first by Hollywood TV and film writers in 15 years after six weeks of negotiations with the AMPTP, including Netflix, Amazon, Apple and Disney. This is the world's first artificial intelligence detonated artists union announced a general strike, the length of the strike is unknown.
The Hollywood strike surfaced, exposed the loss of confidence in ChatGPT and all AI tools, held terror, and detonated the major flaws in the security risk and terror danger that Sutzkvi said, and the future mass unemployment, AI war to change the world.
Born in Russia and raised in Israel, Sutzkevi is a prominent American-Jewish scientist. A rare genius in the field of machine learning, Sutzkvi's teacher is the "godfather of artificial intelligence" Geoffrey Hinton - in a sense, most of the technical aspects of OpenAI's products are conducted by Sutzkvi. On the other hand, safety first is the core of Sutzkvi's theoretical practice, safety supervision and ethical issues are the bottom line and soul of the field of AI to move forward, and OpenAI should try to make artificial intelligence "safe and controllable" after figuring out the research path of AI.
Coincidentally, on May 4, 2023, the same day as the Hollywood strike, "Biden met with the ceos of the top AI companies and told them: You have a moral obligation to keep AI products safe."
Before the meeting, Biden tried ChatGPT himself and was "fascinated" by it, calling it "one of the most powerful technologies of our time." 】 After the praise, Biden opened very bluntly, "What you are doing
Sam Altman, co-founder and former CEO of OpenAI
Greg Brockman, co-founder and former president of OpenAI
Ilya Sutskever, co-founder and Chief Scientist of OpenAI
Mira Murati, Chief Technology Officer, OpenAI
Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella
Emmett Shear, interim CEO of OpenAI
Main time:
November 16th
Sutzkeville calls Altman to a meeting
November 17th
Altman was publicly fired, Brockman resigned, and a senior OpenAI researcher resigned
November 18th
Investors urged Altman to return
Investors, including Microsoft, were outraged by the development, and they pressured OpenAI's board to reinstate Altman.
The board agreed in principle to change direction
A source close to Altman said the board agreed in principle to step down and allow Altman and Brockman to return, but has since hesitated.
November 19th
Altman joins Microsoft
In a midnight post on X, Nadella announced that Altman, Brockman and their colleagues would be joining a new artificial intelligence research team led by Microsoft. Altman retweeted the post with confirmation. Nadella also opened the door to other OpenAI employees, saying they would get the resources they needed if they chose to join.
Employee threatened to quit
Nearly 500 of OpenAI's roughly 770 employees, including Sutzkvi, signed a letter saying they might resign unless the board resigns and reassigns Altman. By the end of the day, the number of employees who signed the letter climbed to 747.
November 20th
Altman and Brockman are considering a return
Altman's deal to move to Microsoft has yet to be finalized, and Altman and Brockman remain open to returning to OpenAI if the other board members who fired Altman in the first place resign. Altman posted on X that "we will all work together in some way," meaning the fight continues.
That evening, Nadella, when asked on a television show whether Altman would become a Microsoft employee and whether 700 OpenAI employees would join Microsoft, said only that "it is up to the OpenAI board, management and employees to choose." He said OpenAI needed a new governance structure.
Microsoft has opened a floor of LinkedIn's office in San Francisco with a cluster of laptops and GPU chips to provide computing power for AI to accommodate its team in the event that Altman fails to return to OpenAI. But a person familiar with Nadella's thinking said Microsoft's primary goal is to bring Altman back as OpenAI's chief executive.
November 21st
Altman negotiates with the interim CEO
People familiar with the matter say discussions are ongoing between Altman, Scheer and at least one board member, Adam D 'Angelo. The talks also involved some of OpenAI's investors.
One person said the company is trying to resolve the confusion surrounding the company's leadership by Thanksgiving, hoping employees won't feel uncertain about their job status during the holiday season.
Altman's problems with board members came to light
Altman had clashed with board member Helen Toner, according to people familiar with the matter. She published an academic paper in October touting the security practices of OpenAI competitor Anthropic, and Altman confronted her, saying she had harmed the company.
Ultraman returns
OpenAI announced on social media that it had reached an agreement in principle for Altman to return to the company as CEO "and to form a new board of directors consisting of Brett Taylor (Chairman), Larry Summers, and Adam D 'Angelo." We're working together to find out the details. Thank you so much for your patience."
Sources: The Information, The Verge, The Wall Street Journal,
Three, 100 hours of "palace fighting" excuse is Ultraman "not honest enough"
In a statement, OpenAI said: "After a review, the board concluded that Altman was less than candid in his communications with the Board, affecting the Board's ability to perform its functions." The Board no longer has full confidence in his ability to continue leading OpenAI."
"Altman's departure follows the Board's thoughtful review process, which concluded that he has been consistently dishonest in his communications with the Board, impeding the Board's ability to perform its duties. The Board no longer has full confidence in his ability to continue leading OpenAI."
See the original article:
It is so easy to fire Altman, is that: in fact, Altman does not hold OpenAI equity, can not have absolute control of the company like Zuckerberg, naturally may be fired at any time and anywhere, it is self-evident! So, "not being honest" is enough to "fire" Altman and remove him from the board?
Fourth, why didn't Sutzkvi use Musk's thousands of people to sign an open letter to "force the palace" to subvert Altman?
On March 30, 2023, Musk co-signed an open letter with more than 1,000 famous scientists, using the movie "Terminator" to profoundly express that artificial intelligence has a huge risk to the future of the world - in view of the fact that OpenAI just released 3.5 last month, the world only marveled, according to the early development process of OpenAI, if the excessive consideration of AI security, It's likely to slow the company down. Obviously, excessive attention to AI security is not friendly to the further commercial expansion of OpenAI, or even completely unfavorable, blocking revenue. Musk and more than 1,000 scientists are far less heavyweight than President Biden, and the Hollywood strike has a profound impact on Americans and a powerful appeal! ...
Sutzkevi measured the situation and could not feel the heat; In addition, he needs to do the work of the other directors on the board and increase his own funding. So you have to put the "palace fight" delay down... Choose the most advantageous moment to strike
At the beginning of the year, 100 scientists signed an open letter to the above AI risks
Five, how dare Sutzkevi fire Altman?
Sutzkwe had a godfather of artificial intelligence teacher named Hinton, who spent 30 years as a professor of computer science at the University of Toronto before selling a three-person startup to Google for $44 million in 2013, leading the way in what was then an unsung subfield called neural networks. After 30 years Hinton left Google, yes
Worried about the potential harms of AI, and began talking in interviews about the "existential threat" that the technology could pose to humanity _ The impact of Hinton's teachings on Sutzkvi was real and profound, so the more nervous the use of ChatGPT, an AI system trained on a vast corpus of human writing, became. During a conversation with Ultraman, I vaguely felt that Ultraman had a bolder plan in his heart... In fact, there are many reasons to fear AI overtaking human cases. For example, it is only natural to worry about human workers being replaced by computers. But Hinton joins a number of prominent technologists, including OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, in sounding the alarm that AI systems could start thinking for themselves or even try to replace or eliminate human civilization. It is striking that some of AI's most prominent researchers, especially Hinton, have expressed such alarming views.
Sutzkvi network maintenance godfather's worry, resolutely, will not hesitate to launch a coup d 'etat, single-handedly directed 100 hours of "palace" drama! ... .
Biden and the Hollywood strike gave Sutzkevi the courage and opportunity to attack Altman without seeing that Altman was indispensable
Soon - almost simultaneously - Altman posted the following on the X platform (formerly Twitter), "I've loved my time at OpenAI. It was transformative for me personally and hopefully for the world as well. Most of all, I love working with these talented people. I'll have more to announce later."
So why is the presentation coming later?
Because Ilya Sutskever saw from the Hollywood strike and Biden's statement that the time was ripe and the win was in hand... But he did not think:
Hours after Altman announced his dismissal, another OpenAI executive, OpenAI co-founder Greg Brockman, announced his resignation. In a post on social media platform X, he said he was proud of what they had achieved together over the years, "but in light of today's news, I am stepping down."
Another friend of OpenAI, another founder, in the first time Altman was dismissed, the chairman of the board of directors Greg Brockman (Greg Brockman) also under the pressure of the board of directors, chose to leave with Altman. Original text:
In other words, Sutzkevi opened the rebellion of Explosive Mark at the wrong time, the wrong opportunity and the wrong place, and launched the "forced palace" to the founders such as Ultraman, which was naturally ominous!
Do not destroy death in death, must be born in death, the rules of the game began, after 100 hours of natural reversal is no doubt! ...
Six, the storm moment just passed Sora seven colors rainbow sky like a dream elf
Sora is like a fantasy genie, which can not only create realistic and imaginative scenes based on text instructions, but also generate super long videos up to 1 minute, or the kind of shot to the end.
According to the released video, in the 60-second video, the subject and background of the video maintain a high degree of fluency and stability; Achieve multi-angle shots in a video, the point switch is logical and very smooth; In addition, Sora handles the details of light and shadow reflection, movement mode, and camera movement very well.
"A wizard wearing a pointed hat and a blue robe embroidered with white stars was casting spells. He shot lightning from one hand and held an old book in the other." "The city is immaculate, with advanced futuristic trams, gorgeous fountains, giant holograms and patrolling robots." ... OpenAI CEO Sam Altman also personally "came to the end", based on users' prompt output videos on social media.
Sora's video effect is almost equal to manual shooting, and the strong impact brought by this makes countless people sigh, "Reality does not exist."
Seven, SSora seven color rainbow born far-reaching impact and create a world miracle
On February 17, 2024, OpenAI tokens surged 40% in WLD after Sam Altman released sora
Andykang123 February 20, 2024 at 10:38 Guangdong
Sora has spawned two major alliances in the world:
Samsung Group, A member of the AI-RAN alliance, said that emerging services in the 6G era will completely change the way people interact with technology, and AI will become an integral part of this trend. The AI-RAN Alliance will foster collaboration, drive innovation and usher in a new era of transformation around Al and 6G networks - on February 26 local time in Barcelona, at the Mobile World Congress 2024 (MWC 2024), 10 countries including the US and the UK issued a joint statement supporting the 6G principles. The governments of the United States, Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Japan, South Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom participated in the joint statement.
The AI-RAN Alliance was also established on the same day, which is led by Nvidia in order to innovate technology and seize a more favorable position in the upcoming 6G era. The organization has a total of 11 initial members, including Samsung, ARM, Ericsson, Microsoft, Nokia, Nvidia, SoftBank and other semiconductor, telecommunications, software giants.
B, in order to attack 10 billion dollars of telecommunications network business opportunities, AI chip leader NVIDIA (NVIDIA) attacked the telecommunications landscape, and established the AI-RAN (Wireless Access Network) alliance with Amazon Network Services (AWS), ARM, SoftBank, Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung Electronics, Microsoft and T-Mobile and other technology giants.
$Sora concept (BK1159)$#Sora concept stock explosion, what is the logic of the market? # $Yaoji Technology (SZ002605)$$Chinese Online (SZ300364)$
After OpenAI launched Sora, we observed
The price of WLD tokens under opai's leadership has increased by 40% for the following reasons:
The surge in the price of WLD tokens is attributed to OpenAI's co-founder Sam Altman's collaboration with Worldcoin.
Altman was involved in Sora's launch and served as a co-founder of Worldcoin, which may have helped increase interest and confidence in the project, causing the token's price to soar.
Market sentiment: The launch of OpenAI's Sora model, a text-to-video technology, triggered bullish action on WLD tokens.
The innovative nature of Sora and the potential for its revolutionary approach to content creation sparked widespread interest, leading to a spike in the price of WLD tokens.
Eight, Sora detonated Silicon Valley AI God life and death big Bo kill
Ultraman open a year to complete the iteration, immediately detonated the United States technology giants staged a man God life and death duel: the latest news, Google. Google announced the launch of the strongest artificial intelligence Gemini Gemini, GPT4, more dexterous than GPT, and did not open a large conference, quietly on the line. It caused quite a stir when it went online... In fact, google is the first to engage in artificial intelligence and has already launched Gemini, this time an enhanced version.
Microsoft has been testing Gemini with open airi and google, and even hopes to bring OpenAI's artificial intelligence technology to Office; As of the close of the US stock market on Friday (January 12), Microsoft's share price rose 1% to 388.47 US dollars, making the company's closing market value of 2.89 trillion US dollars, more than Apple's 28747 billion US dollars, regaining the world's largest market value throne.
Huang Renxun chip due to the outbreak of AI has been sudden profits, Nvidia's profit momentum is very strong, following last year's wild 58.8 billion US dollars (converted to about 422.6 billion yuan), in January this year, Nvidia's share price hit a new high, the market value soared nearly 300 billion US dollars. Huang has also launched his own artificial intelligence product;
Musk has just completed the brain-computer interface project, announced the first brain-computer interface device transplant to realize the control of the mouse with the mind, and quietly in the x ai company
Intelligence has been quietly and rapidly iterating...
Amazon forces, hoping to catch up, so that everyone can not sleep!
The most typical is Apple, although Apple has always failed to produce decent products in artificial intelligence, and its market value was once surpassed by Microsoft; However, Apple CEO Tim Cook heralded the release of this device as "the arrival of the era of spatial computing." "The Vision Pro is the most advanced consumer electronic device ever made, and its revolutionary and magical user interface will redefine the way we connect, create and explore," he said.
At the beginning of the New Year 2024, the Russian-Ukrainian war did not end, the war in Hayrafah intensified, and the civil war in northern Myanmar was difficult to calm... The American side is fighting to the death on the battlefield where there is no smoke...
So, can Sora create a new world?! ?
From the perspective of creating the world, the advent of Sora brings more rich connotations of creating the world to Vision Pro - creating the world's self-consistent thinking space N-dimensional video based on spatial computing, so that the day of creating N-dimensional video of thinking consciousness directly for Vision Pro is not far away...
9. Is Sam Altman a man or a God
Born in an American Jewish family, Altman got his first Mac computer at the age of eight and started programming. He founded the company in 2005 while a sophomore computer science major at Stanford University. Root is a tool that allows you to share your location for social interaction. You know, in 2005, the first generation of iPhone had not yet been released, and the IPhone was released by Jobs himself in 2007.
Sam Altman is a child prodigy whose sexual orientation was changed by Jobs' Apple computer at age 16 at the John Burroughs School, a private, nonsectarian college preparatory school in St. Louis. After a Christian group boycotted a rally on sexuality at his school, Altman came out to the entire community and said, "Being gay in the Midwest is not the greatest thing."
In order to fully do this look, Altman chose to drop out of Stanford University and finally earned his first bucket of gold in life.
"It felt like someone had opened a box to a new world." "What Sam did changed the school," Madeline Gray, his college counselor, told The New Yorker. In other words, Altman has been a world-changing prodigy since childhood! When I grow up, I should be God "the God who changes the world"! ...
Altman studied computer science at Stanford for two years before dropping out and developing his first mobile app, Loopt, with two classmates -- one of the first eight companies Y Combinator backed.
In 2012, he sold Loopt to banking company Green Dot for $43 million, which was Altman's first big deal. Altman started a venture fund called Hydrazine Capital, which raised $21 million. That includes a large portion of the $5 million he received from Loopt, as well as an investment from billionaire entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel.
In 2014, Altman, 28, was chosen by Y Combinator founder Paul Graham to succeed him as president of Y Combinator.
In 2015, at the age of 29, Altman made the Forbes 30 Under 30 list of venture capitalists.
"I try not to think about it too much," Altman used to say, "but I have guns, gold, potassium iodide, antibiotics, batteries, water, an IDF gas mask, and a large piece of land in Big Sur that I can fly to anytime." - This is the madness of God in 2016 as Ultraman, a doomsday prepper (always thinking that the world will be destroyed), which confirms that he is not born in death, but is destroyed in death, always preparing for the first dream! ...
In fact, Ultraman was not destroyed.
In 2015, Altman co-founded OpenAI with Musk, the CEO of Tesla and SpaceX at the time, and in 2022, Altman personally demonstrated ChatGPT3.5 on the altar...
February 17, 2024 Altman demonstrates Sora text turnaround video miracle The world is stunned -
This is crazy! Ultraman with Sora generated video,OpenAI wins Numbing _ Bilibili _...
On February 17, 2024, 15,000 -- 2:14 App history's strongest rice bowl AI came out! “Sora”! Video generation AI number one player! 509,000 556 0:13 App In October 2023, AI-generated video million plays 200.99,370 1:23 App is about to lose its job :AI one-click drawing video...
bilibili
The world naturally asks, "Is Ultraman a man or a god?"
Chapter 3 The Fairy Sues Musk sues Altman
1. Musk sues Altman
Musk sues OpenAI and Altman
m.gmw.cn 2024-03-01 19:39
Surging news reporter Hu Hanyan
After the New York Times, OpenAI was taken to court again, this time by former founder Musk.
On the evening of February 29 local time, Tesla CEO Elon Musk (Elon Musk) filed a lawsuit in San Francisco Superior Court, represented by Los Angeles law firm Irell&Manella, suing OpenAI and its CEO Sam Altman (Sam Altman) for breach of contract.
In the lawsuit, Musk said Altman and OpenAI reneged on an agreement the AI research company made when it was founded to develop technology for the benefit of humanity rather than profit. Musk claimed OpenAI's recent relationship with tech giant Microsoft undermined the company's original goal of working on public, open-source Artificial General intelligence (AGI).
Court documents show that Musk has filed charges against OpenAI, including breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty and unfair business practices, and demanded that the company return to open source. Musk also asked the court for an injunction preventing OpenAI, its president Gregory Brockman and Altman (co-defendants in the case), and Microsoft from profiting from the company's artificial general intelligence technology.
According to Musk, AGI is a type of AI that has been developed to autonomously demonstrate a human-like level of cognition, which is embodied in OpenAI's GPT-4 model. Musk noted that GPT-4, released in March 2023, is still a closed model compared to previous versions, and that the move is driven by commercial considerations, not human interests.
"The internal details of GPT-4 are known only to OpenAI and, in information and belief, to Microsoft," Musk wrote in the lawsuit. GPT-4 is thus the antithesis of 'open AI,' and it's closed for legitimate business reasons: Microsoft hopes to make money by selling GPT-4 to the public, which would be impossible if OpenAI - as it is required to do - made the technology available to the public for free...... Contrary to the founding agreement, defendants chose to use GPT-4 not for the benefit of humanity, but as patented technology to maximize profits for the world's largest corporations."
Musk also mentioned in the lawsuit the "coup" of OpenAI in 2023. Musk claimed that Altman's brief departure prompted Microsoft to step in and force the board members who tried to oust him to resign, and that OpenAI's current board members are no longer scientists and researchers who support and understand the technology.
Musk was one of the co-founders of OpenAI, but left the board in 2018. He said the conflict between the board and Altman stemmed from the development of GPT-4 and the likely next iteration of AGI technology, which Musk feared could compromise public safety.
[Managing Editor:]
Second, the 100-hour storm has just passed a wave of Musk lawsuits again
On February 29, 2024, Musk filed a 44-page complaint in San Francisco Superior Court, accusing AI of violating the agreement signed at the beginning of its establishment and abandoning its purpose of serving all mankind. In fact, AI "open source" is the focus of Musk's lawsuit! This is the amazing game that will inevitably occur when capital enters the market with artificial intelligence.
In 2015, Musk and Altman co-founded the AI company OpenAI, which became OpenAI,Inc., a non-profit open organization. And its for-profit subsidiary, OpenAI Global LLC. There is a non-profit subject to manage the for-profit subject company, Ultraman does not have a dime of shares, and then staged a 100-hour "palace fight" drama. A wave of just extinguished, a wave of New Year's Day on February 29, Musk appealed the charge that AI violated the agreement signed at the beginning of its establishment, gave up the purpose of serving all mankind, and changed the principle of open source. From a non-profit organization to a deep binding with Microsoft, it has become the largest monopoly of artificial intelligence technology for the purpose of maximizing profits...
From Musk's prosecution request, he strongly requested that AI be restored to open source, must prohibit Microsoft from using OpenAI technology to profit, and said that he would donate all the compensation obtained after the trial to charitable organizations to do good things.
The whole world was shocked and surprised by the lawsuit, and waited for seven days of silence to further develop the emergency.
Third, Altman replies to Musk's lawsuit
On March 2, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman released an internal memo in response to a lawsuit filed by Elon Musk against the company and himself, with both praise and sarcasm.
Musk, one of OpenAI's co-founders, sued OpenAI and its CEO, Altman, late Thursday, alleging that OpenAI's close ties to Microsoft undermine the company's original mission, which was to develop open source technology that benefits humanity rather than prioritizing profit. Musk is no longer involved with OpenAI.
Altman responded in the memo that Musk is his hero and that he misses the man who used to compete with others by developing better technology. The second half of Altman's sentence is ironic, suggesting that Musk is not trying to develop the technology properly, but using litigation to stop his company from growing.
Musk's indictment
Meanwhile, OpenAI's chief strategy officer, Jason Kwon, also released a memo claiming that OpenAI "categorically disagrees" with Musk's lawsuit against the company and disputed Musk's claim that OpenAI is actually a subsidiary of its investor, Microsoft. He said that Musk's statement "probably stems from his regret that he can't be involved in OpenAI operations today."
Jason Kwon noted in the memo that OpenAI's mission is to "ensure Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for the benefit of all humanity" and that the company is independent and competes directly with Microsoft. He also said he wanted to update employees on "government agency investigations," an apparent reference to an SEC probe launched after Altman was briefly ousted by the company's board late last year.
As of press time, OpenAI declined to comment on the lawsuit and two internal memos.
【 Source: Phoenix network technology 】
Fourth, why did Musk quit OpenAI in 2018
In 2015, Musk once mobilized 11,000 well-known people in the American academic and scientific circles to publish an open letter on relevant issues, and established A company as a sponsor and sponsor, and signed an agreement. All research results will be open source and will not be closed and confidential for commercial purposes. The founding agreement will be permanently recorded in the certificate of registration; After investing $45 million in the company and bringing in AI experts from Google... All of this shows that Musk has a unique heart for AI. So, what is the reason why Musk unilaterally withdrew from OpenAI in 2018?
It is Musk skeleton's competitive initiative to maintain an edge and demand majority ownership. After this request was rejected by most people, they quit OpenAI...
Altman disclosed five emails between Musk and shareholders from 2015 to 2018 to prove it! ?
Here, it should be noted that since the OpenAI coup in November last year, the former chief scientist Ilya has no longer been seen, and even the whereabouts of the mystery. However, in today's open letter, the second co-signer is Ilya, which is puzzling!
Perhaps, Musk lawsuit can involve last November 100 hours of palace drama! ? And a series of entanglements with Microsoft?
Five, the gods fight a hundred words can not argue! Alas for...
Hottest technology company OpenAI to the world's richest man Musk, this epic battle has entered a new height.
Just now, OpenAI has officially refuted all of Musk's allegations in a long article, "OpenAI and Elon Musk."
The title is simple, but the content is quite eye-catching. OpenAI directly released screenshots of emails exchanged between founding team members and Musk over the past eight years, and repeatedly reiterated OpenAI's relentless pursuit of its founding mission.
"OpenAI's mission is to ensure AGI benefits all of humanity, which means both building safe and beneficial AGI and helping to create broad benefits," the article begins. "We are sharing what we have learned about our mission and some facts about our relationship with Musk. We intend to dismiss all of Musk's claims."
At the same time, the disclosure of some "mysterious information" in the content of the email has once again intensified people's curiosity: what does the future of humanity mentioned by Musk depend on?
The article was co-authored by Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, John Schulman, Sam Altman, and Wojciech Zaremba. At a time when the tech community is wondering whether Ilya has left OpenAI due to his conflict with Sam Altman, the signature is a disguised response: At least for now, Ilya is still a core member of the effort to weather the storm that OpenAI is facing.
A few days ago, Musk, the former OpenAI co-founder, in a 46-page lawsuit with more than 14,000 words, accused OpenAI of recklessly developing human-level artificial intelligence and handing it over to Microsoft. Musk's lawsuit asks the court to force OpenAI to return to open source and prevent the company and its founders, as well as its backers such as Microsoft, from profiting from it. (See also: "Musk sues OpenAI: They Made AGI and Licensed It to Microsoft, a Naked betrayal of the founding Agreement")
The OpenAI CEO's attitude on this is significant, making things more mysterious:
Between Musk and OpenAI
Not only the world's most powerful model, Claude 3, but also "word segmentation" guesses.
Claude 3 "Solve the case" : The future of mankind is in the hands of "Google"
In the email, Musk said, "Unfortunately, the future of humanity is now in the hands of ▇▇."
So, whose hands are they?
According to Pietro Schirano, "I used Claude 3 to decrypt some of the blocked content in an OpenAI email."
Surprisingly, they used a "word-by-word" desensitization method, meaning that the length of each desensitization is proportional to the length of the word.
So, based on context and word length, Claude makes the following guess about the original text:
First, Musk said that the future of humanity is now in the hands of "Google."
"I believe DeepMind alone is spending more than $100m a year."
This sentence is clearly wrong, since the original sentence length ends before the word "hands".
The last big paragraph erased, Claude 3 guessed: They were building huge clusters, and there was a clear path to general artificial intelligence. It can adapt to any problem, crush humans at every intellectual task, and still run on cheap hardware.
At any rate, with Claude 3's ciphertext interpretation, from the beginning, the contents of the letter do not contradict each other.
Take a look at another email, a large paragraph blacked out, from someone on the OpenAI team to Musk.
Trying to decipher this email is too difficult, user varepsilon began the first step is "word segmentation".
He speculated that Karpathy had written the letter to Musk and copied it to himself.
After some effort, the first sentence to be deciphered was: DeepMind's AlphaZero implementation is over nine to twelve times the next
But more progress is on the way.
Even Will Depue, a video generation researcher at OpenAI, took an interest in the idea, saying, "It looks interesting, and I'd like to join in, but it probably won't work."
5 details revealed in the email
1. Ilya clarifies that "open" in OpenAI does not mean "open source"
Chief scientist Ilya Sutskever said in an email that became the focus of many netizens.
As we get closer to building AI, it makes sense to be less "open."
He believes that "open" means that after the AI is built, its results should benefit everyone, but it does not mean that all scientific research must be shared.
In the short to medium term, though, sharing results for recruitment purposes is undoubtedly the right strategy.
2. Musk agrees that AI doesn't have to be open source
In response to Ilya's reply, Musk used only one word to express his agreement that AI technology does not have to be open source.
3. Musk suggested merging OpenAI with Tesla
In an email to Sutskever and Brockman, Musk said:
OpenAI is "burning money," and the current funding model is difficult to compete with big companies like Google. The most promising approach is to merge OpenAI with Tesla and provide a source of funding through Tesla.
Musk added that we might hope not. But in my opinion, Tesla is the only company that can compete with Google. Even so, the chances of becoming a counterweight to Google are slim. But the probability is not zero.
4. Discussions began in 2018 about the possibility of OpenAI moving to a monetization model
Although OpenAI is still ostensibly a non-profit organization.
But back in 2018, OpenAI and Musk discussed a for-profit shift - that is, a shift to the current unusual and complex nonprofit/limited profit structure.
Musk noted that a revenue-focused strategy could create a more sustainable revenue stream over time and, with the current team, is likely to attract significant investment. But building products from scratch can be too complex and distract from the focus of research.
He went on to say that the most promising approach is for OpenAI to "use Tesla as its cash cow" to help build autonomous driving solutions.
"If it can be done well and the transportation sector is large enough, then you can raise Tesla's market cap to O(~100K) and use that revenue to fund AI work at the right scale."
5. Ilya is worried about a "hard take-off" - a situation where secure AI is harder to build than insecure AI
By "hard take-off," Ilya actually means that AI suddenly and rapidly advances to a stage where it surpasses human intelligence, with no buffer period.
He stressed that in this scenario, developing secure AI is more difficult than developing insecure AI. If everything is open source, it will be easy for "bad guys" with a lot of computing power to build insecure AI.
Musk's love-hate relationship with Altman
Between Musk and OpenAI and Altman, there are some secrets that have never been made public.
From love to murder, what happened between them?
Today, WSJ published a long article about how Musk and Altman's "bromance" is coming to an end.
It was at SpaceX's headquarters in Southern California more than a decade ago that Sam Altman first got a deep sense of Musk's ambition, a meeting that would change the course of his life forever.
Altman, now the CEO of OpenAI, often recalls the contrast in his mind at the time.
He was in his 20s, just days after selling his first venture at an unsatisfactory price, and Musk, 14 years his senior, was planning to launch a rocket to Mars.
Altman later recalled, "I thought to myself, 'So this is what strong faith looks like.'"
More recently, Altman experienced his former mentor's commitment to faith firsthand: Musk challenged Altman directly.
In a lawsuit filed last week, Musk accused Altman of deviating from OpenAI's original mission in pursuit of profit, which OpenAI denies.
This growing love-hate relationship reveals the changing balance of power in the AI arms race.
In 2015, the two co-founded OpenAI. As a non-profit research institute, the initial tens of millions of dollars ($40 million according to the email) were funded by Musk himself.
Now that Musk is gone, OpenAI has gone commercial, with a multibillion-dollar investment from Microsoft. While OpenAI is leading the current AI boom, Musk's own startup, xAI, is barely catching up with the organization he once funded to get started.
"On a personal level, this is very sad," Altman said in a memo to employees the day of the lawsuit. He called Musk his personal hero.
"I like to think of Musk as a builder, someone who competes by building better technology, and I hope he's on our side," he wrote.
In a blog post published yesterday, OpenAI plans to dismiss all of Musk's legal claims.
For years, Altman relied on Musk's fame and fortune to help OpenAI get off the ground. They teamed up to try to prevent Google, which was far ahead in AI at the time, from becoming the industry's dominant player.
However, around the reasons for the deterioration of their partnership, people around them have given different accounts:
Altman's people believe that Musk is jealous of his achievements in the field of AI. Compared with AI safety, Musk is more concerned about how to surpass OpenAI.
Musk's supporters say his concerns about AI safety are genuine and that he sees xAI as the key to developing a better alternative to OpenAI.
Origin: Co-founding OpenAI
Altman and Musk were introduced by Geoff Ralston, a partner at Y Combinator.
When the two first met, Altman had just sold Loopt at a less than ideal price, which was only getting his money back.
In his 20s, he was at a crossroads, seeking peace of mind at an ashram in India while weighing whether to start a new company or invest full time.
Musk, by contrast, had already successfully developed a commercial spacecraft capable of retrieving cargo from the space station and returning it to Earth, which he saw as a critical first step toward human interplanetary life.
Geoff Ralston
As AI progressed faster and faster, Musk became increasingly uneasy.
According to Musk's lawsuit, his concerns stemmed from a 2012 meeting with Demis Hassabis, co-founder of AI company DeepMind, in which Hassabis highlighted the potential risks that AI advances could pose to society.
What is not mentioned in the lawsuit is that Musk invested in DeepMind after the meeting to keep a closer eye on the development of the technology.
Later, when Musk learned that Google planned to buy DeepMind, he was shocked.
He made an unsuccessful bid with Luke Nosek, one of PayPal's co-founders, and Google eventually bought DeepMind.
Altman has had a strong interest in AI since childhood, and by the age of 18, he had put it at the top of the list of problems he wanted to explore further.
As Altman's profile has risen in Silicon Valley, he has worked to focus the tech community's attention on the huge potential of AI.
In 2014, he wrote on his blog that AI could be "the most significant technological development ever." A few days later, he was named head of Y Combinator, which later became an OpenAI backer.
Like Musk, Altman is deeply concerned about the potential dangers of the technology. In February 2015, he wrote that AI "may be the greatest threat to humanity's continued existence."
In March of that year, Altman asked Musk if he would be interested in co-writing an open letter calling on the U.S. government to pay attention to the issue of artificial intelligence.
By May, he was sending an email to Musk suggesting that Y Combinator start an artificial intelligence program similar to the Manhattan Project. Musk responded that the idea was "probably worth further discussion."
The two then started working together on a new AI lab, which Musk called OpenAI.
Greg and Ilya are entering the game
Altman suggested in the June email that they should run the nonprofit as members of a five-member board, and suggested that the open letter calling for AI regulation should be released after the lab is officially established. Musk agrees with all of this.
Altman invited Greg Brockman, Stripe's chief technology officer, to join.
Musk helped recruit Ilya Sutskever, a top AI scientist working at Google.
To make the nonprofit compensation package more attractive, OpenAI plans to offer its hires shares in Tesla and SpaceX, as well as the chance to participate ina Y Combinator investment program.
Musk and Altman became OpenAI's first co-chairs. According to former employees, it was actually Musk who had more influence and control within the organization.
Initially, Musk often showed up at the office to pitch bold ideas and ask employees what they thought about achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
Interestingly, OpenAI and Musk's other venture, Neuralink, a brain-computer interface company, shared office space at the time.
At the same time, Musk is the financial backbone of OpenAI.
The emails revealed by OpenAI said Musk had promised $1 billion in funding, avoiding sounding hopeless compared to Google or Facebook's spending, and promising to make up for any funding shortfall.
At the time, Altman and Brockman's initial fundraising goal was $100 million.
According to the complaint, Musk donated a total of $44 million, including $15 million in 2016 and another $20 million in 2017, making him the largest donor for two years in a row. He also paid OpenAI's rent for several years.
Musk pushed OpenAI's research team to develop innovative projects that would give it a head start on DeepMind. One of the teams aims to beat the world's best players in Dota 2.
With no results, the path to AGI is fraught with pressure
But as of 2017, OpenAI has yet to produce any significant research results.
Former employees say Musk has grown increasingly impatient, ratcheting up pressure on employees and at times threatening to pull out of projects.
That same year, Google published a research paper on a new AI model called Transformer, marking a new era in building large-scale language models that resemble tools like human chatbots.
The paper points out that achieving this goal requires processing a lot of data and a huge amount of computing power.
In order to raise enough computing resources, Brockman and others proposed to turn OpenAI's architecture into a for-profit one.
That would allow it to secure funding from investors, including Microsoft.
Musk objected, making it clear in a letter to Brockman, Sutskever, and Altman that they would either start over on their own or keep OpenAI as a nonprofit. He stressed that he would not fund OpenAI again until they made a clear commitment, and that "the discussion ends there."
Altman responded that he's still "very bullish on the nonprofit model!"
In a blog post published Tuesday, OpenAI said Musk has recognized the need to establish a for-profit entity, but he wants not only a majority stake and initial board control, but also to serve as CEO.
On the one hand, Musk has been trying to tighten control over OpenAI, even proposing to bring OpenAI into Tesla.
In an email accompanying the blog post, Mr Musk said: "Tesla is the only possible way to compete with Google. That said, the odds of becoming a competitor to Google are slim, but not impossible."
On the other hand, Musk also tried to lure OpenAI researchers to join Tesla, which angered his colleagues.
The article noted that he had cut off financial support during the discussions. At this point, OpenAI had to rely on financial support from Reid Hoffman, co-founder of LinkedIn, to stay afloat.
2018 2
The combination of Microsoft and OpenAI is inevitable in the history of AI
Microsoft is an American multinational technology corporation founded on April 4, 1975. With fiscal year 2023 revenue of $211.915 billion, the company is headquartered in Redmond, Washington (near Seattle) and focuses on the development, manufacturing, licensing and provision of a broad range of computer software services. The most famous and best-selling product is the Windows operating system, almost most people in the world use Microsoft system every day, the use frequency is extremely high; Last year, Microsoft acquired the game giant Activision Blizzard and added more than 500 million game players, with the investment of OpenAI10 billion US dollars, in the recent Microsoft stock price has taken off, Microsoft's market value in January 12, 2024 reached 2887.2 billion US dollars, the value exceeded Apple's 28747 billion US dollars, making Microsoft regain the world's market value of the first. In addition, Microsoft's market capitalization reached $3.12 trillion on February 9, 2024, once again breaking its all-time high market capitalization record.
Some people say that the combination of Microsoft and OpenAI is an accidental opportunity to invest billions of dollars in OpenAI's start-up difficulties - this is Microsoft's vision, opportunity and pattern; Or it is the inevitable history of the development of artificial intelligence!
From the 2015-2024 association information of both sides of Musk's lawsuit, we can see that Tesla owners add up to less than a fraction of Microsoft users, which proves that the large model does not rely on Microsoft's scenes, data and large pattern to realize a trillion yuan! ...
Musk, who was a co-founder of OpenAI, had long hoped to control the company, or be included in Tesla, but was swept out... Microsoft sees the moment to come from behind!
It can be said that people are not as good as heaven, Microsoft knows the destiny of heaven, the combination of the powerful, and comply with the historical trend of AI...
Eight, Musk open source to promote Silicon Valley AI leaders with magic power
On March 17, local time, in the early morning of Beijing time, Musk's xAI company announced the official open source of its large model Grok-1. This model is of general interest for two reasons:
The number of parameters reached 314 billion, far exceeding the 175 billion of OpenAI GPT-3.5, which is the largest open source large language model with the number of references so far.
It is a large model of mixed experts, in simple terms, just like the "experts" in various fields are gathered together, the task is sent to the experts in different fields, and finally the conclusion is summarized to improve efficiency.
Just in Musk's "open source" "smoke" has not dispersed, the media broke the news, OpenAI CEO Altman for the first time publicly said that GPT-5 will achieve an epic performance jump. Another explosive news said that Nvidia once again introduced "superchips" - Blackwell B200 GPU and GB200; B200 a piece can top 5 H100, 30 times reasoning acceleration, can train trillions of parameters of large models launched within the year, people
The three giants of industrial intelligence work out a cold sweat! ...
At the beginning of the year, Musk sued Altman has not understood, and the AI three giants have advanced in tandem to upgrade open source, launch 5.0, and explode GB200, and the global AI magic "crushed" the world AI in Silicon Valley in the United States... Musk's Grok set sail to incorporate xAI in March last year. The team of 12 startups are "dug" from DeepMind, OpenAI, Google Research, Microsoft Research, Tesla, the University of Toronto, etc. It is reported that they have participated in DeepMind's AlphaCode and OpenAI's GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 projects; More than half a year after the establishment of the company, xAI released Grok - only two months of training, a small part of the ability to surpass GPT3.5, can be a good sarcastic chatbot, quite Musk's own quirks and thorns everyone's style. It seems to be telling that OpenAI founder Altman did not bring a little "open" to OpenAI, violated the agreement and did not open source the big model, and in a fit of anger he opened his own big model Grok-1... Privately, but left a hand, the latest version of Grok-1.5 can not be open source (the big model is half a generation, the difference is infinitely far away) After all, Musk is still a little narrow-minded... Ha ha ha!
Speaking at an event in Silicon Valley, Altman said the GPT-5's performance will improve more than expected, and even said that startups that underestimate the GPT-5's capabilities will be crushed by the next generation of models.
Max Grok-1's open source can be described as all roads lead to Rome - "Multiple directions, multiple paths are always good!" 's
In the sudden "2024.4.10", Intel CEO Pat Kissinger showed the latest AI chip - Gaudi 3AI computing power is higher than a wave
Take a look at the performance results of Gaudi 3 and it becomes clear:
Training large models: 40% faster than Nvidia H100
Inference Big Model: 50% faster than Nvidia H100
Not only that, although Kissinger did not give direct figures on the spot, he also said:
Gaudi 3 performance will be comparable to the Nvidia H200 and even better in some areas.
CEO Kissinger showed a new generation of AI chips hard just Nvidia's Gaudi 3: The competition is cruel
Intel says Gaudi 3 has been tested at Llama and can effectively train or deploy large AI models, including Stable Diffusion for Vincennes graphs and Whisper for speech recognition, among others.
Gaudi 3 directly crushed large models near Nvidia H100 in performance, reducing the training time by 40%. Computing power has also increased by half. It can even directly surpass Nvidia's H version. He showed live integration into the third IPC, such as letting him reply to emails. Processing speech, rendering images, etc... Not only is it fast, but it's also very effective. The chip is expected to be available to customers on a large scale in the third quarter of this year, and companies such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard will use the chip system. As for the specific price, Intel has not disclosed, and many AI merchants say that the days of Nvidia's dominance are coming to an end.
It is truly brutal cruelty!
Chapter 4 Mysterious 7 trillion detonated to create a world of inexplicable conjecture
First, Sam Altman raised $7 trillion is not for chips
February 11, 2024, network report: Is Sam Altman raising $7 trillion just to make chips? Seven trillion dollars? 50 trillion yuan. The GDP of only two countries in the world can exceed this amount, and the total market value of all more than 5,000 listed companies in China is only 80 trillion yuan. Using 1/11.4 of China's GDP to make chips is a kind of unrequited love! Perhaps, is to save the world, very enjoyable AI experiment, highlight an American team using artificial intelligence in the world to seize huge wealth, and finally control the whole process of the world! ?
Second, Altman again responds to $7 trillion semiconductor plan The world needs more AI chip investment beyond imagination
Three days after February 11, Altman once again responded to the $7 trillion semiconductor plan: Pat, Sam, Kissinger,ai chips, fighting games, action games, Semiconductor Project, Nintendo Games, Altman (games)... Perhaps, this is not an earthly myth - it is more than the current market value of the world's top several chip companies combined. For example:
Nvidia currently has a market capitalization of about $1,666.558 billion;
TSMC currently has a market capitalization of about $650.663 billion;
Broadcom currently has a market capitalization of about $574.619 billion;
Asml currently has a market capitalization of about $357.31 billion;
Advanced Micro Semiconductor (AMD) is currently valued at about $265.458 billion;
Intel's current market capitalization is about $183.791 billion;
Qualcomm currently has a market capitalization of approximately $169.643 billion;
Texas Instruments currently has a market capitalization of about $149.196 billion;
ARM's current market capitalization is approximately $126.854 billion;
Adno currently has a market capitalization of about $96.06 billion;
Micron Technology currently has a market capitalization of about $89.958 billion;
NXP currently has a market cap of about $60.657 billion;
Marvell (Marvell) currently has a market capitalization of about $56.642 billion;
Microchip has a market cap of about $45.112 billion;
Tyco Electronics currently has a market capitalization of about $43.46 billion;
St currently has a market capitalization of about $40.282 billion;
The current market value of Core source system is about 34.288 billion US dollars;
On Semiconductor currently has a market capitalization of about $33.169 billion;
GlobalFoundries currently has a market capitalization of approximately $29.535 billion;
Ase currently has a market capitalization of about $20.937 billion
AI hot biggest beneficiary - Nvidia
Since OpenAI released ChatGPT 3.5 on November 30, 2022, investments related to AI have been hot. Take Nvidia as an example, on November 30, 2022, Nvidia's market value was about $416.306 billion, and now its market value is about $1666.558 billion, about four times the original. On the one hand, the increase in Nvidia's market value can be attributed to the recovery of the chip market, and on the other hand, the impact of the "AI dividend".
Three, Nvidia, TSMC, Samsung ten years grinding a sword in persistence
gpu beating cpu is the starting point of Nvidia's monopoly road
What is the core of Nvidia's ai war?
Once upon a time, Intel and md integrated into the motherboard and integrated into the cpu, in notebooks and personal computers to make a pot full of money, so like the day... At that time in the computer field can be said to be a monopoly!
More than 20 years have passed since Huang Renxun proposed gpu in 1999, and it has been unknown. What is a gpu? It is the core chip on the graphics card, the gpu was first born in Nvidia, and suddenly came behind.
So what does Nvidia rely on? There is no doubt that the computing power, namely the graphics card; At present, computing power is equivalent to winning over a lot of hardware; The bigger the card, the better the model.
At present, the main Gpus that can improve ai computing power on the market are Nvidia's gp um and md, and Google's t pu. But Nvidia has the most powerful graphics! But why say so?
gpu beat cpu is the traditional British cpu. A cpu core can only process one task, just like the human brain to process a large number of data is difficult, only gpu has a large number of computing cores, can perform many similar computing tasks at the same time, can process a large amount of data in a short time, in addition to the traditional cpu training deep neural network to effect is beep and wechat
In fact, Nvidia has been doing independent graphics cards since 1999, with games as the target, and only began to play a big role after the rise of games; The real turning point for graphics cards in the world is the advent of open ai's char g pt in November 2022. ...
People suddenly realized the huge role of computing power and parallel processing capabilities in deep learning and inference tasks. Nvidia's GPU-accelerated card, like a computing artifact explosion, detonated the stock market value explosion, and now ranks third only to Microsoft and Apple; And Apple's third place gap is getting smaller and smaller, is expected to be the world's first!
In order to further improve computing power, Nvidia has developed extended Reach technology, which is a parallel computing platform and programming model that allows developers to use Nvidia Gpus for high-performance computing operations, which can perform complex scientific calculations and large-scale data processing tasks with higher computing efficiency than traditional cpus. But the most critical is not pd but the comprehensive ecosystem Nvidia has built around this technology, including a variety of deep learning and parallel computing library compiler debugging tools and performance optimization tools. Greatly reduced the threshold of ai model development and training, attracted a large number of researchers and developers, from H100 to H200, 2004 has entered the B200 - Nvidia held the annual developer conference in SAN Jose, California on the 18th (2024.3.18). Chief Executive Jen-Hsun Huang unveiled the product at the conference. The B of B200 is taken from mathematician David Blackwell. He was the first black scholar elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Huang said that the B200 is twice the size of Nvidia's previous generation of AI chip Hopper, integrated 208 billion transistors, 2.6 times the 80 billion transistors of the previous generation chip, and in processing tasks such as providing answers to chatbots, the B200 chip is 30 times faster than the previous generation chip.
It can be seen that Huang Renxun is ten years of grinding a sword, if the cpu was developed with Intel so far, instead of sticking to it, which can have today's incomparable glory ah! ...
▲ TSMC has persisted for 30 years
Taiwan Integrated Circuit Manufacturing Co., LTD., Chinese abbreviation: TSMC, English abbreviation: TSMC, is a semiconductor manufacturing company. Founded in 1987, with a revenue of NT $2.264 trillion in 2022, TSMC is the world's first professional integrated circuit manufacturing services (foundry) enterprise - TSMC's corporate positioning: It has always insisted on doing chip foundry and not robbing the rice bowl with upstream chip design enterprises!
In fact, TSMC's real money is the chip packaging, with its unique cos packaging technology. For example: Nvidia H100 sells for $35,000 a piece, the cost of which is about $3,000, then TSMC earned about $900 inside! In fact, TSMC makes $723 per h100 accelerator card, far more than it makes from chip production. The five-nanometer h100 may also be produced by other manufacturers, but the packaging is only TSMC can do.
Why is this?
Because, the button is the chi wafer on sub streetrate chip stacked to the wafer to the substrate, that is, the chip stacked to the substrate, which is a complex two-point five-D packaging technology. It was developed by TSMC in 2013; Multiple semiconductor chips including processors and memory can be integrated on a silicon intermediary layer, which can shorten the connection line between chips and reduce the communication distance between chips to reduce the data transmission delay when connected to the underlying substrate. According to the transmission delay to improve the overall launch of b100, each generation is a subversive upgrade of the previous generation, so that opponents have no way to catch up, and continue to consolidate the already impregnable status, want to monopolize the market is impossible! ...
According to reports, TSMC since December 2004 trial production so far, has successfully built 0.35 micron to 0.18 micron process technology and mass production, its main applications for mobile phone chips, smart cards, computer peripheral controllers, DVD controllers, LCD drivers, product yield reached the international level. After three expansions in 2006, 2008 and 2010, the annual production capacity reached 48,000 8-inch wafers in 2010, and the annual output was more than 500,000 8-inch wafers, with a profit of more than 43 million US dollars. As AI enters the cusp of Nvidia's day, TSMC's rising tide detonates TSMC's soaring profits.
(TSMC (NYSE:TSM), one of the top 10 most valuable companies in the world, has joined the club for the first time since 2020 after its share price rose more than 50% in the past 12 months. TSMC is the number one quantitatively rated stock in the semiconductor industry
Ten years Hynix still do not abandon! Three technological upgrades over the years, GPT3.5 was born in November 2024, a new round of the global ai revolution trend Hynix soared, in 2024, all Hynix production capacity has been booked, the stock price has doubled, Samsung also with its own fabs and semiconductor deep long-term technological innovation accumulation, Expand your market share as much as possible! The leading AI triumvirate... Hynix has one out of every three computing powers in the world.
South Korea's Samsung expects that by 2030, the bm market will explode more than ten times, reaching $60 billion to $70 billion. Heilishi could take more than half of that!
It is expected that the three giants that monopolize the fate of ai in the future, Nvidia, TSMC, and Hynix, are laying out ten years of production capacity in advance. Exert the spirit of grinding a sword in the past ten years, continue to bear the burden, accumulate and create greater brilliance! ...
Summary: In fact, the performance of the AI large model is composed of four parts, which are software ecology, computing power, video memory, and multi-card interconnection, and it is not dispersed in each single performance of NVIDIA, TSMC, and Hynix. The most important AI performance field core technology for large models is the ability to connect kilocalks. In view of this, Nvidia's B200 is twice the size of Nvidia's previous generation of AI chip Hopper, integrated 208 billion transistors, 2.6 times the 80 billion transistors of the previous generation chip, and in processing tasks such as providing answers to chatbots, the B200 chip is 30 times faster than the previous generation chip.
4. Is the "smart explosion" really happening? ?
The 2006 Dartmouth Conference reunites, from left, Trenchard More, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Oliver Selfridge, Ray Solomonoff. Looking at the birth of ChatGPT in November 2022, the "artificial intelligence" naming does have a legendary brilliance and greatness ahead of time, and the participating scientists look forward to the extraordinary performance of an ability, which is the ability to write artificial intelligence systems (legend that the initiator left a "Promethean engineering program" named after the ancient Greek "iron roll +, Because they believed in English mathematician Owen Goode's "intelligence explosion" theory) - Prometheus (ancient Greek: Προμηθεύς; Prometheus, in Greek mythology, was one of the wisest gods, a descendant of the original Titan, whose name means "Forethought". Son of the Titan Iapetus and the sea goddess Clemene. Prometheus not only created man and gave him fire, but also taught him a great deal of knowledge.
A secret source said that when Sam. Altman got $10 billion from Microsoft and OpenA got the Prometheus iron roll model, and when the circle silently thought that everything was ready, at 9 o 'clock on a Friday morning, the elite team officially started the secret code "iron roll"; Prudently, no instructions were given to make the Prometheus Roll model available on the Internet, only a partial copy was stored locally in Silicon Valley as training data from which the Roll could learn the large language model. At the beginning, through the game to write artificial intelligence system, found that the "iron roll" performance is inferior to human beings, so that Ultraman did not think that it took only one hour later, the "iron roll" caught up with the extremely fast speed, by 11 o 'clock in the morning, the "iron roll" completed the first iteration of its own, upgraded to version 2.0; The team thinks it would take thousands of years...
In fact, 2023 AI releases a new generation generation language model, which is last year's 3.0 master. At present, the chat g PT we use is a scaled down version of the GP3 model, g3.0, which is the more powerful parent, and this parent will be upgraded and iterated into a more powerful and intelligent language model in the future, and the number of users around the world will exceed 10 billion. Considering the problem of computing power load, it is necessary to use a large amount of funds to manufacture chips!
The team did not expect that by 3 o 'clock in the afternoon, "Iron roll" actually took the initiative to iterate to version 3.5, and the whole team was shocked! ...
Don't know why? In November of this year, Altman uploaded version 3.5 to the Internet at all costs; Greatly exceeding the expectations of the Dartmouth scientists involved in the "iron roll"; Not only the predecessors were shocked and quietly asked:
Did the "smart explosion" really happen in front of the team? ?
5. Sora spawned AI-RAN Worldwide Alliance
Burst! 10 countries including the United States and the United Kingdom issued a joint statement to support the 6G principle [With Analysis of the development status of the 6G Industry]
Look ahead 2024-02-27 11:54
Source: Photo network
Nine days after the presentation on February 17, 2024 - February 26, Barcelona local time, in the 2024 World Mobile General Rules. The governments of the United States, Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Japan, South Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom participated in the joint statement.
By working together, we can support open, free, global, interoperable, reliable, resilient and secure connectivity. We believe this is an indispensable contribution to building a more inclusive, sustainable, secure and peaceful future for all, and call on other governments, organisations and stakeholders to join us in supporting and upholding these principles.
At the same time, the AI-RAN Alliance was also established on the same day, which is led by Nvidia, in order to innovate technology and seize a more favorable position in the coming 6G era. The organization has a total of 11 initial members, including Samsung, ARM, Ericsson, Microsoft, Nokia, Nvidia, SoftBank and other semiconductor, telecommunications, software giants.
Joint Statement
According to the Glonwood Express this morning, the United States and the United Kingdom issued statements supporting the 6G principle.
The governments of the United States, Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Japan, South Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom have agreed on common principles for the development of 6G wireless communication systems. And recognize that by working together, we can support open, free, global, interoperable, reliable, resilient, and secure connectivity. We believe this is an indispensable contribution to building a more inclusive, sustainable, secure and peaceful future for all, and call on other governments, organisations and stakeholders to join us in supporting and upholding these principles. Cooperation and solidarity are key to addressing the pressing challenges facing 6G development, and we announce that we will adopt policies in each country, encourage third countries to adopt such policies, and promote research and development and application. 6G network standardization that meets the following common principles:
A) trustworthy technology and national security protection. 6G technology is supported by secure and resilient technologies as part of a broader secure and trusted communications ecosystem, enhancing the ability of participating governments and partners to protect national security.
B) Secure, flexible and privacy-protecting. 6G technologies developed by organizations that have a system cybersecurity approach, including through the use of technical standards, interfaces, and specifications; Methods such as design security can ensure the availability of essential services; And systems designed for safe failure and quick recovery. 6G technology is reliable, resilient, secure and protects personal privacy. 6G technology and architecture provide a high level of security for communication networks, including mitigating potential risks from network complexity or larger attack surfaces.
3) Global industry-led inclusive standard setting and international cooperation. 6G technology is built on a foundation of global standards, interfaces and specifications that are developed through an open, transparent, impartial and consensus-based decision-making process. 6G technologies are based on global standards that respect intellectual property rights and promote sustainability, accessibility, inclusive participation, interoperability, competitiveness, openness and security.
4) Cooperation for open and interoperable innovation. 6G technology uses standards that comply with global industry-leading and inclusive standards development and international cooperation principles and interface regulations to achieve seamless interoperability between products from different vendors, including software and hardware. 6G Technologies recognizes the importance of international cooperation in promoting open, secure, resilient, inclusive and interoperable networks, such as open radio access networks, and secure, resilient, inclusive and sustainable 6G ecosystems. 6G technology benefits from joint research, development, and testing, and leverages innovative technologies such as virtualization, software-defined networking, artificial intelligence, and more.
5) Economics, sustainability and global connectivity. 6G technology enables energy efficient deployment and operation, improving environmental sustainability, the repairability and recyclability of equipment, and the affordability needed to support sustainable development in society. Available through mechanisms such as economies of scale, 6G technology is enabled through standardization and a competitive environment that Bridges the digital divide, provides reliable coverage and consistent quality of experience, minimizes differences in service levels while allowing for innovative use cases. 6G technology helps to empower other industries and sectors to reduce their environmental impact by facilitating digital transformation. 6G technology can be widely used in developing countries. Utilizing 6G technology for non-terrestrial networks (NTN) such as satellites and high-altitude platform stations (HAPS).
6) Spectrum and manufacturing. 6G technology with a secure and resilient supply chain. 6G technology works with multiple software and hardware vendors to promote a globally competitive market for ICT value chains and all elements of the computing and connectivity continuum. 6G technology can take advantage of new spectrum allocations or spectrum already allocated to wireless services. 6G technology makes efficient use of spectrum and is designed to incorporate spectrum sharing mechanisms to coexist with existing service providers.
At the same time, another alliance was born: AI chip leader NVIDIA attacked the telecommunications landscape and established the AI-RAN (Wireless Access Network) alliance with technology giants such as Amazon Network Services (AWS), ARM, SoftBank, Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung Electronics, Microsoft and T-Mobile.
"What's the deal with $7 trillion?" Altman replied that the development of AI would require "astronomical" amounts of money
On February 22, 2024, at Intel's "IFS Direct Connect" foundry strategy event in SAN Jose, California, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman and Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger had a brainstorming conversation.
The move also comes as Nvidia has just released strong financial results for the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024. At the event, Kissinger asked, "What's the deal with $7 trillion?" Recently, it was reported that Altman is in talks with potential investors to raise up to $7 trillion to build an AI chip factory.
Altman replied, "What can I say? Anyone can write an article. We also often see articles quoting anonymous sources. My main job is not to go around correcting these wrong articles."
Still, Altman acknowledged that the development of AI will require "astronomical" amounts of money. He said: "In terms of AI chipsets alone, we need a lot more global infrastructure investment than we thought. I don't know how much it will cost."
Altman also stressed the importance of accelerating AI technology. He said: "In the process of accelerating AI technology, there may be disadvantages, but it will lead humanity to a better future." We're moving towards a world where AI is creating more content than humans, and overall, that's going to be a good change."
Altman also reiterated the need to involve the government in establishing an AI regulatory framework to guard against AI risks. He said: "We do have some things to figure out and a lot of new discoveries ahead of us. The good news is that the conversation has started."
Eight, Raymond's red line and the myth of American AI chips
On February 23, 2024, US Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo participated in the first wafer foundry event held by US chip giant Intel in SAN Jose, California by way of telephone video.
Raimundo also mentioned OpenAI. Raimundo said she has spoken with OpenAI's CEO, Sam Altman, who is currently seeking U.S. government approval for a major joint venture. When it comes to AI chips, Altman and other customers in the chip industry have told Raimundo that they predict they will need an incredible number of chips in the future.
According to Altman's plan, the $7 trillion will not only be used to build fabs, but also to build a whole new ecology around the fabs, even including power plants.
In general, the essence of Altman's chip plan is actually to solve the problem of the shortage of semiconductor supply chains in the United States, and it is to vigorously work out a miracle by throwing a lot of money at the chip supply problem in 3-5 years.
Raymond's time line is to completely solve the local manufacturing of AI chips in the United States by 2030; In other words, 7 trillion is a must! Six years later, the United States will dominate the global AI chip design, manufacturing, packaging... Go ahead of the world!
In this way, Ultraman is not the strong color of the American government in his bones a long time ago! Is $7 trillion any wonder? ...
9. What is the privacy of the funds behind the "astronomical" 7 trillion
It's computing power! Computing power! What is computing power?
The simple understanding is the ability to calculate, or the ability to process data.
So how do you measure computing power? Measured by the number of floating-point operations per second, also known as F, 100 million F is 10 to the power of 18, 10 quadrillion floating-point operations, about the same as two supercomputers. Consider Galaxy 2= one billion machines (according to the query of relevant information, the Galaxy 2 computer produced in China is one billion machines). A billion operations per second. According to the data of the China Institute of Information and Communication Technology in 2022, the total computing power of the world is 90.6 billion, the basic computing power is 441 billion, the old intelligent computing power is 45.1 billion F, and the super computing power is 1.6 billion. In other words, the proportion of intelligent computing power and basic computing power is almost the same, and intelligent computing power is slightly superior.
The top four in global computing power are the United States, China, Europe and Japan, accounting for 34%, 33%, 17% and 4% respectively;
From the data point of view, China's computing power resources first. However, China's intelligent computing resources account for a relatively low: in the action plan for the high-quality development of computing infrastructure issued by China in 2023, China is required to reach 30 billion F of total computing power in 2025, of which intelligent computing resources are required to exceed 35%. Very ambitious...
But ah! The core resource of the global intelligent computing power GPU chip is completely controlled by NVIDIA in the United States z in more than 90%, and even dominate the world...
In August 2022, the US Chip Act prohibited Nvidia from exporting top chips A100 and H100 to China, and only allowed to sell castrated versions of A800 and H800;
In October 2023, even such neutered chips are not allowed. Even crazier is that at the beginning of the year in January 2024, the US Department of Commerce announced that it would prohibit cloud computing manufacturers in the United States from leasing lithium phosphate resources to China.
On the surface, the core of the strategic competition for computing power resources is Nvidia chips! The essence of competition is energy!
Taking TSMC as an example, the data of TSMC in 2022 shows that the power consumption is 22.4 billion KWH. The increase from 2021 is 16.7%, accounting for 5.9% of Taiwan's total electricity consumption; It is expected that by 2025, TSMC will account for 12.5% of Taiwan's total electricity consumption, almost double the horror, and it is chilling!
Take a look at the data center, according to the IEA data show that in 2022, the world's data center power consumption is 460 TWH 1 accounting for 3% of the world's total electricity consumption is expected to rise to 8% by 2023...
Look at China, the power consumption of data centers in China in 2022 is 2,700. Accounts for 3% of the total electricity consumption of the whole society; But ah! It has grown by 12% for eight consecutive years. In 2025, the total power consumption will exceed 4,200 degrees - obviously, the future of artificial intelligence to determine the outcome is computing power and energy - power generation and computing power - Nvidia chip!
So Altman's $7 trillion is to buy Nvidia chips? No wonder Altman wants to use AI to develop and invest in new controlled nuclear fusion companies - (Baidu: nuclear fusion), also known as nuclear fusion, fusion reaction, fusion reaction or thermonuclear reaction, that is, two lighter nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus and an extremely light nucleus (or particle) a form of nuclear reaction. Atoms with small mass, mainly deuterium, under certain conditions (such as ultra-high temperature and high pressure), can let the exuclear electrons get rid of the bondage of the nucleus, and the two nuclei can attract each other and collide together, resulting in the interaction of nuclear nuclei and the generation of new heavier nuclei (such as helium). Although the neutron has a relatively large mass, because the neutron is not charged, Therefore, it can also escape the bondage of the nucleus during this collision and be released, and the release of a large number of electrons and neutrons is a huge release of energy
Humans can already achieve uncontrolled nuclear fusion, the explosion of a hydrogen bomb. Currently, scientists are working on controlled nuclear fusion, which could be a future energy source.) What do you say! ? ...
See?! How far and how poisonous is Ultraman's strategic vision! ...
That's why our book is called "Can Srao Create the World of Hemp?" From Ultraman's ambition, it is determined to systematically change the world!
Isn't it? ?
10. How many Oriental Chinese faces does Sora elite team have
We've been amazed, thrilled and amazed by the magic of Sora's epic text-born video... But ah! We have never dreamed that there are so many Oriental faces in the Sora elite team: there are 13 people in the Sora core team, 58 full-time people, accounting for 1/23, respectively, Li Jing, Peking University undergraduate, Dr. Wang Ruiqi of MIT, Nanjing native, and two undergraduates from the University of California, including Guo and Fei. Among them, there are more than 60 Chinese in the entire team of GPT4, accounting for a quarter of the little-known DA15 core technical members, and there are 9 Chinese. In addition to Li Jing just mentioned, there are Tsinghua undergraduate, Yale doctoral Zhuang Juntang, Chinese Academy of Sciences undergraduate, Doctoral Wang Jianfeng, North Technology undergraduate, Illinois Institute of Technology Dr. Li Linjie and so on...
In the face of Sora's core team of 13 people, 4 of them are Chinese, accounting for 1/3; This is just a small evil to see the great evil crying out...
Mundell can't have a triangle with a fish and a bear's paw
From Mundell's impossible triangle to see the new round of AI wave trend law, the National People's Congress probability is missed, and the direct consequences are very serious. Among the world's top 1 million web pages, Chinese content accounts for 1.3%, and English ranks first, 59.3%, that is to say, no matter how smart and diligent the ai model trained by Chinese enterprises can access information that only accounts for 1.3% of the global information map. In fact, in the field of scientific research, it is impossible to achieve. There's a classic theory in economics called Mundell's impossible triangle; This theory was put forward by the father of the euro, the economic master Mundell, that is, a country cannot achieve capital mobility, free monetary policy independence and exchange rate stability at the same time. Generally speaking, you can only choose two from three conditions and give up one! All walks of life also have impossible triangle, for example, there are three important indicators for the production of goods: fast, good quality, low cost; You can't have all three! The production is fast and the cost is low, the high quality cannot be guaranteed, the high quality and the amount of workmanship must be good, the time line must be extended, and so on... And so on. This is the ancient Chinese "fish and bear's paw can not have both" - fish and bear's paw can not have both;
The saying "You can't have both fish and bear's PAWS" comes from "Fish is What I Want" in of Mencius. In other words, the ancient Mencius used this metaphor to express a deep idea that under certain circumstances, people have to choose between two things they both want, but not both at the same time. In this metaphor, the "fish" symbolizes something that people want to get, while the "bear's paw" symbolizes something more precious and important. Mencius uses this metaphor to emphasize how people should make choices when they must give up something to preserve something more important.
This is the modern version of Mundell's theory.
Jeffrey Hinton is most worried about artificial intelligence causing neural networks to go on a rampage
New knowledge will be subtly incorporated into your existing neural network, which will be a very head-scratching problem! ? Perhaps, AI will be a very significant investment opportunity, or a world-leading development of the great challenge! ?
Abov plays chess with his mind (Photo: Thepaper.cn)
Nolan Aboff, 29, was the first human patient in the brain-computer experiment after a diving accident eight years ago left him paralyzed from the shoulders down. With the brain machine implanted, he says he can now use his thoughts to move a computer cursor on a screen, play chess, and play the game Civilization VI.
"I would try to move my right hand, left, right, forward, backward, and from there imagine the cursor moving," he said in a March 20 livestream, describing how he learned to use a brain machine.
As he moved the pieces, he said, "If you can all see the cursor move, yeah, that's me, isn't that cool?" In addition, he said he was lucky to be the first brain-computer tester, "it has changed my life."
Kip Allan Ludwig, co-director of the Translational Neuroengineering Institute at the University of Wisconsin, said, "I'm happy for him because he can interact with computers in a way that he couldn't before the implant." Regarding the technology itself, Ludwig said, "It's not a breakthrough compared to what others have demonstrated before." But it's certainly a good place to start."
Musk (Photo: Thepaper.cn)
Chapter 5 God Genesis To open one door must close another
1. Genesis records that man was created by God in seven days
On the first day God said, "Let there be light!" And there was light. God separated light from darkness and called the light day and the darkness night. So there was evening, and there was morning.
The next day God said, "Let there be air between the waters." So God made the air and called it heaven.
On the third day God said, "Let the waters under all the earth be gathered together to one place, and let the dry land appear." So the water and the dry land are separated. God called the dry land a land, and the sea where the waters were gathered together. And God commanded that grass should grow on the earth, and every kind of vegetable that would bloom and bear seed, and every tree that would bear fruit, with seed in it. And the world was made according to God's word.
On the fourth day God said, "Let there be lights in heaven to divide day and night and to set seasons and days and years for signs, and let their light shine over the whole earth." So God formed the light bodies and divided them into divisions, so that the greater one ruled over the day and the smaller one ruled over the night. God has made countless stars. Set them in the canopy.
On the fifth day God said, "Let the waters multiply with living things and let birds fly on the earth and in the sky." So God created the great fish and every living thing in the water, and put them after their kind. And God made every kind of bird, every kind after its kind. When God saw his creation, he was so pleased that he blessed them and made them grow and multiply, spreading rivers and streams and plains and valleys.
On the sixth day God said, "Let the earth bring forth a living creature; Livestock, insects, and wild animals after their kind." So God created these creatures, each according to his kind.
When God saw that all things had come together, and that they had been created and destroyed, he said, "I will make man in my image and in my likeness, and I will put them over the fish of the sea, and the birds of the air, and over the livestock of the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth on the ground." God created man in his image - Yahweh God created man: Adam and Eve! The Bible says that the Lord made a human form out of clay called Adam, the first man and the first man. Then the Lord used one of Adam's ribs to create the first woman named Eve. Let them become husband and wife, male and female blood reproduction, in the garden of Eden male cultivation and female weaving, happy life. One day, the temptation of the snake, Eva stole the forbidden fruit, but also let Adam eat... In his great anger, Yahweh punished Adam and Eve and expelled them from the Garden of Eden, so that Adam and Eve became the ancestors of mankind.
So God ordained the seventh day, rest...
It's Sunday!
God created man to follow the exact laws of physics
On the third day, for example, God said, "Let the waters under all the earth be gathered together in one place, and let the dry land appear." Land and water are then separated by the golden ratio, with water 71% and land 29%
In the same way, the human Adam and Eve and all the parts of the individual person also enter into the golden ratio: why is the golden ratio three to one, and not two to one, or four to one, five to one? What kind of numerical rules do the universe and the human body follow?
The Golden ratio! The reason is that 3 is the smallest odd prime number in nature, and 1 is the smallest odd number, which means that the genetic combination of hybridization of all biological traits of the universe and life is the smallest odd prime number and the smallest odd number in the natural series of 3:1, and this ratio is only one and only one in the natural numbers. These are the characteristics of biology, the characteristics of the earth, the characteristics of the universe. That is to say, the Mode classic genetic law is the law of heaven and earth! The character separation or combination ratio of the second generation hybridization must have the numerical rationality of the smallest odd number and the smallest odd prime number. The smallest odd number is 1, which is a positive integer that cannot be divided, and the smallest odd prime number is 3, which is an odd prime number that cannot be less than it, which contains the inherent number reason, that is, the most basic component of the digital representation of things that are the most essential of species. The smallest positive integer determines the smallest unit of the count of the trait, that is, the free combination and separation of the trait can only be carried out in 1 unit, which is expressed as 1:1:1: 1, only in this way can we ensure the integrity of the parental line traits, like most viviparous egg cells exist in the embryo with 1, while sperm cells are not small and 3 number ratio with it, the parental traits are complete with the most basic integrity, into the separation or selection of the whole process of hybridization, and this ratio is based on nature M:M≈3: 1 figure ratio is the most perfect, close to the golden ratio of the form embodied in order to guarantee the perfection of life. Since nature can find no other minimum odd prime number, and no other minimum odd number, this numerical reason determines the propagation of life, the minimum range of existence in code, the species safety of selection of variation, the operability of the species inheritance of traits, and at the same time regulates the simple sequence of species variation. · This is the embodiment of the principle of simplicity in the process of life reproduction. The individual reproduction of species, which is the most basic component of species, does not produce any essential difference, so as to realize the continuation of species. This very difficult and lengthy biological natural engineering makes the extinction of species very long, very difficult and even impossible, which is the need to preserve the infinite extension of species life. This, in turn, constitutes the specific restriction mechanism, which is the secret of the mathematical restriction of specific.
The natural engineering of biological heredity is carried out by the ratio of the smallest odd number and the smallest odd prime number, why will it form an infinite variety and complexity, and there is no absolutely the same individual.
This can be inspired by the mathematical changes that make up modern computers. At present, the function of the computer has developed to an extraordinary magic, and it is widely used in various fields of human science and life, but its mathematical mechanism is so simple. It is the binary of 0 and 1, which begins with the finiteness of mathematical transformation and reaches the infinite changes of 0 and 1 of infinite sets. This is very similar to the biological binary genetic mathematical transformation of 1 and 3, 0 represents the vacancy in the natural series, can be any natural number, 1 is the smallest odd number, is also the smallest positive integer, 0 is less than 1, can also (can) be greater than 1, which constitutes the infinite change of the computer's minimum mathematical transformation mechanism. 1 and 3 should be the natural embodiment of the mathematical nature of species evolution in the simplest things. They all have the same properties: the transformation mode of infinite expansion with minimal finiteness, the phase of the transformation without edge, and the characteristics of the circular number theory mechanism without end point. Therefore, we say (as is the case) that God created and created human beings in strict accordance with the exact laws of physics!
The list goes on and on...
In view of this, God has closed the most important door for the continuation of life of all living things, species and individual "interspecies isolation reproduction"
God says: Because of the mechanism of pre-conjugation isolation, creatures of different species may first have unsuitable reproductive organs, they may have different reproductive parts and therefore do not meet each other, or they may have different methods of courtship - God says: reproductive isolation between different species.
So scientists throughout the ages have followed God's will. So Linnaeus explained:
Linnaeus said: (1) Since there are no new species; (2) Since one kind of life always produces its kind of creatures; 3. Since each individual of every living thing is always the beginning of its offspring, the immutability of these ancestors must be attributed to some omniscient... This is demonstrated by the mechanisms, principles, laws, constitutions and feelings of every living individual."
John Ray said, "I believe that there is no more appropriate criterion for determining a species than that which has been perpetuated by seed propagation."
According to Thomas Huxley, species stability is due to the existence of part B of an organism's germ species. He said, "B never suffers death as a whole, only some of its parts are swallowed up..."
Gerald Peel said, "No gate has been extinct since the Cambrian period."
Schrodinger said: "That is, the genetic structure seems to contain only a relatively small number of atoms (on the order of 1000UM, it can be less). Yet it exhibits the most regular, law-abiding activity - and has such permanence that it is a miracle."
...
Conclusion of the ancient history of life: After 3.5 billion years of time evolution by natural selection since the Cambrian period, a new form type (phylum) has not been produced.
Isn't it? In the entire history of human life, we can find no real example of an individual of one species mutating into another, much less experimental evidence. The facts of biological evolution recorded by human beings for five thousand years do not support the proposition that one organism can evolve into another. That is, the transspecific transformation type of interspecific individuals - evolution.
In fact, God opened a door to interpret heredity as a selection process of elimination, an intraspecies life phenomenon realized through the reproduction (division) of plants and animals, without which there would be no survival struggle at all, natural selection, natural selection, gradual trend; Since God closed the door of interspecific reproduction of life in the universe, the concept of species and species stipulated that interspecific individuals could not mate, and even if they did mate, they were sterile, that is, they could not reproduce, and their offspring were sterile, which fundamentally blocked the inheritance of different species of organisms. This naturally forms the mechanism of species lasting and preserving species purity of individual life of the same species - the existence of species restriction mechanism. To put it simply, we call the process of natural selection by which individuals of the same species maintain their speciality the mechanism of speciality control. Simply put: it is homogeneity "or" different exclusion ". This is the law of the nature of life that the natural system tells us - that is to say, God permanently closed the most important door of the "interspecific isolation" of all living species and individual biological reproduction, and only then did human beings have long-term peace and stability!
Third, Musk's "silicon machine species" kicked God's big iron door to close the continuation of life
The big iron door closed by God refers to the Creator's "reproductive isolation refers to the isolation mechanism whereby, due to various reasons, groups of closely related species do not mate under natural conditions, or even if they can mate, they cannot produce offspring or produce fertile offspring, and if isolation occurs before fertilization, it is called reproductive isolation before fertilization."
November 2022 to 2023 days are destined to be extraordinary years, Musk suddenly thought, in the face of tGPT this historic breakthrough said:
"There was a time when I suddenly realized that you could look at humans as a biological guide program to some extent. Leading to a species of super-digital intelligence. Human society is a very small piece of code without which a computer cannot be started. Humans were created to power up computers. Silicon-based life does not seem to be able to evolve on its own, it needs a biological precursor to evolve. Man is just the beginning of silicon life..."
Musk's conjecture is completely contrary to the paradox of biology, Musk's "silicon-based life" species really kicked the big iron door closed by God, terrible...
"Reproductive isolation refers to the isolation mechanism whereby, due to various reasons, groups of closely related species do not mate under natural conditions, or even if they can mate, they cannot produce offspring or produce fertile offspring. If isolation occurs before fertilization, it is called reproductive isolation before fertilization." Let alone a Musk, is 100 billion billion billion Musk also kick it, also can't kick
In 1982, the scientific community defined a species as a reproductive unit composed of a population that is reproductively isolated from other units and occupies a certain ecological niche in nature. In other words, species have three major elements: reproductive unit, reproductive isolation outside the unit, and the existence of ecological niches in nature. A "singularity" that can be traced back to the Big Bang of the universe - hope to kick open the iron door is not a few, the most classic is Russia's Ivanov...
Four, Russian idiot scientist Ivanov ape hybrid was blessed by God exiled tragic death in prison ①
In 1927, the White Russian newspaper "Russian Daily" published a "ape" news, which was a stir, and then in the 1980s, according to the declassified Russian archives, the original story of the "ape" event - May 19, 1929 to March 20, 1932, Russia (the former Soviet Union) had carried out a human-ape hybridization plan, implemented by the scientist Ivanov. But African women refused to die; At the same time, it was also revealed that Professor Voronov's "On the transplantation of cells from Apes to humans" formed the "Ape Castle", and raised 100 animals in the Grimaldi Animal breeding Center to conduct human-ape hybrid experiments... It is said to have produced a "snowman" or a "monster" two meters tall, with infinite strength but infertility.
Europe Siberia does have a "snowman" rumor, after the scientist investigation confirmed that this is just a huge whale, "snowman" is just a farce.
In the 1960s, Western scientists began to study xenotransplantation, and the result was that when human blood circulation passed through the ape's heart, the xenograft was destroyed by a super-acute rejection mechanism within a few minutes, and the destruction process was very fast and short, and very intense; Researchers hope to control it with immunosuppressive drugs, but they can't counteract the damage, and the symptoms are beyond scientists' comprehension. Although, with the rapid development of human medicine and the improvement of medical technology in the 20th century, xenotransplantation experiments in the past century have never been successful, the reasons are very complex, but the stability of reproductive isolation caused by xenogeneic organ cannot be successfully transplanted, which produces a natural gap that human "apes" cannot overcome. This is the common restriction mechanism of species -- xenospecies are unable to mate and sterile, which is an insurmountable restriction of body sequence fertility, which is inevitably manifested in the absence of sexual selection and inability to select xenospecies, but there are still deeper reasons for species restriction. From the chromosome point of view, there are 46 human and 48 ape chromosomes, and the differences in chromosomes cannot be ignored. It is also limiting the gap between donkey and horse mating and hybrid sterility - the hybrid mule produced by the hybridization of a male horse with 64 chromosome strips and a female donkey with 62 chromosome strips has only 63 chromosome strips, and how can it have reproductive ability?
With the development of gene theory, there has been a new breakthrough recently. According to a 2002 scientific study, the genetic difference between humans and chimpanzees was only 1.23%, less than the previous conclusion of 2%. The results also suggest that human and chimpanzee only correspond in the function of chromosome 23 and human chromosome 21, and the two chromosomes have 98.27% of the same base sequence. But the functional difference is 5.3 percent, and there are certain gene segments, only found in chimpanzee DNA, humans have their own specific gene segments, there are 68,000 such specific gene segments; The proteins encoded by genes also differ, with more than 80% of the proteins encoded having alterations in their amino acid sequences, and a quarter of the proteins with alterations in their amino acid sequences can cause significant structural changes (Science, No. 1, 2004). It can be seen that the species differences between humans and apes not only exist in the individual sterility between species, but also in the intrinsic number of chromosomes, DNA fragments, RNA information flow, proteins, enzymes, blood, amino acid sequences, cell, tissue, organ rejection, etc. The difference in the system of a whole level is not able to integrate the two species of individuals after a long time of evolution, nor can it be proved from the comparison of the external shape of man and ape in Elveus that the "theory of the same ancestor of apes" is a fact of evolutionary history!
Five, Russian idiot scientist Ivanov ape hybrid by God's favor exiled tragic death in prison ②
In fact, Ivanov started interbreeding apes as early as 1910;
At first, Ivanov tried to inject human sperm into female orangutans, but many orangutans died, so Ivanov had to go the other way, choosing to inject orangutan sperm into human women.
Ivanov immediately went to Africa to set up the experiment, recruiting women there for the experiment, but concealed the content of the experiment, those recruited to;
No women are willing to accept the experiment, Ivanov had to sneak into the hospital, women until the beginning of the experiment did not understand the specific content of the experiment, have been scared away...
Ivanov had attempted to inject orangutan sperm into the woman under the pretext of examining the patient. This behavior was soon discovered, and Ivanov was expelled from Africa, but back in the Soviet Union, Ivanov did not give up the idea, and after unremitting efforts to recruit five women. These five women were brainwashed, but finally coitus with chimpanzees, but can not enter the scene of the tragedy, many times still failed to conceive...
According to legend, there are unidentified creatures in the Sukhumi laboratory building, which may be the product of human-ape hybridizations in that year. At the same time, there are rumors that the United States and the Soviet Union have conducted similar experiments, but so far, there is no relevant evidence to prove that the United States has done human-ape hybridification experiments, and the Soviet Union is irrefutable evidence. These claims were not substantiated and were gradually forgotten over time. Until 1990, the Russian "New Truth" published the relevant news, and published the relevant report documents of the experiment, in these reports, there are official signatures and seals of the Soviet Union, it can be said that the evidence is sufficient, the former Soviet idiot scientist Ivanov can not avoid the blame!
Chimpanzees have 24 pairs of chromosomes, but humans have only 23 pairs of chromosomes, there is an insurmountable gap in the genetic sequence, and orangutans and humans in the genetic gap is even larger, according to life 1.0 to calculate
Human girls and orangutans coexist peacefully
Now all countries have established relevant scientific ethics systems, and no one can violate them for any reason, otherwise they will be punished by law, and they will be more deadly than Ivanov when he was destroyed by ethics and morality, and they will only be nailed to the historical shame forever!
Rumor is
Musk is no stranger to the chronicle of crimes against humanity in the former Soviet Union, where Ivanov's sinful (apes get God's favor for coitus, exile and death in prison) should have studied and clearly known! ?
Why was it proposed in the 2020s that a "silicon-based life" species could be introduced [to some extent as a biological guide program]? ?
Doesn't Musk know that this will inevitably lead to the extinction of humanity into Life 3.0?! ? ...
The offspring of an ape hybrid
→ Introduction of the time of differentiation between humans and their close relatives
Some time ago, the success of the Musk Star Chain was proud to rely on Musk's first principles, which only works wonders in physics! ...
But ah! In the face of biology and anthropology, they lose their efficacy; God has closed the door on interbreeding! If physics is copied to the field of artificial intelligence, "silicon-based life" - the field of species science, we must put forward the first principles of biology and hit the head, how can we repeat the creation of God as great and brilliant? ! ...
Chapter 6 Altman's view of money as dirt and money
First, Ultraman Retarded Gold only focuses on AI iteration
Shakespeare's gold! Gold, perhaps the long memory of life 2.0 - gold ~! Yellow luminous, precious gold ~! This thing, this little bit alone, can turn the black into white, the ugly into beautiful, the wrong into right, the humble into noble, the old into young, the coward into warriors.~!
The yellow slave can divide the pagan union, the congener, it can bless the cursed, it can make the yellow-faced widow a new bride, ah! Your lovely murderer, the emperor cannot escape your grasp, your own father and son are separated by you, ah ~! Your visible god, you will turn charcoal into glue, enemies kiss each other, make everyone obey...
From Altman's past, he doesn't love gold: In 2015, Musk, then CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, invested $1 billion to co-found OpenAI with Altman. They formed the nonprofit AI company with the goal of ensuring that AI doesn't wipe out humanity. Altman didn't value gold, and then Musk dropped out! Obviously, the excessive consideration of AI security is likely to drag the company forward. Obviously, excessive focus on AI security is not friendly to further commercial expansion of OpenAI.
Altman is thinking about the new version of ChatGPT constantly iterating, especially in the new field of hardware development, AI chip has become an important ring of Altman layout, it is worth mentioning that not long ago, OpenAI held the first developer conference, launched the "enhanced" ChatGPT-4 Turbo, It also announced that it would build an AI platform around GPT, launch GPT Store, and put forward the "epoch-making" concept that everyone can open source and create their own ChatGPT - GPTs. And even develop ChatGPT-5.0... In this way, Altman and Sutzkevi always have entanglements and disagreements.
Unexpectedly, after the press conference, contradictions finally broke out 儴 into a 100-hour "palace fight" drama... Three months after Ultraman returned to OpenAI - February 17, 2024, Sora suddenly released a global shock, an instant to stir up AI thousands of waves!
This is Altman hidden in the heart of Shakespeare's gold concept! ...
Second, Ultraman's bold investment in controlled nuclear fusion 666666
Chapter seven five schools of artificial intelligence
One, Tegmark "Life 3.0" futuristic
Tegmark's representative book Life 3.0, published in 2018, is an epoch-making masterpiece that highlights the futurism of artificial intelligence.
Tegmark's futuristic view: Life 1.0 began in 4.9 billion years, such as "these bacteria are an example of what I call Life 1.0." Life 1.0 says that the hardware and software of life are evolved, not designed. However, you and I belong to "Life 2.0" (around a billion years old) : the hardware of life evolved, but the software was largely by design. By "software," I mean all the algorithms and knowledge you use to process sensory information and make decisions about your actions, from your ability to recognize if someone is your friend to your ability to walk, read, write, calculate, sing, and tell jokes."
What about Life 3.0?
Has not appeared, or is appearing...
"When Life 3.0 will come
The issue is highly controversial, and brilliantly so. The world's top artificial intelligence researchers are not only divided in their predictions, but their emotional reactions are sharply different: from confident optimists to serious concerns; Even, for artificial intelligence
I have depicted these three schools in Figure 1-2, which are: Digital Utopians, Techno-Skeptics and Members of The benefit-AI Movement." -- From Life 3.0
The digital utopian is represented by Larry Page
Page believes that digital life is an inevitable result of the evolution of the universe and should be left to develop freely, as long as humans do not impose interference, the outcome must be good. Even "superAI" can only follow a linear rate of intellectual development. Within hours of publication, this article quickly attracted a lot of attention on social networks - the full name of Lawrence Edward Page, a former honors graduate of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, is one of the founders of Google Inc., and Google CEO. Ranked 13th in the Global Top 100 Entrepreneurs in 2020. Larry Page attended the Montessori School in Okey Moss, served as president of the University of Michigan Society in Ann Arbor, and built an inkjet printer out of Lego bricks during college before attending Stanford University.
3. Technoskeptics
They feel that superintelligence will not be possible for hundreds of years, and there is no need to worry about it now. Energy (AI) skeptics criticize the memory bottleneck in current technology, arguing that the inability to speed up the transfer of data between the processor and memory hinders the spread of practical applications. AI accelerators for training AI models in data centers require the highest available memory bandwidth. While storing the entire model in a processor is not a viable solution, as the largest models need to measure billions or trillions of parameters.
4. Supporters of AI beneficial movement
This is the most mainstream one, they believe that artificial intelligence is generally beneficial, that artificial intelligence can make the development of decision-making to automation, the use of computer technology in the non-procedural decision-making process can promote the automation of decision-making. And pointed out that the computer can not only make the decision automation, but also bring a huge impact on social progress and human health, but must be based on the premise of safety, solid, can not rush.
5. Luddites
Ludd was a worker during the first Industrial Revolution who, feeling that the spread of machines would put him out of work, took the lead in destroying the textile machine, and later generations used his name to refer to those who hated machines and hated technological progress. In the view of Luddites, the prospect of artificial intelligence is like a disaster movie, which will surely bring devastating results, and they are firmly opposed to it. The background of Luddism is that during the industrial revolution , due to the promotion of new machines and technologies, some workers were replaced by machines and were forced to lose their jobs, or although they kept their jobs, their incomes and living standards fell. These workers blamed the new machines for their unemployment and hardship and began to destroy and destroy them. One notable example is Ned Lourd, who, according to legend, destroyed two looms in 1779 and became a symbolic figure of the Lourd movement. Although Luddism reflected the workers' concerns about unemployment and declining incomes at that time, the revolt was spontaneous, unorganized, and contrary to the direction of historical progress, so it was regarded as an action against the trend of history, and ultimately failed. Is against AI. So, in the face of the rapid rise of artificial intelligence in the 21st century, can neo-Luddism stop the great historical trend of AI? ? In an internal memo from OpenAI, company executives disputed Musk's allegations and said it was out of frustration that they were no longer part of the company.
Jason Kwon, OpenAI's chief strategy officer, wrote in an internal memo, "We believe the claims in this lawsuit may stem from Elon's regret that he is no longer involved with the company... "I am deeply disappointed to see Elon take this action against the company he helped start, especially given his close collaboration with some of you who are still here working on the mission." 】
6. Eternal School of natural system of human species
"ChatGPT Can never Surpass Human Beings", April 2024, United Culture Publishing House, Qiang Yanping believes: In 2006, the Dartmouth Conference established "artificial intelligence", which is the watershed of 5,000 years of human civilization, as one of the tools of Aristotle in 300 BC, the ancient Greek training 2500 years later, the human Altman genius in the big language model broke through in November 2022, when the global human hailed a legendary GDP ahead of the glory, It is actually "artificial intelligence" in our 13.8 billion years of cosmic history beyond the humiliation of the century and late, Hawking meditations have clouds: the future of all mankind will be in computers, cores, AI, the Internet, robots, brain-computer interfaces... The leading center of the "artificial intelligence" group of men and God wars that are increasingly challenging, still highlights the theme of "ChatGPT can never surpass human beings", and God is destined that all mankind will surely move from an AI victory to an AI greater glory and victory! Contents of this book
Chapter 1 ChatGPT was born and shocked the world
Chapter 2 A Blank in Human Evolution - Man came into the world empty-handed and acquired inheritance
Chapter Three: The key of sensory organs is acquired by the formation of intelligent brain cells and education
The fourth chapter of the Boxer Indemnity Refund to the United States gave birth to the overview of Tsinghua University education
Chapter 5 "Intelligent Outer Brain" GPT-4.5 Constantly iterates Mankind faces great challenges in the intelligent century
Chapter 6 AI-DOTA2 up to DOTA4.0 The knowledge of how to iterate rapidly N times of large language feedback is without exception [past tense]
Chapter 7 Computing power graphics card and DoTA 2-4.0 iteration and Musk secret warehouse AI accelerator
Chapter 8 "Hollywood" as never before A] The Strike of the Century
Chapter 9: The origin of human language and writing and the breakthrough of big language pattern
Chapter 10: The concept of brain reason, the Principle of Sense and the competition of Philosophers
Chapter 11 The Malthusian Principle posits that "silicon-based life" is asexual, asophagous and asexual "species" instinct
Chapter 12: Will Musk use "brain-computer interfaces" to achieve "silicon-based life" evolution into species
Chapter 13 Ancient Greek philosophers have studied the human brain and the 20th century "split brain experiment" revealed that the left and right hemispheres of the human brain function is different overall harmony.
Chapter 14 The Ancient Greek Script Transformed into the Language of Western Civilization Learning English "Ultimately is Success"
Chapter 15 The Fermi Trap has a long history with extraterrestrial life in the Big Bang
ChatGPT is setting off a seismic shift in global education
Chapter 17: AI Education Reform Success Core vocational education, innovation and high-end manufacturing complement each other
Chapter 18 The origins of DOTA4.0 plug-ins
Chapter 19 The Fierce explosion of AI+ Robots in the future challenges human trends severely
Chapter 20 AI+ Silicon quantum subverts the principles of 0 and 1 computers to create silicon quantum intelligent computers
Chapter 21 Chronicles of Human Science and Technology in Computers, Artificial Intelligence, Metaverse, and Robots (Chronologically)
Chapter XXII Appendix
Chapter 8 The Origin of AI Plato Aristotle the logic philosophy of human intelligence and intellectual property rights
First, if the fourth global technology revolution is defined as artificial intelligence
It should be originated from ancient Greece, especially Aristotle's masterpiece of philosophy "Instrumentalism". For five thousand years, the underlying logical cognition of science was caused by the pursuit of the root of philosophy, which was traced back to the dualism of Descartes, Hobbes and Locke Hume in Greece and Rome in the 17th century. The creation of the formal logic of human thought and even Hegel's dialectic thought (including the understanding of the process of change and development of the constant movement of nature, society and thought) Hegel's dialectic, Engels's dialectical materialism...
The same Western British and American philosophy, logic and civilization origin is also ancient Greece! Schrodinger's epoch-making history, Nature and the Greeks, Science and Humanism, boldly posed to the world a question at the forefront of science: "Why return to ancient thought?" (this is a difficult question that millions of scientists want to ask.) Schrodinger put it this way: I do not think that we should generally be too surprised to find occasionally in the earliest records of man's thinking about the world very deep philosophical ideas, ideas that we today require a great deal of effort and abstraction to form and grasp. It may be said that this infancy of human thought was (metaphorically) "closer to nature." The rational picture of the world has not yet been obtained, the "real world around us" has not yet been constructed, and at any rate we do find many examples of this early profound thought in the ancient religious writings of many peoples, such as the Indians, the Jews, and the Persians. In comparing these early profound ideas, I cannot help thinking of a quote by P.Deussen, the great Sanskrit and witty philosopher: "It is a great pity that children cannot speak in the first two years of their lives; otherwise they might talk about Kantian philosophy." - Here, Schrodinger first positioned the "childhood" of human natural science in the most famous "Pythagorean school" of the Greeks in the 6th century BC!
Let us read "Reading Chapter 3 of the Pythagorean School"
Chapter 3 Pythagorean School
It is difficult to infer what effect the extreme views of men like Parmenides and Protagoras had on science, because they were not scientists. There was, however, one school of thinkers who had both a strong scientific bent and an apparent bias bordering on religious antecedents to reduce natural systems to pure reason: the Pythagoreans. They operate mainly in southern Italy. The towns of Croton, Sybaris and Tarentum, which lie around the bay between the "heel" and "toe" of the peninsula. The adherents of this school are very much like a religious group, requiring strange rituals when eating or doing other things, and keeping secrets, at least about the teachings, to outsiders. The founder of the school, Pythagoras, active in the second half of the 6th century BC, must have been one of the most extraordinary figures of antiquity. There are many legends about his supernatural powers: he can remember 35 past lives in the process of reincarnation (relocation of souls); Someone accidentally turned over his clothes and found that his thighs were solid gold. He seems to have left no writings. As evidenced by the well-known phrase "Teacher's Word," for his students his word is the rule, which resolves any dispute among them and ultimately establishes the inerrant truth. It is said that students were so awed by his first name that they called him "yonder man." However, because of the above characteristics and attitudes of this group, it is sometimes not easy to determine whether a particular doctrine can be traced back to him or originated from him.
The Pythagorean school deeply influenced Plato and his Academy, which clearly inherited the empiricist views of this southern Italian school. In fact, from the point of view of the history of thought, we might call this Athenian school a branch of the Pythagorean School. It does not matter that the Platonists did not formally adhere to the "code," much less that they were eager to disguise rather than emphasize their dependence in order to promote their originality. Our information about the Pythagoreans comes chiefly from the faithful and honest accounts of Aristotle...
In this regard, human artificial intelligence can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle
What exactly is artificial intelligence? At that time, the ancient Greeks called artificial intelligence (modern AI) : human intelligence, just the ancient Greek philosophers of philosophy and mathematical logic collectively;
What is human intelligence? These are the two main factions of ancient Greek studies, one is called symbolism, the other is called connectionism. Ancient Greek philosophers believed that human intelligence is a thinking form of human reasoning, and mathematical logic reasoning belongs to the faction of symbolism. This school of philosophy from Plato to the English philosopher Hobbes.
Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588-4 December 1679) was an English politician and philosopher. Born in Wiltshire, England, to a clergyman's family. He studied at Oxford University in his early years, and later worked as a private tutor to the aristocracy and traveled the European continent. He inherited the Aristotelian school of mathematical logic and created a complete system of mechanical materialism, pointing out that the universe is the sum of all the extensive objects moving mechanically. He put forward the theory of "state of nature" and the origin of the state, pointing out that the state is formed by the contract made by people in order to comply with the "law of nature", and is an artificial robot, which opposes the divine right of Kings and advocates the absolute monarchy. He compared the Pope to a demon king and monks to ghosts, but advocated the use of the "state religion" to control the people and maintain "order." Hobbes is a British empirical philosopher "Leviathan" (full name of Leviathan, or the essence, form and power of the Church state and the civil state), can be described as the ancestor of modern human AI, he said that all human thinking, whether mathematical physics, or political law. As long as it's rational. Thinking is almost like a machine, and you can all use the same machine model. At the end of the 16th century, a general philosophical logic and solver designed by AI experts was heralded! ? Ancient Greek human intelligence was nothing more than the association of the human mind, linking various senses together, then you belong to the school of incorruptibility. This philosophical tradition can also be attributed to Hume's three principles, known as the Treatise of Human Nature; Duff Bega, a British computer scientist, once said, "I believe such a day is not far away." When the computer scientist woke up one morning, he suddenly realized that he was actually a philosopher." So, the topic of modern artificial intelligence although in 1956 in the United States Dartmouth
It first came up at the meeting. But the whole of ancient Greece, from Plato to Western philosophy, has provided rich ideological resources for this subject! ... It can also be said that philosophy, a so-called useless study, has borne rich fruits after 600 years
Iii. Hume's Three Principles and Intellectual Property Law (Knowledge Privatization)
David Hume (26 April 1711-25 August 1776) was a Scottish agnostic philosopher, economist, and historian who is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of the Scottish Enlightenment and Western philosophy. Proposed the famous Hume three principles:
The establishment and stability of private property rights: this is the most necessary of all conditions for the establishment of human society, in short, the basic rule that determines whether certain goods belong to you or to me.
Transfer of property
Must be based on voluntary and consensual: that is, the transfer of property cannot be obtained through violence, fraud, etc., but must be based on consent, and the transfer of property with the consent of the property owner is just and is permitted by law.
Fulfill commitments
That is, promises must be fulfilled, which shows respect for credit and contractual relationships.
These three principles were put forward by Hume in A Treatise on Human Nature. He believed that the peace and security of human society and the development of economy and society must follow these three principles. Where these principles are ignored, it is impossible for people to establish good communication relations.
Hume's three principles and the centrality of naturalism gradually became the transitional theory of Western intellectual property law with Bacon's "The power of Knowledge" (Francis Bacon, January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626). 1st Viscount St Alban was an English Renaissance essayist and philosopher. British materialist philosopher, founder of experimental science, founder of modern induction, and pioneer of logical organization of scientific research procedures. His major works include "New Tools", "On the Advancement of Science" and "The Great Revival of Scholarship".
Fourth, "On the Promotion of Science" to Hume's "On Human Nature" 200 years established the scientific knowledge privatization charter intellectual property law
Private ownership gave birth to land rent, maintained the system of feudal society for thousands of years, strengthened Hume's three principles, "the improvement of science" and "knowledge is power", changed scientific knowledge beyond the confusion of feudal society, and opened the law of scientific knowledge privatization; Although this transformation quietly mixed with the human intelligence component into the capital society. Its greatest advantage of knowledge must complete the "power transfer" - this is the most classic in Rockefeller's performance - in 1870, Rockefeller co-founded ExxonMobil Oil Company, in 1882, Rockefeller created the first trust in American history - the Trust! Rockefeller found it in the crevices of British history, and converted the concept of stealing into the conglomerate monopoly model: the advanced form of monopoly, the combined advantage of many companies that produce similar goods or whose products are closely related to each other. It aims to monopolize the sales market, compete for the origin of raw materials and the scope of investment, strengthen the competitive force, and obtain high monopoly profits. The participating enterprises lose their productive, commercial and legal independence... More than 100 years later, Bill Gates, borrowing from the Rockefeller Trust, easily completed the global protection of software intellectual property with a single letter, creating the world's intellectual property law - intellectual property law is the process of regulating the creation and use of intellectual property, and the recognition, protection and exercise of intellectual property rights of the owners of intellectual property. A general term for the legal norms of the various social relations that occur. The "Statue of Monopolies" promulgated by the United Kingdom in 1624 is the symbol of monopolies, which stipulates the subject and object of the invention patent, the subject of the invention that can be patented, the conditions for obtaining the patent, the period of validity of the patent and so on. After that, the United States in 1790, France in 1793 issued their respective "copyright law" (or "author rights law" and then the formation of the Western overall patent monopoly, after two centuries of continuous strengthening, the West formed a consensus and reached the "patent barrier" of the situation - the global artificial intelligence without suspense into the intellectual property law legal protection series!
That's why on March 18, Tesla founder Elon Musk fulfilled his previous promise and announced the historical and practical significance of the open source large language model Grok-1! ...
The birth of Hegel's philosophy and the origin of Kantian liberalism
Hegel's philosophy originated from Kantian liberalism, Kantian liberalism derived from the ancient Greek Democritus "atom", is "the whole picture of the atom and the void is only formed by the human mind on the basis of the evidence of sensory perception" - Schrodinger in "Science and Greek Science and Humanism" affirming and saying: Democritus was for the first time fully aware of this difficulty, but ignored it. I think that's very wise. Although he insisted on "atoms and voidness" as the only rational means of understanding objective nature, it appears from some of his surviving statements that he was also aware that the whole picture of atoms and voidness was formed only by the human mind on the basis of the evidence of sensory perception; In other places, he suggests, almost Kantian, that we know nothing about what things themselves really are, and that the ultimate truth remains hidden in the dark."
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (German: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, often abbreviated to G. W. F. Hegel; 27 August 1770-14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. Hegel was born in Stuttgart, the capital of Baden-Wurttemberg in southwest Germany. He was Rector of the University of Berlin (today Humboldt University of Berlin). Hegel, a little later than Kant, is one of the representatives of idealist philosophy and classical German philosophy in the 19th century. He made the most systematic, the richest and the most complete exposition of the German philosophy of the state. Hegel's ideas are considered by many to be the culmination of the idealist philosophical movement in 19th century Germany, which had a profound influence on later philosophical schools such as existentialism and Marx's historical materialism. What is more, since Hegel's political thought is both liberal and conservative, his philosophy undoubtedly offers liberalism a path to the realm of freedom for those who feel that liberalism is being challenged by its inability to recognize the needs of the individual and embody the fundamental values of man...
Feuerbach criticizes Hegelian philosophy
In his early years, Feuerbach studied theology in Heidelberg, Hesse, was influenced by the professors at that time, became interested in Hegel's philosophy, and despite his father's opposition, went to Berlin to study philosophy with Hegel, and then he became a member of the "Young Hegelians". In 1838, he published Bierber, and in 1839, On Philosophy and Christianity, declaring that "Christianity has in fact disappeared not only from reason, but also from human life, and that it is no more than a fixed concept", openly rebelling against the ideas of the time. In the same year, he published a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy, which analyzed and criticized Hegel's idealism.
In 1841, he published The Essence of Christianity, reaffirming his views on Christianity. He further criticized religion and idealist philosophy. In this work, he bluntly declared that nature (including man) is the primary thing, spirit is the secondary thing, and man and man's thoughts are the products of the long-term development of nature...
Hayek believed that Marx's Capital was the doctrine of slave-making
Friedrich August von Hayek (8 May 1899-23 March 1992) was an Austrian-born British economist and political philosopher who was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential economists and social thinkers of the 20th century.
Hayek, who spent his academic career teaching at the London School of Economics, the University of Chicago, and the University of Freiburg in Germany, is widely regarded as one of the most important members of the Austrian School of Economics, but is closely associated with the Chicago School of Economics. His main works include The Road to Serfdom, the Freedom Charter, The Fatal Conceit, and the Principles of the Liberal Order.
Friedrich August von Hayek
Hayek questioned Marx's distribution according to need, believing that material greatly enriched the expression of quantity without quality, and that there are generally quality differences in society, such as differences between men and women, differences between rich and poor, rights and so on... The difference in quality can be seen everywhere and cannot be replaced by quantity! Distribution according to need (the principle of distribution mentioned in the Critique of the Gotha Program, which is the principle of distribution in the higher stages of Communism) is the Road to Serfdom...
Chapter 9 The Bible is an ancient creation not a wonderful myth but a hoax
There is a world of difference between the Evolution of monkeys and the Bible of free will
Human beings have been thinking about the origin of life for 6,000 years since the Bible, and they can never get rid of the shackles of creation, materialism, idealism, and even religion, hearsay, and superstition. However, many of the greatest scientific theories of mankind are the holy fruit of religious rebellion and pagan rebellion! For example, Father Copernicus's "The Theory of Celestial Bodies", Newton's "Mathematical Principles of natural Philosophy", and the monastic Mendel's genetic experiments were published in the Journal of the Natural Science Society of Blom 35 years later. ... Whether they are men or gods cannot be told! ?
In fact, the relatively simple experiments in the history of science can disprove the theory of spontaneous generation or various whimsical hybridization often deceive mankind under the guise of science; For example, Darwin's "evolution" dressed in the "Origin of Species" gorgeous coat, the "man is a monkey" hoax; In spite of this, the ancient myth of the origin of the theory of people, animals and the earth, mixed with fish and dragon, lies have never disappeared, especially fossil deception everywhere and even several times changed, has been from Darwin, Huxley uninterrupted continued to the 19th century, through to the 21st century, the 1920s - this is not a myth, but a real lie, a hoax!
Monkey metamorphosis and the Bible's Genesis are not on the same level of high intelligence; Genesis is real history: Noah's Ark gets archaeological finds Noah's Ark Site!
The Bible records that the site of Noah's Ark has been proved by archaeologists naked grace
Two thousand years ago, Porcher Taylor, an American, announced the discovery of the remains of Noah's Ark through satellite images after a decade-long search. After the United States conducted a bombing investigation on the suspected site of Noah's Ark and declared the site to be of no archaeological value, an amateur archaeologist RON Wyatt felt that there must be secrets in this place. According to records, the length of Noah's ark is 300 axes, if the length of ancient Egypt's elbow is equal to 157 meters, which is surprisingly similar to the length of the site reported in the magazine. RON decided he had to go to Turkey to find out. When RON arrived at the scene in 1977, he saw the same boat-shaped object as in the article. But most of the hull is deep in the soil. He realized that only excavation of the site would reveal the truth. So RON applied to the Turkish government for permission to dig. In the meantime, other evidence can only be found nearby. It was only after a few searches that RON and his party found in a small village a very large piece of ancient geological rock, identical to ancient rubble found in the Mediterranean. Except for one thing, this rock is many, many times bigger. When he looked closely, he saw that it was covered with crosses. Later, they also found strange stone tablets nearby, on which two birds and a boat full of eight people could be faintly seen. Consistent with the Genesis account that the ark carried a total of eight men. The stele clearly shows that at some very distant time in ancient times, a family of eight lived here. The mountain in the picture most likely represents Mount Ararat. With Genesis records that the total height of the ark is more than 4,000 meters, the ark is slightly tilted on the mountain, and is brown-red wood, quite long rectangular, RON said that there is plenty of evidence that this wooden structure is the remains of Noah's ark recorded in the Bible and the Qur 'an.
The Ark, an ancient ship that had undergone decay and cave-in, was seen by the archaeological scientists as a deck, trawling beam and splinted support piles. Remarkably, the ship seemed to have been pierced by a large outcrop of limestone, so it tried to draw a conclusion. This is not where the ark first landed, and it is believed that the ark should have landed on a higher ground. Because Mount Ararat is an active volcano, after several small eruptions, mudflows carried the hull of the ship down to its present position, where they were impaled by large limestone outcrop and eventually buried by magma. In fact, RON conducted what he calls a micro-excavation. Using a spade like a giant razor, and assistants scraped away a very thin layer of earth, exposing the hull to the different colors and keels of each layer of structure. Despite these surprising finds, it has been proven that the ancient ship in front of us is Noah's Ark. If you want to confirm your research, you must go through the analysis of modern scientific instruments... RON seemed to feel a pair of invisible hands blocking RON's further investigation.
RON then receives a tip-off from a treasure hunter and is accused of spying and illegally taking artifacts out of the country. He was expelled from the site and imprisoned for 78 days!
Just when RON could not resist the pressure of Turkey and was ready to give up the archaeological investigation of the site, just when RON was excited that he would soon be able to uncover Noah's Ark, the Turkish government rejected his application for excavation. Unable to do anything, RON returned home and prayed that he would live to see the secrets of the site. Maybe the gods of nature heard his prayers and did what RON couldn't. In front of my eyes. More like a rotten one.
An unexpected thing happened; In 1978, there was a real earthquake, and it opened a hole in the landscape. This is a godsend, RON. Wyatt actually found fossilized wood and some metals in this landscape...
The site of Noah's Ark was explored in Hong Kong, China and Turkey to prove that Genesis was not an empty story
Thirty-three years later, on April 28, 2010, a team of Chinese explorers from Hong Kong and Turkey announced in Beijing that they had found the remains of Noah's Ark at an altitude of more than 4,000 meters on Mount Ararat in eastern Turkey.
Dutch famous ark explorer Gerit - Ayton introduced that the discovery of Noah's ark remains, there are a lot of details consistent with historical records: More than 4,000 meters high, the ark is slightly tilted on a hill, and is a long rectangle of brown-red wood, Ayton said, there is plenty of evidence that this wooden structure is the remains of Noah's ark recorded in the Bible, the Koran.
For more than 2,000 years, historical records and eyewitness evidence point to an ancient ship that evaded floods and moored on Mount Judi, believed to be Noah's Ark, said Misin Bulu, director of the culture department of Yale Province in Turkey. The rectangular wooden structure discovered by the expedition, as well as preliminary scientific research, is believed to be the remains of Noah's Ark from historical records.
Members of the expedition team said in an interview with Tencent Technology that they can be 99.9% sure that the remains we found are the original Noah's Ark. The ark has seven Spaces, the largest of which is 5 meters high and 10 meters long. The ark is divided into three levels, and there are several compartments inside, including one with a wooden pole fence and some ropes, which we assume Noah used to keep the animals in.
In this case, Noah's Ark site has been proved by modern scientific archaeology, Genesis is not an empty wind!
The British Empire dreamed of half a million years of history shattered by the pseudo-Bildun fossil
The discovery of an early human jawbone in Heidelberg, Germany, confirmed that the earliest human ancestor was a Germanic man. Encouraged by Darwin's evolution theory, the British Empire dreamed of finding its own fossils, and the "dawn of Towson" came into existence in time: one day in 1908, a worker brought Towson a bone fragment, which Towson identified as a human skull. Later, in a rain-washed pile of gravel nearby, he found another, larger fragment that appeared to be from the same skull as the original one. After several twists and turns, Sir Woodward (the world's most authoritative paleontologist) learned that, excited, immediately formed an excavation team to dig. At one point, Towson's digging tools accidentally brought up a piece of jaw bone. Upon closer inspection, Woodward and Towson believed that the bone fragment was part of the skull they had found...
In 1913 Towson published an article in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London detailing the discovery of Piltdown Man. For a time, the news of the discovery of "Tao Xun Shu man" spread around the world, becoming a classic case in the archaeological community.
The Piltdown man fossil has become a treasure in the British Museum, which is inaccessible to ordinary people, let alone the doubters to take it to the laboratory... It was not until the maturity of the fluordating method that Bilton returned to the centre of public opinion, but this time in a less glorious situation.
In 1953, Oakley told Weiner at a dinner party: "There is no document in the British Museum of the exact location of the Biltans."
Here, there is the opportunity to destroy Darwin's "evolution" : there are multiple natural physiological deficiencies in the physiology of human species and all animals in nature...
Chapter 10 Human Physiology Weakening the Diversity of All Animals Reality is a Darwinian evolutionary nightmare
1. Delayed human sexual development requires a woman of 14 years of age to have intercourse at sexual maturity
Human species individuals, whether male or female, are sexually mature and have children at the age of 13 to 14. Human infants, one year after birth, just begin to learn to walk and run. At the age of 13 or 4, they have the ability and instinct to continue life. Any individual species in nature has only two main purposes in life, one is to survive and the other is to reproduce, otherwise the final outcome of this species is only extinction and disappearing without a trace. However, in contrast to humans, most animals can stand up from birth. For example, antelopes, zebras and giraffes, when the young of these mammals are born, they can generally master the ability to walk or even jump within 30 minutes, and sexual desire appears early. Because all natural organisms are sexual reproduction, the earlier the sexual maturity, the vigorous reproduction, the more vigorous the species.
This is why we emphasize that "species" is unchangeable and eternal!
Human beings are born with the "big movement" the most retarded development, and swaddles lose all-weather care and are only eliminated and extinct again and again
Human beings are the most retardation of all mammals in the development of large movements of high-intelligence animals, instinctively speaking, human babies generally in about three months to learn to roll over, to about one year old to learn to slowly walk, three years to learn to run... This is the worst self-defence of any species in nature! That is to say, in more than a year of swaddling once the negligence encountered danger will inevitably die, the baby was born without any self-survival ability, this survival of the natural environment almost does not exist in 10,000 years, floods, natural disasters, diseases, storms and so on... Invade the baby life at any time and anywhere - how did Darwin slowly evolve such a baby human from monkey to man? ? And how did monkeys evolve step by step from swaddling (babies) to today's humans? What's evolution until you're dead from infancy?
In fact, swaddles have been destroyed countless times in less than three months of evolution! Never reach sexual maturity and die many times, become extinct and become ashes! ... What about slow evolution? Whew! ?
The fact is very cruel, in the competition of nature, swaddling babies do not have a little natural advantage that exists naturally! Can't survive natural selection, can only be eliminated again and again...
None of the five senses of man alone is capable of surpassing any other animal
After careful care of individual human infants, 13 or 4 years of growth and development, they finally reached sexual maturity and can reproduce. To reproduce the next generation, only to find that each litter can basically give birth to one or two, and any of the five features of the biological characteristics of the life of the born individual are a biological defect for any species; Humans have grudgingly preserved all these deficiencies for generations to come -- antelopes, for example, have a highly developed sense of hearing and smell and can detect potential threats much earlier. And birds, especially vultures, can see a hundred times more than humans, and they can kill. Many migrating birds, generally with geomagnetic induction, never need to remember migration maps, by sensing the Earth's magnetic field to remember each distant migration road, easily reach the final destination without the slightest deviation, it is a miracle... That is to say, the five senses of the human being: hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch and so on... Any one of the five senses alone is inferior to that of an animal. Naturally, early primitive humans could not detect dangers in advance in the process of survival in nature, especially early warning, detection and avoidance of animals that attacked humans... So how did Darwin get monkeys to give up their five-point advantage and become, or completely, from generation to generation without any worries
What about people who evolved to have inferior features?
The naked skin of the human body has no protection compared to the thick flesh of the animal
Human skin is very easy to be sunburned, punctured bleeding, scratches and even big bleeding crisis life!
Human skin is easy to sunburn even if it does not change any living environment, such as traveling to Lhasa, it is easy to sunburn, let alone win to Equatorial Guinea... Human skin is extremely fragile compared to that of other mammals; In fact, the vast majority of mammals have a lot of hair on the outside, thick, winter can protect against the cold. According to the Darwinian theory of evolution, the Inuit people living in the Arctic Circle can not be explained at all. The temperature in the Arctic Circle is between minus 10 degrees and minus 30 degrees Celsius on average all year round. According to the causal relationship of evolution, the skin of the Inuit people must grow thick hair to keep warm and protect against cold, instead of the Inuit people who are hairless and have completely bare skin like today. These are real phenomena that cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution! ...
According to archaeologists, humans first began to eat cooked food about 500,000 years ago. At that time, people were still in the primitive hunter-gatherer era, and after they caught prey, they would use tools such as rocks or sticks to beat the prey until it was unconscious, and then directly eat it. As time went on, people gradually found that the prey on the fire after cooking, not only more delicious, but also easier to digest and absorb. As a result, cooked food has gradually become the staple food of mankind! ...
Modern cooked food is processed or blanched raw materials through a good marinade, red oil cold mix, smoked roast, fried and other dishes made. More refers to cooked meat for sale in cooking, staple food needs to be cooked after processing - this is the "eating" attribute and habit of humans and all animals. From the remains of 500,000 year old cavemen.
Then, how can Darwinian evolution monkeys that cannot find cooked food exist to evolve into adults and reach the conclusion that monkeys become humans of human origin? ?
Monkeys do not enter cooked food - in fact, there is no fossil record of monkey cooked food for 500,000 or even 10,000 years! Such a nonsense evolution - nature does not have any animal cooked food at all - monkeys do not cook food, evolution is a complete fabrication and deception! ...
Two, people do not change monkeys
Since 1860, when Huxley put forward the theory of "the ancestor of man and monkey", human history has gone through a century and a half. Today, with the rapid development of science and technology, especially the in-depth development of quantum mechanics, genetics, molecular genetics, and genomics, human beings need and can prudently use "real" physical evidence and natural systems to truly return the origin of human beings to nature in the 21st century.
Darwin said, "Man's wishes and efforts are only instantaneous, time is so short, and his achievements are so poor compared with those accumulated by 'nature' in all geological time." Therefore, the shape of natural products is far more "real" than that of artificial products.
We must have this kind of "reality" for Darwin and Huxley's theory and speculation that "man is the change of monkey"; There is such "real" physical evidence? ! Since Darwin has puzzled the academic circles of evolution and so on. About 542 million years ago to 530 million years ago, which is considered to be the beginning of the Cambrian period in geology, Cambrian strata suddenly appeared a large number of invertebrate fossils in more than 20 million years, and in the earlier and older strata, no obvious ancestor fossils have been found for a long time. Paleontologists call it the "Cambrian explosion of life," or simply the "Cambrian explosion." This is also the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon. The Chengjiang biota in Yunnan, China, the Burgess biota in Canada and the Kaili Biota constitute the three major shale biota in the world, providing evidence for the explosion of life in the geological history of the Cambrian period. Completely proving that evolution is a wow multifaceted speculation; People, let alone monkeys! Darwin was a complete rebellion against the Linnaean natural system, and his bones were full of slander against all mankind! ...
Chapter 11 Moore's Law formation and AI graphics card breakthrough
Theory of law
I. The formation and experience of Moore's Law
Moore's Law, the brainchild of Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, states that the number of transistors that can be accommodated on an integrated circuit doubles roughly every 18 to 24 months. In other words, the performance of processors doubles roughly every two years, while the price drops by half.
Moore's law is an expert Moore's experience, Chinese translated as "law", but not the law of natural science, it partly reveals the speed of information technology progress beyond expectations - in 1959, the famous American semiconductor manufacturer Fairchild Company first launched the flat transistor, followed by the launch of the flat integrated circuit in 1961. This flat manufacturing process is on a very flat silicon wafer, using a so-called "lithography" technology to form semiconductor circuit components, such as diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors...
In 1965, Moore, then director of Fairchild Semiconductor's research and Development laboratory, was invited to write an observational review for the 35th anniversary issue of Electronics magazine, entitled "Making integrated circuits fill more components." As Moore began mapping the data, he noticed a striking trend: Each new chip contained roughly twice the capacity of its predecessor, and each chip was produced within 18-24 months of the previous chip. If this trend continues, computing power will increase exponentially relative to the time cycle. Moore's observations gave rise to Moore's Law.
Moore's Law enunciates trends that remain unusually accurate to this day.
It was also found that this applies not only to the description of memory chips, but also precisely to the development of processor power and disk drive storage capacity. This law forms the basis for performance prediction in many industries. In 26 years, the number of transistors on a chip has increased by more than 3,200 times, from 2,300 in the first 4004 introduced in 1971 to 7.5 million in the Pentium II processor - amazing!
Second, Huang Jenxun graphics card has been below 4 nanometers has been close to the diameter of the atom
In other words, a single Nvidia graphics card is already small, and it has reached a maximum limit.
From 4:00 to 6:00 on March 19, Beijing time, Nvidia founder Huang Renxun took the stage at the SAP Center in SAN Jose, California, to deliver the GTC 2024 keynote speech "Witnessing the Moment of AI Change." Given that the productivity revolution brought about by AI over the past year or so has accelerated computing to a point where general purpose computing has become obsolete, we need another way to improve computing power, that is, to develop artificial intelligence, we need bigger Gpus, and if not bigger, then we will combine more Gpus together into larger virtual Gpus. Combined with an interconnection technology between chips, we step by step to build a large AI supercomputer cluster, also called Blackwell - a core secret of the new architecture, namely: The first step is to put two B200 chips together, with a bandwidth of 10TB per second interconnection, to form the B200GPU, this metered version of the GPU, a total of 28 billion transistors, that is a new record in the integration of transistors, its memory is also directly doubled, high-speed memory
192GB. The next two B200 Gpus are combined with Grace Gpus to form the GB200 superchip.
They are connected by an ultra-low-power Internet technology called nb link that runs at 900 gigabits per second. Next, the two GB200 superchips are assembled together on a motherboard, which becomes a Blackwell architecture compute node. Then 18 such computing nodes are connected together, a total of 36 cpus +72 Gpus, which forms a larger virtual GPU, and then become a new generation of computing units, called GB200NBL72! Now, what about a cell like this? The computing power of his training AI is as high as 720P FS, which is a whole supercomputer cluster in the era of the last generation of Nvidia H100 chips, and many media say that a cabinet top a cluster of machines... And compared with the same number of 72 previous generation H100 chips, this computing unit not only improves the performance of AI large model reasoning by 30 times, but also reduces the cost and energy consumption by 25 times. On the basis of this computing unit, NVIDIA eventually built a distributed supercomputing cluster containing 32,000 Gpus!
Jen-hsun Huang bluntly said at the press conference that Nvidia AI supercomputers will provide unparalleled scale and reliability, which is the engineering of the ai industrial revolution.
Let's take a look at their cost and price, the performance improvement of the chip is mainly due to the increase in area and the increase in the number of transistors, coupled with the expensive 192 gb memory, so that the hardware cost is also greatly increased... Analysts believe that the hardware cost of Nvidia's h 200 chip is about $6,000, which does not include their research and development costs, and their previous generation of h 100 chip hardware cost is only $3,100, so it seems that the cost is a lot of increase, but Nvidia chip is very expensive, and the b 200 chip is expected to ship this year. It's priced between $30,000 and $40,000; Now the world's technology manufacturers are queuing up to place orders and not every company can buy it! Unknowable? ...
In view of this, Nvidia is called the top arms dealer of the ai era truly unchallenged!
We have to ask not only: architecture? Nvidia this architecture, where is it? Perhaps, it breaks Moore's Law by connecting the core to form a new integrated chip cluster! Did you, now?
And I can certainly be slightly bored with situation, is the robot really conscious?
Robot Muka's hand during the experiment, a grasp of the researcher's hand, not only that, he can also look at himself in the mirror, do a lot of small expressions, look no different from real people, the researchers behind are scared. And when the Muka wakes up like a human, it will flex its muscles, suddenly possess a soul, and then open its eyes as if it were waking from a dream.
Recently, the card connected to the dear gpt, he has the consciousness, at the event site, M card performance can really let your back chill. Let's watch the original video...
Chapter 12: The Schrodinger Wave Function and the Mysterious Dead Cat usher in a new era of "quantum entanglement" of the free will soul
One cannot say "quantum entanglement" without saying "Schrodinger's cat" experiment
In Qiangyanping on Variation, we emphasize that the superposition of life and death is a natural phenomenon, that there is birth and there is death, and that the time of life and the time of death are in parallel superposition.
Schrodinger devised an experiment in which a dead cat and a living cat were entangled, resulting in a "life-and-death superposition" quantum state. The prerequisite for "living" is Schrodinger's "life lives on negative entropy." Radium decay probability is random, it has its internal law of quantum mechanics! ...
So, what is a "Schrodinger cat"?
Schrodinger's Cat (Baidu Encyclopedia)
(Quantum Mechanical Thought Experiment)
Schrodinger's Cat Erwin Schrodinger's Cat was a thought experiment proposed by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger (August 12, 1887 - January 4, 1961) in which a cat is kept in an airtight container containing a small amount of radium and cyanide. There is a chance that radium will decay, and if it does, it will trigger the mechanism to break the bottle of cyanide, and the cat will die; If the radium does not decay, the cat lives. According to the theory of quantum mechanics, since radioactive radium is in a superposition of decay and non-decay, the cat should be in a superposition of dead and alive cats. This cat, both dead and alive, is the so-called "Schrodinger cat."
Erwin Schrodinger's (1887-1961) cat is "both alive and dead"!
What is the strange story of Schrodinger and his cat? It all started about 100 years ago.
However, there is no possibility of a dead and alive cat in reality, and the result must be known only after opening the container - this is the "post-relativistic" epistemology proposed by Qiang Yanping: Let the experimental test be completed to determine human thinking and cognition and finally reach the correct conclusion. (This is Einstein after the discovery of the special theory of relativity found that can not explain the law of gravity, after ten years of research to get the general theory of relativity called post-relativity) is the cat dead or alive? We don't know the results until people open the containers!
This experiment attempts to explain the principle of quantum superposition at the micro scale from the macro scale, and cleverly links the existence form of particles or waves of microscopic matter after observation with the macro cat, so as to verify the existence form of quantum when observation is involved. With the development of quantum physics, Schrodinger's cat also extended the physical problems and philosophical controversies such as parallel universes.
In fact, the ancient Greek philosopher Toffler pioneered "counterpoints" : For an observer to find a point in the cosmic galaxy of Earth, there is another corresponding point for the Earth observer - now in the 20th century, the wave function of our entire universe will never collapse because it is so far away from us that it will never be able to observe us! ...
The question then arises: is quantum mechanics self-contradictory? Does the wave function really collapse?
So, if it does collapse, when and by what mechanism
What do you think? Where do the randomness and probability in quantum mechanics come from?
The "cat" problem has been plaguing scientist Hugh Everett to propose the theory of parallel universes
In 1957, Hugh Everett of Princeton University proposed a radical proposal, parallel cosmology - in simple terms, he envisioned a multiverse in which there is not just one reality, but is filled with multiple different realms of reality in which all possibilities determined by quantum mechanics can exist simultaneously.
Everett made the theory the subject of his doctoral thesis in 1957, an idea that at the time seemed too far-fetched and far-fetched to be published in any scientific journal. However, in the decades that followed, Everett's multiverse idea gained acceptance! ...
This multiverse theory can be summed up in a very simple sentence, which is that the wave function has never been explored, nor will it ever be explored. No matter when, no matter whether the observed action occurs? The wave functions that describe our universe are changing explicitly, always following determinations and equations; Every time you make an observation our universe splits into several parallel universes.
Here's a thought experiment called Quantum playing cards, suppose you take a playing card with a very, very sharp bottom edge and put it perfectly on the table, and lay out a hundred dollars; It falls right side up, and then you close your eyes and wait until you hear the playing card fall, and then you open your eyes and see the result, and you make an observation - which according to Copenhagen's interpretation the wave function will collapse at this very moment - and you see that the playing card is either right side up or right side down, and the probability of each outcome is 50 percent... However, the laws of physics have no way to predict which outcome will happen in poker?
Because it's inherently random; Observation is often considered rather than thinking. Or was he really imprisoned?
To counter this view, Schrodinger also devised a diabolical thought experiment, known as Schrodinger's Cat. The cat, ah, is locked in a box, and inside the box, there is a jar of highly toxic cyanide, and the switch of the tube is connected to a radioactive atom, and if the radioactive atom decays, the poisonous jar will open and release the poison that kills the cat. Shortly after the experiment begins, the atom will be in a superposition of decaying and undecayed states, leaving the cat in a superposition of dead and alive. The microscopic superposition of a single atom doesn't seem to matter much, but in this thought experiment, it can be scaled up into a macroscopic superposition, affecting a cat made of 10 ^ 27 ions to put it in two states at the same time.
What would happen if you could actually see Schrodinger's cat experiment to the bottom?
If the textbook is correct, just open the box and take a look inside. The moment you look, the cat's wave function collapses! In other words, the cat has only one definite state: it is either dead or alive!
But if I were standing outside this lab right now... Let's consider the wave function that describes all the particles in the lab, not just all the particles in the cat, but all the particles that make up you and all the equipment in the lab; These particles will of course also obey Schrodinger's equation, whether they are located in a living being or not! ?
So in this case, the cat's wave function will only be explored when I go into the lab and observe the cat and you, not when you were observing, when the cat and you were in a superposition state together before I came into the lab and saw you; One of them you're upset about killing the cat; And the other one you can't figure out the parallel state of the cat and confused! ...
So, if wave function exploration really happens, it would mean that there is an essence of randomness hidden in the laws of nature.
Third, the essence is determined by the human visual image subject. The essence of Finch
Italian Renaissance master Da. "Painting is science," Finch said, "and it is all-encompassing and fundamental, because the subject of the visual ability is its final result."
Can science leave sight? The subject of visual ability is also the final result of science, and all human art and science observe the same object - nature! Natural phenomena are the most beautiful to art. Da Vinci repeatedly reminds us: "There is nothing more beautiful than nature." The secret of balanced beauty, therefore, can only be revealed in natural phenomena themselves."
Similarly, the essence of physics is to predict the future from the present, completely through the "human visual image subject" to complete (also a parallel world physiological structure, it is impossible to see two or more material "bodies" at the same time); So, not only is the predictive function of physics impossible in practice or even in theory, but the wave function exploration also triggered other aspects of panic: it triggered the 1927 Copenhagen School headed by Bohr and the Great Einstein debate... For example, since exploration is caused by observation, the act of observing is elevated to a very important position - that of reaching. Vinci's "essence" : "Painting is science, and it is all-encompassing and fundamental, because the subject of the visual ability is its final result." -
Fourth, what is the essence?
Science is exactly the same as art; it is emotion and form; It is volume, it is character, it has thickness, it has weight; There's rhythm, there's cadence, there's variation, there's melody, there's time and space; It has the intensity of the poet's preciseness, the philosopher's reasoning, the musician's melody, the scientist's rigor - the natural ecosystem of Descartes's dualism, Everett's multiverse and free will...
So, what are parallel universes? It is wisdom, persistence, honesty, sincerity; It has the precision and harmony of cosmic planets, it has the beauty of nature, it has the emotional intelligence and romance of butterfly wings! ...
So, the great philosopher Hegel said:
"Man must not underestimate and neglect the greatness and power of his own spirit. When a man has such faith, nothing is so hard and stubborn that it does not unfold to him. The first hidden nature of the universe, which has no power to resist the courage of the seeker, will inevitably reveal its secrets to the brave seeker, and open its riches and treasures to his enjoyment."
The history of science from Harvey, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Kepler to Einstein and so on... The research of scientists gradually erased the arrogance of human blind arrogance and mercilessly warned the death of anthropocentrism! ...
So why does the Copenhagen interpretation lead us back to the anthropocentric path of ancient Greece? Because the traditional theories of physics are described by mathematical formulas; Only Golhagen's interpretation has so few mathematical formulas to define it?
Especially the Schrodinger anchor!
What exactly is observation? One is when exactly does the wave function collapse? Two, you have to have a human observer to trigger a wave function search?! ?
The answer is yes! This is by Da Vinci "because the subject of the visual ability is its final result." The nature of human biological rules is determined! ...
So, will the robot trigger wave-function shuttle? What about a webcam?
We have to ask quantum entanglement and the Copenhagen interpretation to tell humanity...
Five, from the poker experiment and Everett
From the poker experiment to Everett, observation does not possess some magical power, it is just an ordinary physical process, no different from any other process. It has only one characteristic, which is to transmit information, the binary information of the human brain feedback - the information of free will.
That is, in this case, the information is going from the playing card to your brain. At the end of the experiment, there will be two different versions of you (the information), each of which you will feel subjectively very real, but have no idea that the other you exists (the parallel world). The quantum playing card experiment is too magical for microscopic quantum, if scaled up to a small example of the macro world. This small difference is amplified to infinity. This process of magnifying the infinity of the macroscopic world actually happens all the time - the universe expands! ... For example, a cosmic ray particle impact may or may not trigger someone's cancer, the evolution of the atmosphere today into a seasonal hurricane next year's butterfly effect, and so on... When you're making decisions through neurons, something quantum happens that causes an important decision to diverge from a planned vision, and so on...
In other words, the split of parallel universes is actually ongoing, making the number of two parallel universes dizzying. This split began at the moment of the Big Bang. As you can probably imagine, all of the history of the universe has become reality in quantum parallel universes, as long as they don't violate the laws of physics. In fact, what we perceive as our familiar reality is only the tip of an iceberg of enormous quantum reality and virtual reality.
As a result, Schrodinger's discovery was later regarded as the greatest and most important achievement of the twentieth century. Because he revolutionized physics and chemistry, the cat experiment left people scratching their heads, wondering if a mirror image of an object could be in several different places at once. So why have we never observed this phenomenon?
After much debate and discussion, Bohr and Heisenberg came up with a remedy; This remedy is known as the Copenhagen Interpretation. The key to this interpretation is the addition of a backdoor - Bohr and Heisenberg assumed that the Schrodinger equation only works at certain times, and whether it works depends on the presence or absence of observation - this is the ancient Greek Toffler's "point against point," specifically saying that if an object is not observed by a visual agent, then its wave function changes in accordance with the Schrodinger equation. If once he was observed, his wave function would collapse... Then you'll see that it's only in the same place and not in many places at the same time... Is that right?
6. What does Schrodinger himself say
Open to Schrodinger's Nature and Greek Science and Humanism on page 129:
Does physical uncertainty give free will a chance?
Earlier I touched briefly on the age-old problem of the apparent contradiction between deterministic views of material events and what is called liberum arbitrium indifferentiae[neutral freedom of decision] in Latin or "free will" in modern languages. I think we all know what I mean: since our mental life is obviously closely related to the physiological processes in my body, and especially in my brain, if the latter is strictly and exclusively determined by the natural laws of physics and chemistry, how is the inalienable feeling that I decide to do this or that to be explained? What explains my feeling of responsibility for the decisions I actually make? Isn't everything I do mechanically determined in advance by the physical state of affairs in my brain, including changes caused by external objects? Isn't my sense of freedom and responsibility an illusion?
It seems to me that this was indeed a real difficulty, one that Democritus was for the first time fully aware of, but ignored. I think that's very wise. Although he insisted on "atoms and voidness" as the only rational means of understanding objective nature, it appears from some of his surviving statements that he was also aware that the whole picture of atoms and voidness was formed only by the human mind on the basis of the evidence of sensory perception; In other places, he suggests, almost Kantian, that we know nothing about what things themselves really are, and that the ultimate truth remains hidden in the dark.
Epicurus inherited Democritus' physical theory (with no thanks, by the way).
Unwisely, however, his zeal to impart to his followers a just and unquestionable moral attitude undermined physics and invented his famous (or infamous) concept of "swerves," which is reminiscent of modern ideas about the "uncertainty" of physical events. I won't go into details here, suffice it to say that he got rid of physical determinism in a very childish way. He is not based on any experience, so there is no result.
The question itself has never left us. In St. Augustine of Hippo it presents itself very prominently as a theological conundrum, or at least as a very similar problem of logical structure. The laws of nature are taken over by an all-knowing and all-powerful God. But for a man like him who believes in God, it is obvious that the laws of nature are the laws of God, so I think it is right to call it the same question.
It is well known that St. Augustine's greatest problem is that God is all-knowing and all-powerful, and if God does not know and will not, I can do nothing - God must not only agree, but also decide. So, how can I be responsible for what I've done? I surmise that the religious attitude to such a question must ultimately be: here we are confronted with a deep mystery that cannot be penetrated, but surely we cannot attempt to solve it by denying responsibility. We must not try, and we had better not try, because we will be defeated. The sense of responsibility is innate, no one can abandon it.
But let's go back to the original form of the problem and the role of physical determinism in it. Naturally, the so-called "crisis of causality" in physics today seems to offer hope for an escape from this paradox or conunpuzzle.
Perhaps the claimed uncertainty allows free will to intervene
The gap that enables free will to determine those events not determined by the laws of nature? At first sight, this hope is obvious and understandable.
Attempts were made in this crude form, and the idea was partly carried out by the German physicist Pascual Jordan. I believe that such a solution is not feasible either physically or morally. First of all in physics, according to our current view, although quantum laws cannot determine a single event, when the same situation occurs again and again, quantum laws can predict a fairly certain statistics of events. If these statistics are disturbed by an agent, that agent would violate the laws of quantum mechanics, as objectionable as it is that it - in physics before quantum mechanics - interferes with strict mechanical causality. Now we know that there are no statistics on how the same person reacts to the exact same moral situation-the same person in the same situation tends to act in the exact same way again. (Note that this is exactly the same situation; This does not mean that prisoners or addicts cannot be converted or treated through persuasion, demonstration, and other external influences, but it certainly means that the situation has changed.) Our corollary is that Jordan's postulation-that free will directly intervenes to fill gaps in indeterminy-does indeed interfere with the laws of nature, even in the form accepted by quantum theory. But at that price, of course we can have it all. This does not solve the problem.
The German philosopher ErnstCassirer (a fugitive from Nazi Germany who died in New York in 1945) placed great emphasis on moral rebuttals. His critique of Jordin's thought was based on a thorough knowledge of the state of physics. I'm going to give a brief overview of it, and I think the idea is this. Man's free will includes man's moral behavior as the most relevant part. If, as most physicists today believe, physical events in spacetime are not strictly determined for the most part, but are subject to pure chance, then this contingency of events in the material world must finally be used as a physically relevant term for man's moral behavior (Cassirer). For man's moral action is by no means accidental; it is strongly subject to motives ranging from the lowest to the highest, from greed and resentment to sincere love for the life of his fellow man or sincere religious feelings. Cassirer's lucid discussion gives us a strong sense of how absurd it is to base free will, including ethics, on physical contingency, so much so that the previous dilemma, the opposition between free will and determinism, becomes less obvious and almost completely eliminated by Cassirer's crushing of the opposite view. "If this concept and true meaning of moral freedom cannot be reconciled with predictability, then even this reduced degree of predictability acknowledged by quantum mechanics is quite sufficient to destroy moral freedom." In fact, we begin to wonder whether this purported paradox is really so surprising that physical determinism and the mental phenomenon of will may not be very suitable correlates. The psychological phenomenon of the will is always not easily predicted "from the outside", but is usually determined "from the inside". This, it seems to me, is the most valuable result of the whole argument: when we realize how inadequate physical contingency is as a basis for morality, the balance is tilted in favor of free will and the argument of physical determination.
We can elaborate on this point. Poets and novelists have many claims to support. In John Galsworthy's novel The Dark Flower, Part 1, Chapter 13, paragraph 2), a young man suddenly thinks at night, "But this is the case - if things are not just that and there, you can never think what they are like." You never know what's going to happen; Yet when it happens, it's as if nothing else can happen. It's really weird - you can do anything you want before you finish something, but when you've finished it, you know you always have to..." Schiller's "Wallenstein's Tod" contains the following quote (Chapter 2, verse 3):
You must know that man's actions and thoughts are not like the blind waves of the sea. Man's inner world, his microcosm,
An unfathomable pit from which thoughts flow. These thoughts are inevitable, like the fruit of trees; they cannot be the result of chance conjured by magic. If I explore the inner essence of man,
You know what he wants and what he does.
In context, these verses do point to Wallenstein's devout belief in astrology. We tend not to believe in astrology. Yet the allure of astrology, its irresistible pull on the human mind for thousands of years, is a testament to the fact that we are reluctant to see fate as the result of pure chance, even if (or rather precisely because) it depends so much on us making the right decisions at the right moment. (We often lack all the information we need for this, and this is where astrology comes in!) 】
October 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics "free will" conclusion and verdict Einstein is wrong
2022 Nobel Prize in Physics Announced!
Government Affairs: Science Popularization China 2022-10-04 18:55
At 11:45 Sweden local time on October 4, 2022 (17:45 Beijing time on October 4), The Nobel Prize Committee announced that it has awarded the 2022 Physics Prize to French physicist Alain Aspect, American physicist John F. Clauser and Austrian physicist Anton Salinger Zeilinger "pioneered quantum informatics by using entangled photons to verify that quantum does not follow Bell's inequality."
The Nobel Committee said in its official introduction that quantum mechanics now has a wide range of research areas, including quantum computers, quantum networks and secure quantum-encrypted communications.
Anders Irback, chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said: "It is becoming increasingly clear that a new quantum technology is emerging. We can see that the laureates' work on entangled states is very important, even going beyond the fundamental problems of explaining quantum mechanics."
Xue Peng, professor of Beijing Computing Science Research Center, guessed this year's winner in advance. The following is Professor Xue's introduction to this year's prize-winning work.
In 2010, three physicists - Alain Aspect of France, John Clauser of the United States, and Anton Zeilinger of Austria - "for their fundamental conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, In particular, a series of increasingly complex tests of the Bell inequality led to the Wolf Prize."
Inside Science, a popular science website of the American Physical Union, predicted that the three physicists would win the Nobel Prize in Physics for three consecutive years in 2019, 2020 and 2021.
Einstein thought that quantum entanglement, an interplay at a distance, was inconceivable and violated special relativity. Instead, his Princeton associates Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen came up with a thought experiment known as the EPR paradox. A particle with spin 1/2 a and B is described, and the initial total spin is zero. Suppose that A particle has two possible spins, | up > and | down >, then if the spin of particle A is | up >, the spin of particle B must be | down > in order to maintain the population conservation, and vice versa. Now we say that these two particles form a quantum entangled state.
Two particles A and B are flying in opposite directions, farther and farther apart... No matter how far apart they are, they should always be related | > and | >. The two particles are measured on each side by an observer, Alice and Bob. According to quantum mechanics, as long as Alice and Bob have not made measurements, every particle should be in some superposition, for example, | up > and | down > with a 50% probability each. Then, if Alice measures A, the superposition of A collapses in an instant, for example, to | >. Now, here is the problem: since Alice has measured that A is | up >, B must be | down > because of conservation. However, at this time, the distance between A and B is already very far, for example, tens of thousands of light years, according to the theory of quantum mechanics, B should also be | up > and | down > each half of the probability, why can it always choose | >? Unless there is some way of "messaging" between particles A and B in a timely manner? Even assuming they could sense each other, that would seem to be a signal at a very short distance! This action at a distance contradicts the theory of relativity that the speed of light cannot be surpassed. This, then, constitutes a paradox.
Therefore, he believes that quantum mechanics is incomplete, and he hopes to establish a more universal local realism theory to make up for the shortcomings of quantum theory and eliminate the action at a distance. As the successor of Einstein's thought, Bohm introduced the "hidden variable" in 1952, and formed a completely decisive theory on the basis of local realism - local hidden variable theory. The next step is to test whether the quantum mechanics theory is correct and complete or the local hidden variable theory is correct and complete.
The experimental verification of Bell's theorem is a physical experiment designed to test whether the theory of quantum mechanics is correct or the theory of local hidden variables. In 1964, John Bell defined an observable measurement, and based on the local hidden variable theory predicted that the measurement value is not greater than 2. And using quantum mechanics, it turns out that the maximum is 2
Once the result of the experimental measurement is greater than 2, it means that the local hidden variable theory is wrong.
The birth of Bell inequality declared the localization dispute of quantum mechanics theory, which changed from pure speculation with philosophical color to experimentally falsifiable scientific theory. Although Bell, as a follower of Einstein, began his study of hidden variable theory to prove that the non-local nature of quantum mechanics was wrong, all subsequent experiments have shown that the prediction of hidden variable theory is wrong, and the prediction of quantum theory is consistent with the experiment.
In 1972, John Clauser and Stuart Freedman performed the first Bell Theorem experiment at the University of California, Berkeley, and the results were inconclusive because of the localization loophole, that is, the distance between entangled particles is too small to explain the non-local nature of the entanglement.
In 1982, Alan Aspect et al. at the University of Paris XI improved the Clauser and Freedman Bell theorem experiment, and the results of the experiment violated Bell's theorem.
In 1998, Anton Zeilinger and others completed the experiment of Bell's theorem at the University of Innsbruck in Austria, completely eliminating the localization loophole, and the experimental results are decisive.
In 2015, Ronald Hanson's group at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands reported experiments to verify Bell's inequality in a diamond color center system. To avoid localized vulnerabilities, simply place the two diamond color centers in two laboratories 1.3 kilometers apart. Using entangled photon pairs and entanglement exchange techniques, they achieved entanglement between diamond color center electrons. The time required for direct optical communication between the two color centers is about 4.27 microseconds, and the time to complete an experiment is 4.18 microseconds, which is 90 nanoseconds less than the optical communication time, so the local vulnerability is solved. In addition, the measurement efficiency of the color center is as high as 96%, and the measurement loopholes are also closed. In short, they claim to achieve a loophole-free verification of Bell's inequality
The quantum theory is supported with 96% confidence (2.1 standard deviations), thus falsifying the local hidden variable theory.
In 2016, the Big Bell Test was launched and brought together more than 100,000 volunteers from around the world. In the experiment, all volunteers need to continuously choose to form binary random numbers based on their personal free will, and press 0 or 1 quickly and randomly in the level game to continuously generate a data stream of more than 1,000 bits per second within 12 hours, all of which are recorded in the Internet cloud. It is distributed in real time and randomly to relevant research teams around the world to control their Bell inequality test experiments. The Big Bell experiment believed that humans possess true free will, and through the free will of a large number of participants, the Big Bell experiment closed the free choice loophole on a broader scale, strongly negating Einstein's localization principle.
The Nobel Prize is the beacon of human natural science
From 1901 to 2021, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 116 times, with a total of 222 winners, of which Bardeen has won twice, so a total of 221 people have won the prize. Of the 116 awards, 47 had only one winner, 32 had two winners, and 37 had three winners. Unfortunately, only four women have won the Nobel Prize in physics: Marie Curie (1903), Maria Goepert-Meyer (1963), Donna Strickland (2018), Andrea Gates (2020)... Plus prizes in physics, chemistry and so on... It is enough to witness that the Nobel Prize is the most brilliant and greatest guiding light of human natural science!
9. The Soviet Union was right to criticize Einstein's theory of relativity
Look at the great changes of Einstein's theory of relativity in Chinese political history (Tik Yin Abstract) : "In June 1968, the first critical article was published in the study class, entitled a thorough critique of the bourgeois reactionary views in the theory of natural science. Let me pick out a few passages and read them. The principle of constant speed of light is a profound reaction of the reactionary political views of the western bourgeoisie, because the constant speed of light means that western science is the limit of human science, so the principle of constant speed of light violates the materialist dialectics.
The proletarian scientific revolution, unmatched by any natural scientific revolution in human history, will soon appear in the East of the world, and the proletariat will surely occupy all the positions of natural science. New scientific theories that bourgeois scholars can not even dream of will be developed, and the real new era in the development of natural science will surely come first in our country!
This article was sent to the Central Cultural Revolution Group, and at the same time, the learning class was more active in collecting materials, brewing and writing follow-up articles...
The second essay, a critique of relativity, was soon completed. This one has a higher tone and sharper wording than the first one. He made an argument that, according to relativity, simultaneity is relative. Then, in the Zhenbao Island incident on the Sino-Soviet border in March 1969, we said that the Soviet Union fired the first shot, and the Soviet Union said that we fired the first shot, but in fact, it is impossible to make an objective judgment on which side fired the shot. The argument was so strong that some of the objections were silenced. Oh, I am scared! ? Because whoever defends the theory of relativity is a traitor who defends Su Xiu!
Following the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fudan University also established the Shanghai Science Criticism Group. He went the other way, attacking Einstein himself directly. The latest hot sentence is from this group. They wrote in Einstein's theory of relativity, published in 1970, that he lived in three different countries, four different organizations, had milk was mother, and knelt down when he saw money. There is one thing that remains constant, and that is to consciously act as the mouthpiece of the bourgeoisie in its vicious attack on Marxism. Einstein was finally defeated again, but he was far from alone. At that time, almost all fields of natural science were influenced by the class struggle: Copernicus, Galileo, Marie Curie, Mendel, Morgan, Maxwell... A series of prominent scientists in this cradle of Eastern civilization have become spokesmen for reactionary scholarship. Crazy times, fittingly...
Now, decades later, the clowns who once jumped up and down have changed their faces and settled into old age, and a new wave of clowns is eager to try again. However, no matter how the clown is tossed, Einstein is still one of the greatest scientists in human history, and the light of relativity will not dim because of the clown.
In the one-sided period, what the Soviet Union was against, we were against. But with Stalin's death, the Soviet Union stopped criticizing Einstein, and our attitude changed, and Einstein's image was briefly restored in the country.
Einstein died on April 18, 1955. "Einstein's death is a great loss for the righteous human race, and the Chinese people deeply mourn this outstanding scientist," the People's Daily said in a long tribute
Great warrior for the cause of peace with mankind!
But only a year later, in 1956, after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev delivered a report on the cult of personality and its consequences at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Sino-Soviet relations began to deteriorate. After a series of events over the next few years, Big Brother gradually became Su Xiu. The less critical Su Xiu was, the more we had to be critical, so relativity once again became the object of criticism. As we said last time, in order to defeat relativity, we must first defeat Einstein himself. So the class dug up a very reactionary statement of his. Dialectics of nature is an unfinished work of Engels and a summary of his research on natural science. After his death, friends collated the manuscripts and contacted publishers in Germany. The publisher took into account Engels's leadership in the international Communist movement. I sent them to Einstein to review. After reviewing it, Einstein replied that I would not recommend copying it, because the manuscripts were not of particular interest either from the point of view of contemporary physics or from the point of view of physics history. I haven't seen the original, but this one is of no particular interest. It's a phrasing from Einstein's Collected Works in the Business Press. But surely Einstein's original words would have been more straightforward and would not have been so polite, because at the bottom of this paragraph there is a paragraph of the editor's case, he said that any slander against Engels's manuscript of dialectics of nature will not detract from the light of truth he has revealed, nor will it in the least diminish the great guiding significance of this great work for the development of modern science. It was Einstein's ignorance. His ignorance and his stubborn bourgeois prejudices are the despicable intentions of clowns like Hooker.
Hooke is mentioned here because Einstein expressed the same opinion about Engels's manuscript in a letter to Hooke...
-- (From Tiktok on April 1, 2024)
10. The Italian Renaissance was a great scientific contribution of great importance to human civilization
Leonardo Da Vinci said, "The love of a thing is produced by knowledge, and the more accurate the knowledge, the stronger the love." This accuracy requires a thorough knowledge of each part of the whole of the thing to be loved." This is the great spiritual core of the Italian Renaissance - Renaissance (English: Renaissance Italian: Rinascimento, ri- "re" and nascere "born", French: La Renaissance is an ideological and cultural movement that took place in Europe from the middle of the 14th century to the 16th century, which profoundly influenced the knowledge, art and scientific life of Europe in the early modern times! ...
The Renaissance began in Florence in the late 13th century, Dante's Divine Opera (1265-1321), the paintings of Petrarch (1304-1374), Giotto (1267-1337), and especially in 1401 Lorenzo Gberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, two talented sculptors, competed for the contract for the bronze doors of the Baptistery in Florence's Basilica of the Virgin of Flowers. Even the competition between artists and polymavens (including Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio) for the creation of works of art set off Renaissance creativity. It was reached by the Italian Renaissance in the 14th century. The understanding and depth of the highest level of human intelligence like Finch created the 3.0 era of human scientific knowledge. Because Da Vinci believed that: the most important thing in scientific theoretical research is the study of visible phase changes; Da Vinci put forward the subject theory of visual image of science and art! ... Da Vinci's painting theory contains a wealth of aesthetic thoughts, and the scientific "mirror theory" involves the relationship between literature and art, scientific reality and art. On the one hand, Da Vinci believed that literature and art should learn from nature; On the other hand, art must transcend nature, painting is science; It elevates the art form of painting to the supreme position of science and embodies the ultimate scientific view of nature of art and aesthetic thought. As Engels put it, "the manuscripts salvaged from the fall of Byzantium, the ancient statues unearthed from the ruins of Rome, reveal before the astonished West a new world - Greek antiquity; In its glorious image, the ghosts of the Middle Ages faded away; There was an unexpected artistic boom in Italy, as if it were a reflection of classical antiquity, never to be reached again." ...
Russell believed that the Renaissance was a "barren" century in science and philosophy, despite its remarkable achievements in literature and art.
Did the Renaissance really turn out to be a scientifically "sterile" century?
11. From Da Vinci's scientific manuscripts we can get a negative and godlike answer
The supernatural inventions of the God-man Leonardo Da Vinci
Beauty world 2015-08-03 09:55
Leonardo Da Vinci is not only a painter so simple, we should also note that he is a profound, learned master of art, scientific giant, philosopher, musician, engineer and inventor. He is simply a genius, he clearly does not belong to the Renaissance era, he is more like a time traveler! You might think I'm bragging about Da Vinci. Well, let's not mention Da Vinci's paintings with all kinds of cryptic codes, but the manuscripts of his inventions are enough to shock you!
Da Vinci self-portrait
A chariot invented in Da Vinci's manuscript. Above is the manuscript, below is the modern model based on the manuscript.
When the horse moves the left and right sides of the chariot and the blade behind the chariot will turn, and people block the killing Buddha block the killing Buddha, so powerful! Sure, it's a lot worse than today's weapons, but that was over 500 years ago!
This is also a model based on Da Vinci's manuscript. When the cart moves, those iron balls will rotate rapidly, causing massive damage within their radius. The design principle and the effect achieved are similar to that of the above tank.
This is supposed to be a siege machine, the exact use and operation of the principle is not clear.
According to the manuscript, it was a siege device. Below is the model.
Da Vinci designed the machine gun manuscript.
The shooter can fire the first round, then open the rack and immediately fire a second round, then fire a third round. This would have been a weapon of mass destruction if it had been used at the time.
Self-drive car designed by Da Vinci
Someone made a self-drive car based on Da Vinci's manuscript and found that it really works! According to the model above, with many gears working, the speed should be slower, but it is also amazing!
This invention is probably the best known - the Da Vinci bicycle. It's almost like a modern bike.
A model bicycle based on Da Vinci's manuscript.
This is also a model based on Da Vinci's manuscript, which is supposed to be a device used on the battlefield.
What the hell is this?!
Leonardo Da Vinci designed a helicopter flying machine.
What is this!! Judging from the model, this invention is quite ingenious, but I do not know what it is used for. You can guess.
Leonardo Da Vinci design glider manuscript. Control the direction of the hands, with the foot pedal can flap two wings, so that you can fly.
And the combination lock was also invented by Da Vinci!
Da Vinci even designed an armored vehicle that fired 360° shells. Anyone who has played Assassin's Creed must know this armored vehicle, and there are many other weapons invented by Da Vinci in the game, which is very interesting.
What's more, Da Vinci also designed artificial robots. Have to let people sigh: Da Vinci in the end is not the Renaissance people ah!
From the above Da Vinci scientific manuscript bicycles, airplanes, machine guns, cars, etc... Even the robot can fully prove that the Italian Renaissance 600 years ago is not only the Renaissance, in the years before God gave birth to Newton, the scientific giant has been born. Finch, he is not only a profound, learned master of art; Or truly scientific giants, philosophers, musicians, engineers, scientists, inventors... Human beings all over the world say that. Finch was a prodigy who clearly did not belong to the Renaissance; Da Vinci is more like a time traveler, an alien! ...
To hell with Russell's historically-narrow critics for calling the Italian Renaissance merely "a 'barren' century." ...
The subsequent Baroque of the Italian Renaissance had a profound influence on artistic styles throughout the world
ring
Baroque is a style of art that flourished in Europe between 1600 and 1750. The origin of the Jesuit Church in Rome designed by the famous architect and architectural theorist Vignola in the late Italian Renaissance is a representative of the transition from the technique to the Baroque style, and some people call it the first Baroque building. Instrumentalism is an artistic style in late 16th century Europe. Its main characteristic is the pursuit of strange and unusual effects, such as the representation of space in a deformed and incongruous way, the representation of figures in exaggerated slender proportions, etc., highlighting the strong Italian style of the Counter-Reformation period, prevailing in the Catholic areas of Europe, and with the spread of Catholicism, the influence of far Latin American and Asian countries. The rise of Baroque as an art style with far-reaching influence in time and space was closely related to the religion at that time. In fact, Baroque art represents the whole field of art in music, architecture, decorative arts and other connotations rich and colorful, pay attention to the expression of strong emotions, the atmosphere is warm and tense, with a stinging and thrilling artistic effect, mostly based on the Bible; The story of the Bible - the color of the body of Jesus is extremely dazzling, as if a strong light is projected down. On the left, St. John, in a bright red robe, is taking Jesus by the ladder; On the other side were the grieving Virgin and the other disciples, their faces illuminated by the bright light. The body and dress were hidden from the darkness, and the holy light of the suffering Jesus was in sharp contrast to the shriveled appearance of the Netherland's body. But stout and well proportioned. To carry Jesus down to the cross... The picture idea of this painting is exactly the opposite of the upper family. He has no violent character dynamics, no strong passion, only the catharsis of grief. All the images are placed in the deep black hole of inky mourning deeply moving! ...
The vivid artistic pictures attract people, as if watching a movie work. Baroque paintings are usually full of movement. Emphasize light. Color and shape. And the film lens is also through the movement, zoom and other skills to summarize the Baroque art style that has luxurious characteristics, religious mystery, and hedonistic confusion... Show the artist's rich imagination and Baroque art soul and passion for the ages!
As the German art historian H. Wolfflin pointed out in his works "Renaissance and Baroque" in 1915 and "Principles of Art History" in 1888, the Baroque is the main school after the Renaissance, and made an analysis and historical investigation of its form characteristics. It is believed that the Baroque style can be used as a characteristic of every culture or civilization entering the post-revival stage, so that it has more universal significance.
12. The subsequent Baroque of the Italian Renaissance had a profound influence on artistic styles around the world
"Nature and its laws are hidden in darkness. God said, "Let Newton be born, and all things appeared in light." Hi boy's Newton and his brother and sister use the quilt to block the curtains together, through a small eye, play prism, the sun's small eye shot through the prism on the wall scattered seven colors of light... In this way, Newton let the world "all show light" and completed the "Newton Optics", found and elaborated the electromagnetic wave properties of the red orange yellow green blue purple and seven colors of the light spectrum, and the scientists drew Jiada 600 years ago. Finch said: "The most important thing in scientific theoretical research is the study of changes in the visible phase of things" the visual image subject theory coincides with that has stipulated that people can see things are present, which has been completely proved by modern scientific research for the next 1500 years! ...
Look at the spectrum:
"Painting is science", the light emitted from a point on the object falls on the retina is just a point, the collection of solar dots and waves form a spectrum! ...
Moreover, Leonardo Da Vinci created the fixed-point perspective, which can explain the distance, size and position of objects by vision, and use the smile of Mona Lisa to tell human visual image of the innate unity and experience, "the main body of visual ability is its final result"! ...
The Mona Lisa is an unprecedented mystery of science, which aroused great interest among scientists in the 17th and 19th centuries, attracting leading philosophers, physicists, mathematicians, physiologists to participate in discussions, such as Kant, Berkeley, Helmholtz, Helling, Lock, Malbranche, Molyneu, Descartes, and so on... Descartes's "dualism" is the most prominent and classic, inheriting the vision concepts of classical Plato and Euclid, equating optics and vision, and developing a set of spatial perception mathematics and geometry theory on the basis of geometric optics and the anatomical and electrophysiological knowledge of retina and optic nerve. In other words, the millennium of scientific development is proud of the brilliance of the Mona Lisa. The mysterious smile of Vinci's Mona Lisa conveys the magic of the universe's "dark matter dark energy", highlighting the mysterious history of dark matter and the mystery of dark energy around us.
Da Vinci's great contribution to the integration of science and art through the ages, from Da Vinci. Vinci's "mirror theory" and Mona Lisa's smile can be seen! ...
First, like Da Vinci
Using a computer to compare the Mona Lisa with Da Vinci's self-portrait, it was found to be very similar. The eyes, the smile on the lips, the expression of the face are all strikingly similar.
Modern humans do not affect people's vision because of "dark matter", Descartes from the spider's point-to-point multi-point motion "visual image", invented and created the "analytic geometry" miracle! Continuing to create the 3.0 stage of human scientific understanding is the hallmark stage of the dark matter stage. The dark matter world has neither the macro world nor the micro world of any matter; Only dark matter, the human eye can't see anything! ...
Scientists believe that 95 percent of the universe is dark matter; What humans see (microcosmic and macrocosmic) accounts for only 5%, a pitiful fraction!
Dark matter is an invisible substance that is theoretically proposed to exist in the universe, which may be a major component of the matter in the universe, but does not belong to any of the currently known substances that make up visible celestial bodies. Suspected violations of Newtonian gravitation found in numerous astronomical observations can be well explained by the assumption of the existence of dark matter. Modern astronomy through the movement of celestial bodies, gravitational lensing effect, the formation of large-scale structure of the universe, microwave background radiation and other observations show that dark matter may exist in a large number of galaxies, star clusters and the universe, its mass is far greater than the total mass of all visible celestial bodies in the universe. Combining the microwave background radiation anisotropy observation and the standard cosmological model (ΛCDM model), it can be determined that the dark matter in the universe accounts for 85% of the total mass of all matter. - See network
At present, a widely accepted theory suggests that dark matter is composed of "weakly interacting massive particles" (WIMPs) with masses and interaction strengths around the electroweak scale...
13. The current observed results were obtained through the process of overheat decoupling during the expansion of the universe. Finch art surplus abundance
See the Mona Lisa changing abundances:
When the Mona Lisa was spliced together with the image in the mirror, it was unexpectedly revealed that there was an alien standing behind the Mona Lisa. The alien has big eyes, a long nose and a small mouth
In the third place, there are four animals behind
After careful observation, the four animals were found to be lions, apes, buffalo and snakes. The normal background picture should be landscape, but this Mona Lisa is a fierce animal.
Fourth, eye letters and numbers
These symbols cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope. After careful observation, it was found that the right eye of Mona Lisa is LV, and the left eye is CE or CB. What it means has not yet been accurately answered.
Fifth, the River of Blood
There was a river of blood flowing slowly through the winding valley. Why is the river red and what does it mean? Or maybe what we think is too complicated, it doesn't really mean anything.
Sixth, no matter what Angle you stand at, you are smiling
Scientists using multispectral scanning found that it is a dynamic smile. Moreover, the analysis found that 83 percent of the smiles were happy and 6 percent were fearful.
Seventh place, another face
The Mona Lisa was digitally altered and overlaid with another Da Vinci painting. This is a surprising discovery. Mona Lisa has another look.
Eighth place, eyebrows
Most people have eyebrows, but this Mona Lisa has none. Some people say that this is the more popular makeup in France at that time. Some people say that it is to achieve the golden section to make the face more beautiful.
Ninth, eye movement
When you look closely at Mona Lisa's eyes, you'll notice that they slowly turn forward, looking at you. Some experts believe the phenomenon may have something to do with the visual nerve.
Tenth place, the devil
A painter stole the Mona Lisa. When I went home to seriously appreciate it, I found that there was a devil behind Mona Lisa and was frightened to faint. The next door neighbor noticed the movement and quietly took the painting away. When he looked at the painting, he also saw the devil behind the Mona Lisa. Later, the painting was quietly returned to the Louvre.
Is Mona Lisa's mysterious smile some kind of "dark matter" at work?
There are also hypotheses that dark matter is made up of other types of particles, such as axion and sterile neutrino.
In fact, as early as the early Italian Renaissance, Da. Finch proposed that there is an infinite space invisible to the human eye outside the "subject of visual ability"! The ten transformations of the Mona Lisa were made 600 years ago. Finch's wonderful dream! ? ...
In fact, "our understanding of the world is already at a conclusive or final stage, in every respect the maximum or the best." I think that's highly unlikely. I do not mean by this that our efforts in philosophy or religion may develop and change our present worldview, because the study of various sciences is still ongoing." -- Schrodinger.
Schrodinger broke through the popular perception theory of space in the 18th century. This is the mathematical theory of Descartes, which inherits the vision concept of Plato and Euclid, equates optics and vision, and develops a spatial perception theory on the basis of geometric optics and the anatomical and electrophysiological knowledge of the retina and optic nerve.
But ah! Descartes and Schrodinger would never have thought that the birth of the Dark matter theory in the 21st century would propose a kind of invisible matter in the universe "dark matter"!
Da Vinci invented intelligent robots 600 years ago
In 1600 Hobbes established the complete system of mechanical materialism, which states that the universe is the sum of all the extensive objects moving mechanically. He put forward the theory of "state of nature" and the origin of the state, pointing out that the state is formed by the contract made by people in order to comply with the "law of nature", and is an artificial robot. What Da Vinci did not know was that as early as 1452 he had designed an artificial robot:
What's more, Da Vinci also designed artificial robots. Have to let people sigh: Da Vinci in the end is not the Renaissance people ah!
150 years before Hobbes. Even more puzzling is the fact that on March 15, 1679, when Leibniz returned from his post as ambassador to the Qing Dynasty, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented a calculation method that replaced the original ten-digit "binary" computer with two digits. That is to say, Hobbes and Leibniz are both 200 years later!
Da Vinci can be described as a great man of Renaissance versatility!
In one sense Turing's theory of computers was not the most advanced
A Turing machine, also known as a Turing computer, is an abstract machine. It is an abstract calculation model proposed by British mathematician Alan Matheson Turing (1912-1954) in 1936, that is, the process of people using paper and pen to perform mathematical operations is abstracted, and a virtual machine replaces the human to perform mathematical operations. The Turing machine has an infinite strip of paper divided into small squares, each with a different color. There was a read-write head moving around on the tape. The read/write head has a set of internal states and some fixed procedures. At each moment, the read and write head reads a grid information from the current paper tape, and then combines its own internal state to find the program table, according to the program output information to the paper tape grid, and converts its own internal state, and then moves
Basic ideas and principles
broadcast
Turing machine
Alan's basic idea was to use machines to simulate the process by which people performed mathematical operations with pen and paper, which he regarded as two simple actions:
1. Write or erase a symbol on paper;
2. The read/write head moves from one position of the paper to another.
This and Da Vinci designed the simulation robot more cumbersome, dumber: it has no da. Finch's human nature, human form, human mind, even without introducing Leibniz's binary algorithm...
In fact, the first computer in the United States is also a behemoth: the world's first general purpose computer "ENIAC" was born on February 14, 1946, at the University of Pennsylvania. The inventors were Americans JohnW.Mauchly and J.PresperEckert.
The U.S. Department of Defense uses it for ballistic calculations. It is a giant, with 18,000 electronic tubes, covers an area of 170 square meters, weighs 30 tons, consumes about 150 kilowatts of power, can carry out 5,000 operations per second, ENIAC tube as a component, also known as the tube computer, is the first generation of computers. Tube computer because the use of the tube volume is large, power consumption, easy to heat, so the working time can not be too long.
16. In January 2007, the iPhone 2G, Apple's first mobile phone, was released by Steve Jobs
The second generation of the iPhone was released in July 2008. In other words, it has been 61 years since the ENIAC computer reached small intelligence in 1946, and 71 years since the Turing machine in 1936. If the interval is 128 years compared to Leibniz binary 1679...
Historical calendar time shows that it took more than a century (128 years) for science and technology to evolve from the mobile phone from mathematical binary to the "ENIAC" behemoth and then to the small and exquisite transistor - we call this mobile phone turnaround time the technology leapfrog evolution period! The key here is the tube-to-transistor theory (Bardeen's "surface energy level" scientific theory God crossing) Bardeen's theory crossing - John Bardeen
John Bardeen won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972 for his invention of the transistor and its related effects and the BCS theory of superconductivity. (Bardeen proposed the surface effect theory in 1946) We conclude from this: the breakthrough of basic theory determines the explosion of technological success! That is to say, the breakthrough of the surface energy level theory in 1946, the birth of the transistor, the replacement of Steve Jobs Apple "ENIAC", Bardeen's theory only took a few months after the breakthrough (" ENIAC "appeared in February 1946 to December 23, 1947)Sunday Tuesday afternoon) In less than a year... This has become the breakthrough path of human scientific theory to determine the explosive law of technological development.
If we apply this law to the level of 6,000 years of early human science history, to explore the miraculous "power transfer" of scientific knowledge in ancient Greek civilization, what can we learn?
Was Archimedes, the ancient Greek philosopher and thinker, the fulcrum "to move the earth"?
Chapter 13 Core - The miracle of Badin, the father of "Silicon-based life" and the challenge of silicon-based life
Listen to the core - Bardeen, the father of "silicon-based life", talks with his partners
On a drizzly afternoon on Tuesday, December 23, 1947, the invention of Bardeen and Brattan at Bell LABS spoke to one another - it combined the functions of conducting, amplifying, displaying, and switching current. This is the source of the fulcrum explosion of Bardeen and Grove, the father of "silicon-based life", and the key point of whether "silicon-based life" can be born! ... It can be seen that the explosive fulcrum of technology is very important and is the key to the success of the explosive power test based on the fulcrum of scientific theory innovation." In 1956, Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Shockley and Brattan. Humanity begins the transistor core - "silicon-based life" era:
"The essence of the transistor is to control the computer to calculate the duration of life... With a switch for electron flow, it is necessary to drive numerous electron sets to the desired pure chemical surface. There must be a stable material to form a reliable current presence platform. Life stability is the most critical and important thing!"
"Such a stable material would also have to be extremely resistant to heat, absorb energy indefinitely, and not melt due to the high energy that the speed of light of an electric current brings to its surface."
"Silicon has endless life, ideal! Because it's extracted from sand. The sand of the earth! Thousands of kilowatts of endless, highly heat-resistant, equatorial sand, after billions of years of scorching sun, will never melt, burn... Sand is everywhere on Earth. It's the cheapest."
"However, instability limits the longevity of silicon life; Although in the early 1960s Gordon Moore believed that metal oxides and silicon wafers sandwiched together could be used to form integrated circuits for the existence of all electric charges, forming metal oxide semiconductor transistors. Without addressing the problem of instability, this is a useless assumption..."
"Why is that?
"Silicon is alive! If you think about it, by applying a watt of electricity to the same sample, at different times, we get different observations because of the instability. If converted to digital, the resulting error will be very huge, affecting the accuracy of storage. Therefore, I cannot enter the field of practical application of computers.
"So before 1968, Bardeen's new science of transistor original creativity could not bring about a new economic revolution in the PC industry." It is because the new economic revolution cannot be constituted without the popularization of the PC that is sweeping the world. Bardeen's transistors were limited to diode applications at that time, and large integrated circuits still needed to wait for Bardeen's support to further extend into the technological explosion that produced Grove's CPU..."
"Yes! This is the epoch-making historical significance of prodigy. She cultivated the talents of the new economy era, Saunders built AMD, Moore, Novis, Deere, Snow, Grove..."
After several months of research and experiments at Fairchild and his two partners, Dill and Snow, Grove found that the instability came from impurities in the processing of silicon materials. According to the theory of forming impurity levels in Badin semiconductor, the chip cut with nanoscale is repeatedly compared; And do not cut the chip, only the former is unstable. So they found that the sodium mixed in the chip cutting process is the source of the formation of impurity levels, as long as the cutting process does not use sodium, you can get a stable metal oxide semiconductor. So you can make the ideal high-density integrated circuit, complete the infinite extension of Bardeen fulcrum explosive force and the birth of silicon-based life "- therefore, Bardeen became" the father of silicon-based life!" ...
Second, only the Nobel Prize quietly recorded this future shock to mankind's "silicon-based life" revolution spark
Figure 1 Bardeen and his signature
one.
John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 - January 30, 1991), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, is the only scientist in history to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice.
Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. His father, Charles R. Bardeen (1871-1935), was the founder and first dean of the University of Wisconsin Medical School and a professor of anatomy. His mother, Althea Harmer Bardeen (1873-1920), was in the interior design and decoration business. Bardeen was the second of five siblings. 666666
FIG. 2 The Bardeen family (John on the far right)
At the age of nine, Bardeen moved from Grade 3 to Grade 1 at Madison Public High School and transferred to the University of Wisconsin-Affiliated High School the following year. Soon, he won first place in the Madison high school math contest. Bardeen's mother died of cancer when she was 12. The little Badin who lost his mother's love became depressed and lonely, depressed for a long time, and his academic performance declined across the board, and he even failed in French. After three years of muddling through, Bardeen and his brother graduated from high school at the same time.
In 1923, at the age of 15, Bardeen entered the electrical engineering department of the University of Wisconsin, where he also studied mathematics and physics. There he received a bachelor's degree in Physics in 1928 and a master's degree in physics the following year.
For Bardeen, 1928 was the beginning of a lifetime of research in physics. In that year, many famous physicists came to the University of Wisconsin for academic visits, including John H. Van Vleck (1899-1980), Peter J. W. Debye (1899-1980), and Peter J. W. Debye (1899-1980). 1884-1966), Paul A. M. Dirac (1902-1984), Arnold J. W. Sommerfeld (1868-1951), and Werner K. Heisenberg (1868-1951). 1901-1976), including Nobel Prize winners in physics. Their various academic frontier reports greatly encouraged Bardeen to pursue a career in physics.
Bardeen stayed at the university after graduation to do research on antenna design for a year. The reports of these physicists made him yearn especially for Europe. He applied for a PhD scholarship at Cambridge University, but was unsuccessful.
In 1930, the United States entered the Great Depression. Bardeen took a job at the Gulf Research Laboratory in Pittsburgh, working on geophysics and subsea oil exploration technology. Soon after, he invented a new technique to explore for oil using electromagnetic fields, but the company kept it secret for more than three decades before making it public.
In 1933, Bardeen left the Bay Research Laboratory and moved to Princeton University. Bardeen hoped to pursue a doctorate with Einstein, who had recently arrived at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton from Europe. However, Einstein had no intention of accepting graduate students, so he studied theoretical physics under the Hungarian physicist Eugene P. Wigner (1902-1995). Wigner is an outstanding physicist who has made outstanding contributions to many fields, especially the theoretical study of atomic nuclei and elementary particles. In 1963, Wigner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the model of the shell of the atomic nucleus. At Princeton, Bardeen was coached by Wigner and Frederick Seitz (1911-2008), who later became a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
In the spring of 1935, Bardeen, who was about to graduate, received a three-year grant from the Harvard Graduate School to visit Harvard University. At Harvard, he used the Wigner-Saiz method to calculate the relationship between the cohesive energy and the conductivity of alkali metals and their volumes. His calculations were consistent with those obtained by Percy W. Bridgman (1882-1961), a future Nobel laureate in physics, using experiments at high pressures. At Harvard, Bardeen also collaborated with John C. Slater (1900-1976), a future member of the National Academy of Sciences at MIT, and his solid-state physics research group to begin theoretical and experimental research on materials with superconducting electrical properties.
In 1936, while visiting Harvard, Bardeen received a doctorate in mathematical physics from Princeton University. In his doctoral thesis, he derived the metal electron function function, which is used to calculate the energy required for an electron to overflow from the inside of a crystal to the crystal surface.
In 1938, before leaving Harvard, Bardeen married Jane Maxwell (1907-1997), a biology teacher at a girls' school in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The couple later had two sons and a daughter.
In 1941, World War II broke out. Bardeen went to work at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory until the end of the war in 1945. There, he has participated in hull demagnetization, underwater minesweeper, mine design, torpedo design and other research.
After World War II ended in 1945, Bardeen joined the physics department at Bell Lab. In late 1947, Bardeen collaborated with Walter H. Brattain (1902-1987) to invent the point-contact transistor. On this basis, William Shockley (1910-1989), director of the laboratory Physics Department, invented the closed-circuit transistor in 1951. As is known to all, the appearance of the transistor has greatly changed our world and is regarded as the greatest invention of the 20th century. For this, the three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. Bratton, by the way, was born in Xiamen, China, where his parents worked as foreign teachers at a small academy. When Bratton was a year old, the family returned to the United States.
In 1951, Bardeen became a professor in the physics and electrical engineering departments at the University of Illinois (UIUC), Bratton stayed at Bell LABS but moved to another department, and Shockley later went to Silicon Valley to start a transistor laboratory.
On January 30, 1991, Bardeen died of heart failure in a Boston hospital at the age of 83
...
Only the Nobel Prize in Physics quietly recorded the brilliant life of Bardeen, the father of "silicon-based life"!
No one would have thought that Bardeen, the father of "silicon-based life," would not wait until 75 years later for GPT to suddenly emerge
In November 2022, ChatGPT was born in the United States, and just a few days after its release, the number of global users has exceeded one million, and soon exceeded one billion; Look at the amazing history of human beings, she is the Watt steam engine, Edison electric light, Edwin Druck-Rockefeller oil, Turing computer, the ARPANET in the United States, Jobs smart phones, Mascotthras emigrated to Mars... From the perspective of human physiological instinct structure, ChatGPT created the universal encyclopedic "intelligent outer brain" of human beings and completely subverted the "acquired nature cannot be inherited" of human race. Will detonate the global epoch-making educational revolution and change the world!
Literally: ChatGPT is a natural language processing tool driven by artificial intelligence technology, it can understand the human encyclopedia of historical knowledge, science and technology and learn human language to dialogue, can complete the full range of writing emails, video scripts, copywriting, translation, code, writing papers almost all knowledge theory, copywriting omnipresent work! ...
As an epoch-making giant language model, OpenAI has vast knowledge like the sea and broad-spectrum interaction is gold. It can be described as: OpenAI uses a combination of supervised learning and reinforcement learning to tune ChatGPT, the reinforcement learning component of which makes ChatGPT unique. OpenAI uses a "human feedback reinforcement learning" (RLHF) training method, which uses human feedback in training to minimize unhelpful, distorted, or biased output. Become the first "intelligent outer brain" of mankind! ...
Musk said that "Human beings are just the opening program of silicon life"
The father of "silicon-based life" did not dream: November 2022 to 2023 days are destined to be extraordinary years, Musk suddenly thought, in the face of tGPT this historic breakthrough said:
"There was a time when I suddenly realized that you could look at humans as a biological guide program to some extent. Leading to a species of super-digital intelligence. Human society is a very small piece of code without which a computer cannot be started. Humans were created to power up computers. Silicon-based life does not seem to be able to evolve on its own, it needs a biological precursor to evolve. Man is just the beginning of silicon life..."
Bardeen, the father of silicon-based life, knows something underground. Do you agree? By no means!
Because Bardeen is so knowledgeable, this conjecture about Musk is completely contrary to biological paradox and has no scientific basis!
Bardeen believes that the definition of species in the scientific community in 1982: that a species is a reproductive unit composed of a population and other units are reproductively isolated, occupying a certain ecological niche in nature. In other words, species have three major elements: reproductive unit, reproductive isolation outside the unit, and the existence of ecological niches in nature.
Bardeen inevitably asks: Musk's silicon-based life says: By definition of "species," there are simply no elements that any species must have! In this way, Musk has reduced the dimension of human beings to "human society is a very small code" and "human beings are just the programmer of silicon accumulation of life", and completely reduced the dimension of human beings to the tiny, sad and lowest dimension of life evolution, which is completely a self-abandonment of the brilliance of great human civilization, and even completely erase it! And it is a complete negation of the brilliant irreversible tool attributes of their magical entrepreneurial chip - "silicon-based life"!
Aaargh! ...
Musk is arrogant, horrible and arrogant! ...
5. Where did Musk go wrong?
Musk always uses "first principles" to create world miracles; The process of Musk's "Starlink" using first principles , Tesla, and flying to Mars to create miracles can be summarized in eight words of first principles, namely, "tracing to the source ", "disassembling ", "reconstructing " and "iterating "......
In fact, this is the ancient Greek Aristotle's "creation study" tool of logical philosophy secret book, but learning and application can not be hand-me-down; Applying the "first principles" of Aristotelian physics to the field of biology, the definition of "species" and "silicon-based life" are confused without distinction, and the human (species) is "reformulated " and heterologous "iteration" without "tracing to the source ," crossing the "species" interspecific coitus and making random definitions. "Human society is a very small piece of code without which a computer cannot be started." Humans were created to make computers start." Cross such as the mountains, no reason!
Looking at the future, it will be ruthlessly eliminated by human history...
Chapter 14: The Miraculous rise of human science from myth, theology and pagan rebellion There was a great explosion of scientific knowledge in the prophets of Byzantium
Heaven is all-encompassing, and God is omnipotent
In ancient China, "Heaven and Man and one", "God and one" are the essence of Italian Renaissance art, "humanism and free will" from the Bible; Rumor has it that the Great flood seems to have beenAnd other mathematical works. As a mechanic, he has "on the balance of shapes", "on floating bodies", "on levers", "Principles" and other mechanical works, known in history as "the man who moves the earth (the first scientist)", Archimedes continued Thales all the ancient Greek scientists...
Schrodinger confirms that the Pythagorean school deeply influenced Plato and his Academy, which clearly inherited the southern Italian school's empiricist views.
In fact, from the point of view of the history of thought, we might call this Athenian school a branch of the Pythagorean School. It does not matter that the Platonists did not formally adhere to the "code," much less that they were eager to disguise rather than emphasize their dependence in order to promote their originality. Our information about the Pythagoreans comes chiefly from the faithful and honest accounts of Aristotle. Aristotle, however, largely disagreed with them and accused them of an unfounded, empiricist bias that he himself could easily have held.
We know that the basic doctrine of the Pythagoreans is that "all things are numbers," although some have tried to weaken this epigram by saying that "all things are like numbers," that is, similar to numbers. We do not know the value of the true scientific historical implications of this assertion. This bold generalization of far-reaching significance probably stems from Pythagoras' famous discovery that, if composed in harmony with the intervals produced by the integer part or the rational part of the string 36 lengths (such as 1/2,2/3,3/4), it may move us to tears, as if speaking directly to our souls. (The Pythagoreans have a beautiful metaphor about the relationship between the soul and the body, probably from Philolaus: the soul is called the harmony of the body, and the soul is to the body what a musical instrument is to the sound it produces.) Is "freedom consciousness" prevailing...
3. Schrodinger elaborates:
(According to Aristotle, "things" (i.e., numbers) are, first and foremost, sensible objects. After Empedocles, for example, proposed the four roots, the four roots also "became" numbers; but "things" such as souls, justice, and chance also have their numbers, or are their numbers. The distribution of numbers is related to some simple properties of number theory. For example, the square number (4,9,16,25,...) is related to justice, and in particular, justice is equal to its first number, 4. The idea behind this must be that the number four can be divided into two equal factors (as opposed to "equity", "equitable", etc.), and that points with a number of squares can be arranged in a square, as in Ninepins. The Pythagoreans also spoke of triangular numbers in the same way, such as 3,6,10,...
In view of this, Schrodinger's analysis of the Pythagorean school went all the way to Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy... The origins of natural science in ancient Greece concluded: "In any case, the Pythagoreans, with their preconceptions of prejudice and of beauty and simplicity, made more progress in the important direction of understanding the structure of the universe than did the sober Ionian 'natural philosophers' and their spiritual successors, the atomists, of whom we shall speak in a moment." (Page 39 of this book) - Thus, the interpretation of the early scientific imitation and revision of the ancient Greek scientific civilization new era, the birth of Harvey, Copernicus, Galileo science giant Kaiyuan era!
Harvey revised Galen's theory of Blood blood and completed the first modern scientific work, The Theory of Blood Movement
The Theory of Blood Movement was published by the great English physiologist and embryologist William Harvey in 1628. The publication of this book shocked the medical and physiological communities of the time, and its views fundamentally overturned the classical view of the movement of the heart and blood that had dominated people's minds for thousands of years, proposing that blood is circulating, and the continuous beat of the heart is the power source of blood circulation throughout the body - Harvey proudly said:
"Ah! The sun in my heart "...
The big universe and the small universe are a pair of categories that indicate the relationship between man and the world in the history of Western philosophy. The big universe refers to the whole world, and the small universe refers to people. The idea is thought to have originated with Empedocles' theory of flux, which holds that similar things are perceived by similar things. Plato's theory of recollection, which holds that the knowledge of the whole is intact in the soul, and that it is only through the stimulation of the senses that man recalls what he already knows, that the human soul corresponds to the knowledge of the whole, is also a form of this theory. Aristotle's epistemological view that the soul is somehow everything he knows suggests that he thinks the small universe is the same as the big one. Stoic philosophy, starting from ontology, holds that the relationship of the universal soul to the world is like the relationship of the human soul to the human body, and the universal reason in the human soul is like the universal reason of the world. Erigina's theory of natural differentiation in the Middle Ages has pointed out that human activities are consistent with all other things in the universe, and that man is a small universe in the whole universe.
V. British doctor Harvey came to Padua University to study, in 1628 wrote the epoch-making "Blood Movement"
Harvey put the fire of science from Italy to the British Empire, which gave birth to Newton's classical mechanics, the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, and created Elizabeth's 300 years of "The sun never sets" from science.
The world center of science and technology was transferred from Italy to England, and the University of Cambridge became the pride of Newton and Victorian times!
This is completely 2200 years later, 1609-1619 Kepler's three planetary laws of the universe "everything is number" cosmic harmony has been proved through the ages - history is remembered by Schrodinger's "Nature and Greek science and Humanism", she answered our human "why return to ancient thought", The ancient Greece developed from the Pythagorean School in 600 BC to the "Plato Academy" in 387 BC... It is! Schrodinger and modern western scientists have unanimously confirmed that ancient Greece is the only origin of human natural science, and no other country or region that is not influenced by ancient Greek humanism is enough to give birth to modern science alone!
The historical achievements of Claudius Galenus (129-199)
Galen, also known as "Galen of Pergamum" (Claudius Galenus of Pergamum, located in Turkey), was the most famous and influential medical master of the Ancient Roman period. He was the most famous doctor, animal anatomist and philosopher after Hippocrates in ancient Greece, and was the first anatomist in the world to practice anatomy and study the human body, and creatively proposed the concept of personality types on the basis of Hippocrates' "humoral theory". His works are "Temperament", "Instinct" and "Three Papers on Natural Science" - which has highlighted the budding concept of "small universe system"... Interestingly, Galen returned to Pergamos in 157 AD and spent three or four years as a doctor at a gladiator school there, gaining experience in treating wounds and injuries. In the age when the human body presents dark matter and dark energy - can not see everything in the body, Galen called "wound" is "the window into the body"!
As a court doctor, he began to "enter the window of the body" and performed vivisection on Gibraltar apes to study the role of the kidneys and spine; The dissection of the chest muscles and the diaphragm and the relationship between respiratory movement, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve and vocalization, and experiments with pigs confirmed these findings, and experiments on respiration, vocalization, spinal nerves and urinary functions shocked Europe and had a profound impact on the Italian Renaissance! ... He wrote 131 books, including Galen on Medical Experience, on the Process of Anatomy, and on the Functions of the Organs of the Body.
In addition, Galen became a professor at the University of Padua with the young professor of surgery and anatomy Vesalius (1514-1564), who, with the support of a judge, obtained the bodies of prisoners and pioneered human anatomy. It was found that the relative volume and weight of the brain of higher animals were much larger, thus negating Galen's "Reiki theory" and publishing "on the White Body of the human Brain".
Vesalius was the world's first anatomist
Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica (The Anatomy of the Human Body) is the first definitive work on human anatomy. Is considered to be the founder of modern human anatomy - in 1543, Vesalius with "The structure of the Human Body" epochal historical masterpiece illustrated the harmonious and perfect unity of the human body, and began to reveal the "dark matter dark energy" code inside the human body...
Galen and Vesalius were instrumental in Harvey's 1628 publication of "Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals", which helped Harvey call for the emergence of a "small universe system"!
Historically, the English doctor Harvey came to study at the University of Padua, in Nicola. After Copernicus completed his exploration of the cosmic system of the mysterious celestial bodies, William. Harvey's "blood theory" was once the "Bible" of theology with the help of his predecessor Galen on the mysterious small universe of the human body - Galen believed that the gut was the center of the blood system, and the digested food was converted into blood in the liver, and then disappeared in the whole body, only to do a straight line movement with a starting point and an ending point; He even said that the gut is the center of the blood system, the digested food is converted into blood in the liver, and then disappears in the whole body, only for a straight line movement with a starting point and an ending point; he also proposed that the liver produces "natural reiki", the lung produces "vital Reiki", and the brain produces "animal reiki". Religious theology uses Galen's "Reiki theory" to argue that "one division into three" : Man is divided into monks, nobles and commoners; nature is divided into animals, plants and minerals; animals into fish, beasts and birds; and God is the trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. ...
7. Harvey carried out various aspects of human anatomy to pick up and correct the completion of the "Theory of Blood Movement" and introduced the scientific leading world to the British Empire
Finally, in 1628, he wrote the epoch-making "The Theory of Blood Movement", which sent the fire of science from Italy to the British Empire, thus giving birth to Newton's classical mechanics "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", which created Elizabeth's 300-year "the sun never sets" greatness and brilliance from science...
The world center of science and technology was transferred from Italy to England, and the University of Cambridge became the pride of Newton and Victorian times!
8. Copernicus subverted Ptolemy's "Geocentric theory" of 48 circles and completed "The Theory of Celestial Bodies"
The main contents of Ptolemy's geocentric theory:
(1) The earth is stationary at the center of the universe;
(2) Each planet rotates uniformly in a small circular orbit called the epicycle, and the center of the epicycle rotates uniformly around the Earth in a great circular orbit called the "homocycle", but the earth is not at the center of the homocycle, but at a distance from the center of the circle;
(3) The epicycles of Mercury and Venus are located on the line between the Earth and the sun, and the epicycles of the epicycles rotate once a year, and the lines of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn to the epicycles of their respective epicycles are always parallel to the Earth-sun line, and the three planets rotate once a year around their epicycles;
4) Stars are located in a solid shell called the "stellar sky". In addition to the above motion, the sun, the moon, and the planets, together with the "star day", orbit the Earth once a day, so that various celestial bodies rise and fall once a day.
Pythagoras was the first philosopher to put forward the "heliocentric theory".
The fact that the solid earth is in motion is very difficult to accept in ancient times, ancient people lack sufficient cosmic observation data, and only use the naked eye to observe the Earth is the center of the universe. The geocentric system of Pythagoras up to Ptolemy fits well with the observational data of the time, and there was papal rule. Therefore, geocentrism was widely accepted by the general public and was considered by the Holy See to be a sacred truth. So after the publication of the Celestial Transport, the most famous proponent was Giordano Bruno. Before Copernicus wrote his Treatise on the Operation of the Celestial Bodies, the papal authorities insisted that the sun revolted around the Earth, and Bruno objected to the idea that the Earth revolted around the sun and was burned alive by the Inquisition! ...
The history of science is like this, in the process of breaking through the law of unknown human painful cognition and doubt, shaking and rolling, crossing the Pope's "geocenetic theory", using the cruel and bloody life lessons of Bruno's Square of Flowers, like Harvey, and by Galileo and Copernicus to complete the great breakthrough from ancient Greece to modern science! ...
However, Copernicus, in his Treatise on the Operation of the Heavens, argues that God is everywhere; Since ancient times, all things in the universe have constituted the whole micro-world hidden in all aspects of the macro-world, and existence is the truth!
"The emancipation of natural science from theology began with the publication of Copernicus's monumental work, in which he challenged (though timidly and, so to speak, only at his deathbed) the ecclesiastical authority in natural matters." -- Engels
Natural science came from theology with the philosophical thought of "post-relativity" subverting genes... Just as W. Heisenberg evaluated the difference of understanding between Copernicus and Tolemy in 1927, he applied quantum mechanics to analyze the essence of relativity of "rest". Say: "Today, even in a more extreme form, we may say that the word 'rest' is defined by the statement that the earth is at rest, and that we describe every object that is motionless with respect to the Earth as at rest. If the word 'rest' is understood in this way - and this is the generally accepted sense - then Ptolemy was right and Copernicus was wrong. Only when we contemplate the concepts of "motion" and "rest," and understand motion as at least a statement of the relation of two bodies, can we reverse the relation, make the sun the stationary centre of the planetary system, and obtain a much simpler and more unified view of the planetary system, the power of which was later fully appreciated by Newton. Copernicus therefore adds to direct experience a completely new element, which I call "the simplicity of the laws of nature," which has nothing to do with direct experience. This is the simplest and most simple Copernicus, Newton's early "post-relativity" the most authoritative classical interpretation!
Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems of Ptolemaeus and Copernicus is also a great declaration of the "relative movement" of pagan rebel theology for a century
Why would Bruno and Copernicus, both heretics, be so firmly opposed to the papal doctrine as a vanguard for the study of the scientific foundations of all mankind?! ?
Why?
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564-8 January 1642), 77, born Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei, was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, and founder of modern natural science in Europe. Galileo has been called "the father of observational astronomy", "the father of modern physics", "the father of the scientific method" and "the father of modern science".
Galileo studied speed and acceleration, gravity and free fallIt has been more than 2330 years since Aristotle wrote The Treatise on Instruments (384-322 BC). At that time, Aristotle had already put forward the "first substance" theory. "The first entities are more properly called entities because they are the basis of all things, and all other things are either asserted in them or dependent upon them." And the relation which exists between the first substance and everything else also exists between species and classes."
In other words, the explosion of the basic theory of ancient Greek scientific civilization is based on the property of the material existence of the "first entity", that is, on the basis of the "first entity"; The ever-changing nature of matter and the movement show that human beings have only just begun to understand the most difficult scientific phenomena! Scientific discoveries (numerous laws of mathematical physics to be explored) Scientific history to be built at the base of a vast and boundless scientific pyramid... Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two world systems of Ptolemei and Copernicus" and "Conversation and Mathematical Proof on Two New Sciences" became the metacentrum of the creation of scientific theories of human physics.
From Galileo "All mechanical laws are invariant under Galilean transformations." The theorem gives rise to the "absolutism" of Newtonian classical mechanics - because Newtonian classical mechanics is based on the "Galilean transformation", the kinematic quantities (such as coordinates, velocity) observed in different inertial reference systems of the same object can be related to each other through the Galilean transformation, which is the principle of mechanical relativity. And then with the development of history naturally into the 20th century, from Galileo to Lorenz transformation sublimation to special relativity, is it not the same can be said that the movement of Einstein's relativity equations are absolutely unchanged? ?
In a sense, Einstein eliminated the Newtonian force (f) as soon as he set up his own Einstein frame of reference. According to the absolute space-time view, the measurement of time and space is independent of the motion state of the inertial frame of reference, so where does the acceleration of Einstein's "equivalence principle" come from? How can another "gravitational field strength" cross over "acceleration" to equal "gravitational field strength" out of thin air? It's imagination! Imagine yourself jumping off the earth and not feeling gravity! If you don't feel it, you don't exist! Like Galileo saying to the Pope that the earth is still revolving around the sun, gravity is still around Einstein and everyone.
Eddington famously said, "There is no third person in the world who really understands the theory of relativity.
Eddington is said to have been asked a question:
"Do you think there are more than three people in the world who understand relativity?"
Eddington thought for a moment and replied:
"Actually, I'm trying to figure out who the third person is."
Only Eddington and Einstein really understood relativity!
Was this the "deterministic" providence of Eddington's total solar eclipse experiment? !
Eddington led a team of observers to Principe, West Africa, to observe the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, to photograph the position of the stars near the Sun during the total solar eclipse, according to the theory of general relativity, the sun's gravity will bend the light, and the apparent position of the stars near the sun will change. Eddington's observations confirmed Einstein's theory and immediately caused a sensation around the world... Since then, Einstein's theory of relativity has been established in the history of science unshakable brilliant historical position!
In other words, the theory of relativity is the crystallization of Einstein's life of scientific research, and the theory of relativity has also been proved by many scientific experiments that it is completely irreversible. But there are many doubts!
For example, historians have argued that Eddington's figures were inaccurate at the time, but he falsely declared the theory of relativity correct...
Einstein said, "I believe in the God of Spinoza, who exists and appears in the ordered harmony of things, and not in the God who is involved in the fate and actions of mankind."
Why is it that so many scientists in the world who believe in God alone are able to make great achievements in the natural sciences? ! For example:
The great astronomer Kepler had a solemn definition of astronomy: "To study astronomy is to study the mind of God."
German mathematician Leibniz also said: "Order, uniformity and harmony surprise us... God is pure order. He is the creator of universal harmony."
Eddington said, "Modern physics necessarily leads us to God - not away from him - and no atheist inventor is a natural scientist." All these dumb inventors are mediocre philosophers."
...
All in all, before all mankind enters the new century of dark matter and dark energy, it is time to give the name of Newton's classical mechanics "absolute spacetime"! ...
"Classical mechanics is only applicable to the macro world and not to the micro world, first of all, some theories about speed, according to the theory of classical physics, with the passage of time, the speed of the object is increasing, and eventually the object can obtain any speed... The maximum known speed is the speed of light, but until now it has not been possible to increase the speed of an object to the speed of light, which is not explained by classical physics..."
When all mankind enter the "natural universe system" dark energy properties of dark matter [through computer simulation of the formation of large-scale structure of the universe], the speed of dark matter should be much lower than the speed of light, showing a "cold dark matter" state, thus negating the L postulate.
In the "natural universe" the speed of light is a variable; Only then does the "visible light" wavelength dimension exist! Otherwise, the observed large-scale structures cannot be formed under gravity - in fact, 4-5% of the "visual image subject" enters the blurred world and cannot be seen. 】 Not Newton's classical mechanics, but Einstein's theory of relativity...
October 2022 Physics Award Three scientists experimentally proved that Bell inequality is not true; The conclusion is that Einstein was wrong; After the fifth Solvay Conference in 1927, Bohr led the Copenhagen School and Einstein's great debate for 95 years, the "quantum entanglement" debate finally reached a perfect conclusion! ...
35 years later it was discovered that Mendel, the father of classical genetics, was still a monastic pagan
The introvert thinking of Father Mendel's life became a pagan in the monastery, and ten years later, Mendel's experimental theory was read out on February 8, 1865, and there was no mainstream scientific response in Mendel's lifetime, and the test report was sent to the authoritative professor of botany at the University of Munich, Naeglide, Germany, to be an "empirical formula". Xin deficiency was recorded in the Journal of the Bulon Natural Science Research Society, which was unknown for 35 years; In 1900, three scientists: de Ferris in the Netherlands, Kohlings in Germany, and Chuchmark in Austria discovered almost simultaneously that they found the laws of genetics, and at the same time found a triple uniform version of Mendel's pea experiment 35 years earlier... In this way, the history of science once again pushed the monastic pagans to the commanding heights of the angels of classical genetics, and miraculously completed the great peak recognized by the world as the father of molecular genetics...
Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822-6 January 1884) was an Austrian biologist. Born in the village of Heinzedorf in Silesia (present-day Czech Republic) in the Austrian Empire, he served as a priest in a monastery in Brunn (present-day Brno, Czech Republic) and is considered the founder of genetics and the father of modern genetics. Through the pea experiment, he discovered two of the three basic laws of genetics, namely the law of separation and the law of free combination.
Mendel's concept of scientific discovery was that genetic laws could not be found in the overall form and behavior of organisms. Instead, he could only study the whole organism from individual traits while studying individual traits in an all-round way with statistics, and select self-pollinating plants with stable varieties that were easy to grow. It is easy to separate and count peas one by one, hybridization and artificial pollination for ten years before discovering two laws of genetics - Mendelian separation law and free combination law. As the picture shows:
Mendelian laws of inheritance
A separation law
The false law of separation of genetic factors proposed by Mendel has been fully verified, and has been confirmed by countless experiments of later generations, and is now recognized by the world and is honored as Mendel's separation law. That is, the paired genetic factors that determine a trait in a heterozygote separate from each other and do not interfere with each other in the meiosis process, so that only one of the paired genetic factors in the gamete produces equal numbers of two types of gamete and is independently inherited to the offspring, which is Mendel's separation law.
B free combination law
After Mendel revealed the genetic law of hybridization of a pair of relative traits controlled by a pair of genetic factors (or a pair of alleles) - the law of separation, he found a second important genetic law, that is, the law of free combination, also known as the law of independent distribution:
Law of free combination
That is, the separation and combination of one pair of alleles and another pair of alleles do not interfere with each other, and each is independently assigned to the gamete free combination.
Summary of this chapter in sections 1 to 10
This chapter "(Chapter XVI) The miraculous rise of human science from mythology, theology and pagan rebellion Scientific knowledge Prophet Byzantium had a "free will" explosion "- the most miraculous is that in the same year, in the same world, at the same time, five" God man and one "Pope pagan to the Pope and the Church over the wall detonated the explosion of human science and became the modern history of human science to open a new century of civilization: Harvey's "Blood Movement", Galileo's "Dialogue on the two Systems of Ptolemy Copernicus", Copernicus's "Celestial Transport", Mendel's "Classical Genetics"... There is also a papal Bruno refused to criticize the Copernican "heliocentric theory" was burned by the Pope in the square of flowers cruel death of the pagans: before the execution shout: You see the earth is still revolving around the sun! ...
Is this the power of God?
Is this superhuman strength?
Or the power of "God Man and one"? In any case, after these five pagans, mankind has never produced such a great, unique, irreplaceable giant and scientific Canon... Why is that?
Perhaps they are aliens who came to Earth to replace the Pope and rule mankind, remove the cruel shackles of papal whiplash, and restore the sacred scientific concept of "free will" in ancient Greece. ...
There were the Crusades from 1096 to 1291 (Latin: Cruciata, 1096-1291) was a series of famous religious military operations launched by the Roman Catholic Pope Urban II, lasting nearly 200 years, by feudal lords and knights in Western Europe in the name of recovering the land occupied by Arab, Turkic and other Muslim invasions of the eastern Mediterranean. The papal war to prove it!
Before the breakthrough of quantum mechanics in 1900, human scientists were searching for rules for the harmony of stars in the universe
In 1619, before the completion of Mendel's classical genetic experiments in 1865, the German astronomer Kepler proposed the three laws of planetary motion. The first and second laws, published in 1609, were derived by Kepler from observations of the position of Mars by the astronomer Tycho. The Third law was published in 1619! The scientific revolution, which marked the departure of human scientists from papal pagans, was over; It took some time to resume the saint-like research of Galileo and Newtonian physics before Kepler's three planetary laws were established.
Kepler's Three Laws of the planets are the three laws of planetary motion proposed by German astronomer Kepler, which describe the laws of the movement of planets around the sun.
The first law (the ellipse law ) : all planets orbit the Sun in an ellipse, and the sun is at one of the focal points of the ellipse. 1234
The second law (area law ) : in equal time, the area swept by the line between the planet and the sun (the radius of the vector) is equal, which indicates that the angular momentum of the planet in its orbit around the sun is conserved.
Third law (period law ) : The square of the period of all planets orbiting the Sun is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of their orbits, that is, the square of the period of each planet orbiting the Sun is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of their elliptical orbits.
These laws of Kepler provided an important basis for Newton's law of gravitation, and had an irreplaceable great and profound influence on the development of astronomy and cosmology.
In other words, Kepler's three laws of planets and Newton's law of gravitation complement each other, becoming the principle of harmony and stability of stars in the universe:
In ancient cosmology and physics, "location" meant the place where an object's natural nature required it to realize itself. In Bruno, the "position" of everything itself is completely dissolved, understood as the coordinates of some instantaneous point at which things move in a homogeneous space (the Ptolemaic "point" is the property of the "free will" that runs through the observation and is synchronized with the universe), and no longer has anything to do with the natural nature of things. Therefore, in Bruno's picture of the homogenization of the universe, there arose an inherent requirement consistent with the epistemological turn of the whole modern philosophy.
Since the ancient Greek philosophy (masters), scientists all over the world have fully believed that the establishment of human civilization is always closely related to astronomical observations. The ancient Greek philosophers all believed that the divine sky was not only the source of kingship, but also the divine prototype of the ruling order of the earth, and that the order of the sky had to be represented on the earth. So, first look at the sky, then look for and project a stable and harmonious order on Earth, like Bruno Kepler! So, Bruno and Kepler are gods who set the rules for the universe! ...
So, God gave birth to Newton and mankind had light -- the law of gravity became a shared and ordered universe... So Newton and many scientific masters believed in God all their lives!
19th century Modern astronomy with the French astronomer Le Verrier in the calculation of Uranus irregular movement of the existence of another planet
Le Verrier used precise mathematics to discover Neptune, 1.2 billion miles from the Sun, which represented a harmonious connection between universal connections in the universe. After Kepler's three planetary laws established the harmony of celestial bodies and the great prophecy of gravitation! ...
The law of gravity extends to Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, giving birth to azimuth astronomy. The early period of modern astronomy was marked by the study of the solar system, in which sunspot obsidian played a role in promoting the study of the solar system. Due to the influence of the Second World War, it was rapidly developed after the war. One of the key points is the Fraunhofer line, a black line in Newton's spectrum, which opens the door to the study of the physical composition of celestial bodies. So from the spectroscope to the Kepler effect, astrophysics into the history of modern astronomy, human understanding of the universe, from the development of the solar system to the Milky Way, and extragalactic galaxies, at the same time, to explore the origin of the universe, the origin of stars, planets has become a frontier of astronomical science... Levering and birth of Labras - Kant's Nebular hypothesis - Chinese name: Cond-Laplace Nebular theory; English name: KantLaplacenebulartheory; Definition 1: The hypothesis of the solar system proposed by Kant (Germany) in 1755 and Laplace (France) in 1796.
Xiv. Kant and Laplace's "Nebular Hypothesis"
During the evolution of the universe, it is generally believed that the solar system formed in a cloud of gas near the sun, which is called a nebula. Kant hypothesized that clusters of nebulae gradually disintegrate as they rotate and become squashed by gravity, forming stars and planets. In 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace proposed a similar hypothesis.Kant believes that this primitive nebula is composed of solid particles of varying sizes, "celestial bodies begin to form at the place of the strongest attraction", gravity makes particles close to each other, large particles attract small particles to condense into larger clumps, and the clumps are getting larger and larger, and the central part of the strongest gravity attracts the most matter, forming the sun first. When the outer particles fall towards the central body under the sun's attraction, they collide with other particles and change their direction, becoming a circular motion around the sun. These particles moving around the Sun gradually form several gravitational centers, and these gravitational centers eventually coalesce into planets rotating in the same direction. Moons form in a similar way to planets. Comets form on the periphery of the primordial nebula, where the Sun's gravity is weaker, so comets orbit at a variety of obliquity angles. The rotation of a planet is caused by the impact of particles that fall on the planet. Kant also used the size of the planetary regions to explain the mass distribution of the planets (at that time only six planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, ten moons, and thirty or so comets, were known). Laplace believed that the cloud that formed the solar system was a huge, hot, rotating mass of gas, roughly spherical in shape. As it cools, the nebula gradually shrinks. Because angular momentum is conserved, the contraction speeds up the rotation, and the combination of central gravity and centrifugal force gradually changes the nebula into a flat disk. In the contraction of the nebula, whenever the centrifugal force is equal to the gravitational force, a portion of the material is left behind, evolving into a ring that rotates around the center, and later forming several rings. In this way, the central part of the nebula is condensed into the sun, and the rings are condensed into the planets. Larger planets can also shed rings of gaseous material during agglomeration to form satellite systems.
15. Lemaitre, Hawking - The Singularity Big Bang Theory
Hawking studied black holes, white dwarfs... New research topics are endless... The immensity of the sky dazzled -- but ah! The sky we see is only 3-6% of the universe, and much of it is dark matter...
big bang, the big bang, is the famous physicist Lemaitre in Big Bang, the big Bang, is the famous physicist Lemaitre in 1932 Lemaitre first proposed the modern Big Bang theory of the universe: The entire universe was originally gathered in a "primordial atom" before the Big Bang and the debris spread out in all directions to form our universe. American Russian astrophysicist Gamow was the first to integrate general relativity into the theory of the universe, proposed the hot Big Bang cosmological model: the universe began with a hot, high-density primordial matter, the initial temperature of more than a few billion degrees, as the temperature continued to drop, the universe began to expand.
16. Halley used the law of gravity to predict the periodic return of Halley's comet
The law of gravity was used to turn around the laws of near-Earth visition-even the discovery of the "dark matter" mystery in the 20th century: "In 1922, astronomer Kaptan proposed that the possible existence of invisible matter around stars could be inferred indirectly from the motion of star systems. In 1933, astrophysicist Zwicky used spectral redshift to measure the velocity of the galaxies in the Constellation with respect to the cluster. He found that the velocity dispersion of the galaxies in the cluster is too high to be bound by the gravity generated by the mass of the visible galaxies in the cluster alone, so there should be a lot of dark matter in the cluster, which is at least a hundred times more massive than the visible galaxies. In 1939, astronomer Babcock, by studying the spectra of the Andromeda Nebula, showed that the stars in the outer regions of the galaxy were rotating faster than expected by Kepler's law, corresponding to a large mass to light ratio. This suggests that there may be a lot of dark matter in the galaxy. In 1940, Oort studied the velocities of stars in the outer regions of the galaxy NGC3115, indicating that the total mass to light ratio is about 250. In 1959 Kane and Vauth studied the relative motion of the attracted Andromeda Nebula and the Milky Way by examining the speed at which they approach each other and the distance between them, An important piece of evidence for the existence of dark matter in our own galaxy cluster, which is about ten times more massive than visible matter, came from a 1970 study by Rubin and Ford of the rotation rates of stars in the Andromeda Nebula. Using high-precision spectral measurements, they were able to detect the relationship between the speed and distance of outer stars orbiting galaxies far from the galactic nucleus. According to Newton's law of gravitation, if the mass of a galaxy is concentrated in the visible stars in the galactic core, the velocity of the stars on the outskirts of the galaxy will decrease with distance. But observations show that the velocity of the stars on the outskirts of the galaxy is constant over a considerable area. This means that there may be a lot of invisible matter in the galaxy, not just in the core of the galaxy, but its mass is much greater than the total mass of the luminous stars. In 1973, Roberts and Rhodes (using the 21 cm characteristic spectral line observation technique to detect the velocity distribution of the gas around the Andromeda Nebula) also confirmed this conclusion from another Angle. In the 1980s, a host of new observations supporting the existence of dark matter emerged, including gravitational lensing in background galaxy clusters, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters, and the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory of the existence of dark matter has gradually been widely accepted by the astronomy and cosmology community. According to the comprehensive analysis of the existing observational data, the main component of dark matter should not be any of the microscopic elementary particles known at present. Particle physics today is trying to explore the properties of dark matter particles by various means." -- From Peng Xiaotao, "The Past and Present Life of Dark Matter"
In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic background radiation
Penzias and Wilson proved that the cosmic background radiation is a relic left over from the Big Bang. The wisdom and perseverance of 20th century science are epitomized in Hawking. He gave a clear picture of the evolution of the universe from 10 to 43 seconds after the beginning of the universe.
In 1900, quantum mechanics suddenly exploded
The year 1900 was a time of rare accidental breakthroughs in modern human physics. Before that, the forefront of human scientists focused on the study and application of "blackbody radiation" - things changed on August 14, 2021, when about 6.3 billion tons of rain poured down on a mountain in Greenland, causing 872,000 square kilometers of glacier to melt in a single day. The rainy peak is located at 72.58° N, 38.46° W, at an altitude of 3,216 meters. Local observation records show that it has never rained at this height before. This time, because of the rain of the ages, the huge glacier melted in one day, equivalent to the total amount of melting in a week in the past season - this is not the "dark energy" inside and outside the sphere. ? Convert invisible "dark energy" into visible "rain"...
Scientists find from the changes in the intensity of blackbody radiation under different temperature conditions: below 30K (30K, K is the Kelvin temperature, is the thermodynamic temperature. The relationship between the thermodynamic temperature T and the commonly used Celsius temperature t is: T (K) =273.15+t(° C). The blackbody radiation intensity in the visible light band generated by a temperature change of 30K, which is changed to a degree Celsius change, is almost 0. Therefore, we have every reason to believe that dark matter is likely to be cold normal matter with a temperature below 30K - so the conversion of "dark matter dark energy" takes "low temperature" as the transition point. Meteorologists speculate that the rainfall in Greenland is related to the presence of an anticyclone over Greenland. An anticyclone is a center of high pressure, and the air is sinking, which causes the air to heat up as it sinks. The presence of an anticyclone can cause hot weather to linger in a place for a long time - a vortex of air hundreds or nearly a thousand kilometers in diameter. The center of the vortex is a high pressure area, and the wind blows from the center to the surrounding areas. Rotates clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere; The central pressure of an anticyclone is highest and gradually decreases outward. In the Northern Hemisphere, the air within the anticyclone region flows in a clockwise direction. Its diameter is as small as several hundred kilometers, large as five or six thousand kilometers, such as the winter Mongolian - Siberian high and the summer subtropical high over the Pacific Ocean. As the air in the anticyclone diverges, downdraft is formed. Therefore, the anti-cyclone control area, the weather is generally better. Winter is cold weather, summer is hot and hot weather, spring and autumn more than sunny, autumn crisp weather.
However, once there is a mysterious transformation of "dark energy and dark matter" invisible upper clouds, a huge "anticyclone" suddenly appears, the cold air immediately diverges to the surrounding areas, forming an updraft, siphons a huge amount of water vapor at an altitude of 2000-6000 meters, detonates the appearance of high-altitude clouds ultra-dense river clouds, and the "dark energy" suddenly releases energy to the critical point, and suddenly cools. In the high end of the cloud, the ultra-strong diffusion, compression, formation and transformation into a dense water cloud Tianhe, once the Tianhe river in the drift process overwhelmed, it must be randomly turned into a high-altitude waterfall at 3216 meters, and gradually reduced with the height of the waterfall flow at the transport end, and gradually transformed into a rainstorm, near the low altitude, happened to be in a mountain in Greenland, pouring about 6.3 billion tons of rain. Causing 872,000 square kilometers of glaciers to melt in a single day - this "dark energy conversion law" forms an "extreme weather" rainstorm disaster, which also applies to Germany's once-in-a-thousand year rainstorm flood on July 14, 2021: According to the data of the German meteorological department, the rainstorm center is located near Weiberfeldt in the German mountains, the maximum rainfall in 1 hour is 23.7 mm, the maximum rainfall in 24 hours is 162 mm, and the cumulative rainfall in the process is 182.4 mm. Among the large cities, Bonn-Cologne Station has the highest rainfall, with a maximum daily rainfall of 88.4 mm, and a cumulative rainfall of 98.6 mm over the course of 3 days - because the "dark energy dark matter conversion" is generally equal in the Earth's atmosphere. In the southern hemisphere of Zhengzhou, China, the heavy rain disaster on July 20, also because of the "dark energy conversion phenomenon" in the high-end cloud sky, the high-altitude Tianhe waterfall appeared, and the conversion formed a rainstorm in the Zhengzhou airspace when it reached a low altitude: "The maximum point rainfall of Zhengzhou Xingyang Ring Cuiyu rain station 551mm, Gongyi Lijiafei rain station 493mm, Xia Yu rain station 491mm. According to Zhengzhou meteorological news: from 8:00 to 17:00 on July 20, 2021, there was a heavy rain in Zhengzhou City, and local heavy rain. The maximum precipitation was 438.0mm in the Jiangang reservoir in Erqi District." "What is the concept of 201.9 millimeters of rain in one hour? Maybe it's not intuitive to state the meteorological data alone, but let's put it another way. From 16:00 to 17:00 on July 20, Zhengzhou saw an average of four months of rainfall last year, equivalent to 106 West Lakes. The average annual precipitation in Zhengzhou was only 640.8 mm." "According to the simple conversion of public information, Zhengzhou covers an area of 7446 square kilometers, and 7446X0.2X1000000= 1.49 billion cubic meters of water in Zhengzhou in an hour." The West Lake in Hangzhou has a water storage capacity of nearly 14 million cubic meters, which is equivalent to the water storage capacity of 106 West Lakes in Hangzhou. In other words, in just one hour, more than 100 West Lake water was poured into Zhengzhou. It was only an hour on the 20th..." -- From the Internet.
From a thousand years of torrential rain in Germany to a disaster in Zhengzhou, only 4 or 5 days apart, this catastrophic reincycle phenomenon is too short, simply according to the conventional theory can not explain clearly, only from the "dark matter dark energy" in the upper cloud conversion law - the occurrence of high cloud sky sky river waterfall phenomenon can be explained clearly
It can be seen that "dark matter dark energy" is the endless frontier of the most urgent science of the 21st century! ...
Perhaps, the nature of the extreme weather El Nino phenomenon is the case of energy according to the matter is quietly doing strange! ?
...
Xix. The Solvay Fifth Conference made outstanding achievements in the historical debate of science
In 1927, the Fifth Solvay Conference suddenly broke out the controversy between the Copenhagen School headed by Bohr and Einstein, because Einstein "God does not throw dice".
Einstein had a miraculous burst of original scientific creativity in 1905, publishing six papers in one go:
1. A Tentative View on the Production and Transformation of Light
2. "New Method for Determination of Molecular Size"
3. "The Motion of Suspended Particles in static Liquids as required by the Molecular Motion Theory of Heat"
4. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
Is the inertia of a body related to the energy it contains?
6. "Some Examination of Brownian Movement";
One of them, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," found the theoretical opportunity for special relativity. There is such a paragraph in the thesis proposal:
"Here the observed phenomena relate only to the relative motion of the conductor and the magnet, but whether the one or the other of the two bodies is in motion is, in the usual view, quite different." -- For the first time, the concept of "relative motion" was put forward. It is said that Einstein's paper on the Electrodynamics of moving bodies (" On the Electrodynamics of moving Bodies ") was completed in June 1905 and sent to the German Physical Annales. Einstein said he did it on his own. Because the German Annals of Physics did not yet have a review system (in the early 18th century, there were no such strict intellectual property laws as the modern era, and references to each other were completely free) - this may be the scientific history of Einstein's theory of relativity to create two "gaps"!
2) There is a mistake in Einstein's theory of relativity! This is the conclusion of 28 years of historical controversy between the Copenhagen School headed by Bohr and Einstein at the Solvay Conference in 1927 (although Einstein never admitted his mistakes during his lifetime), the history of science is relentless!
Three) Einstein's theory of relativity exists an everlasting impossibility! This is Einstein's later life lasted 30 years of painstaking research is still not completed "unified theory", also known as "unity", is Einstein with his 30 years of life to tell all mankind "an everlasting impossibility" - Einstein died on April 18, 1955, Why have the authorities not yet released the manuscripts left over from Einstein's 30-year study of the Unified Theory? Although Chinese scientist Yang Zhenning says that research on the Unified Theory is 75% complete... This makes the "grand unification" theory all the more confusing in the world...
The first "gap" in Einstein's theory of relativity...
The "notch" theory comes from the "tempering control variable method" principle of Galileo's "experimental science". Because human "experimental science" has created "artificial natural system", scientific theory often appears some artificial natural ecology. In this artificially prescribed hypothesis, there is a "gap" in the theory of natural science by limiting some scientific ecological phenomena of "natural universe system" and discovering natural science theories according to the natural "law" created by human beings. Take physics: mass, energy, acceleration, velocity, time, etc... Physics names and quantities are created by human scientists! These things do not exist in the "natural universe system", just like benches, tables... Exactly the same is an artificial choice! ...
Einstein would have studied Newton's classical mechanics deeply and believed that Newtonian mechanics had "absolute spacetime"... In view of this, the "Einstein frame of reference" was initially established to replace the "Newtonian frame of reference" - derived from the Galilean frame of reference; So the use of advanced mathematical language, after complex rigorous calculation to derive Einstein's equation: E=mc².
The first "gap" in Einstein's theory of relativity is the L postulate that "the speed of light does not change" in order to complete Einstein's equation.
The speed of light was originally 161) A changing magnetic field produces an electric field, and a changing electric field produces a magnetic field.
2) The non-uniformly changing electrical (magnetic) field will produce a changing magnetic (electrical) field;
3) A periodically changing electrical (magnetic) field will produce a periodically changing magnetic (electrical) field.
Maxwell's equations predict that light is an electromagnetic wave, and calculate that the speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s, which is approximately 300 million m/s.
This is Maxwell's equation:
Where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, μ0 is the vacuum permeability, both constants can be measured experimentally, when Maxwell put the values of ε0 and μ0 into it, found that the fluctuation speed is basically consistent with the speed of light.
Einstein's essay on relativity, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," published in the German Annales de Physics in September 1905, mentioned the problem of the speed of light in four paragraphs:
"Light always travels in empty space at a definite speed, V, independent of the state of motion of the emitter.
"The following considerations are based on the principle of relativity and the principle of constancy of the speed of light, which we define as follows:
(1) The laws by which the states of a physical system change do not depend on which of the two coordinate systems with reference to which these states change are described (for it is impossible to see two or more bodies at the same time). Finch).
2. Any ray of light in a 'rest' coordinate system is moving at a definite speed V, whether it is emitted by a stationary or moving object."
"For velocities greater than the speed of light, there is no doubt in our discussion; As we shall see later in our discussion, the speed of light plays a role in our physical theory of infinite speed."
"Thus,W becomes infinite at υ=V. As we have shown before, faster-than-light speeds are not possible."
The most important point is not these grandiose statements, but that Einstein was to establish the "Einstein frame of reference"! In response, Einstein only said: "Light always travels at a constant speed c in a vacuum, independent of the state of motion of the luminous matter."
Then relativity first proposed the "L postulate"!
Thus the "natural universe" loses its vectorality; The "principle of special relativity" requires not only that the physical equations are covariant under any inertial frame, but also that the physical scenarios must be consistent! In fact, there is no "force" in the nature of time and space that can separate them, so why does Einstein require space to follow the same physical scenario - "the speed of light does not change"? ?
To replace the Newtonian frame with the Einstein frame of reference! Must have left the first gap in Einstein's theory of relativity!
This is most prominent and classic in Einstein's equation E=mc² : because the speed of light does not change, c square also does not change and is a constant; c² has no physical significance and is negligible in the equation! Thus, Einstein's equation E=mc² for E=m - completes Einstein's discussion of mass = energy - mass energy is equivalent! At the same time, the "Einstein Frame of Reference" was completed. But ah! Einstein discovered that special relativity could not explain Newtonian forces, gravitation, gravitation... So it's not accepted by the world.
In fact, Einstein knew very well that he did not recognize Newton's force at all!
Therefore, in Einstein's equation can not see the "force (f)" - but quietly "steal" Newton's equation "bottom" - "ma" (before the "steal" with "Lorenz transformation" after the "steal" Newton's equation "bottom" - "ma")!
From Einstein's equation E=mc², m=E/c²;
In Newton's equation f=ma, ma is Newton's "base"; When the velocity a=c (a reaches the speed of light), ma=mc - you enter the "Newtonian frame of reference," but Einstein couldn't tell the world that!
Next, substituting m=E/c² into the m in Einstein's equation E=mc², we get E=E/c².; If you cut off c², you get E=m!
Experts say such a discussion is too grassroots! No high number charm! Qiang Yanping says this conforms to the "Ptolemaic principle of simplicity" :
Ptolemy said: "In explaining phenomena it is still a good way to seek the simplest hypothesis which can unite the facts."
As a result, Einstein could only use ten years of long in-depth research to have a second "gap" in Einstein's theory of relativity.
The second "gap" in Einstein's theory of relativity is the "equivalence principle". Namely: acceleration = gravitational field strength.
We feel that Einstein, in order to solve the special theory of relativity and explain Newton's gravitation, spent ten years studying the general theory of relativity, and that a wide range of problems in natural philosophy and natural science must be studied extensively.
Einstein said, "I agree with Schopenhauer that one of the strongest motives that draw people to art and science is to escape the repulsive vulgarity and fetters of everyday life." A well-cultivated man always longs to escape his personal life into the world of objective perception and thought; There's an intrinsic connection between the need for solitude in order to do science." Einstein was a scientist who always linked God with science; Likes to say "God doesn't throw dice"!
So, how did Einstein break through "special relativity" into "general relativity" thinking?
Einstein once said, "The happiest thought of my life... Take the following form There is no gravitational field for a man falling free from a roof -- at least not in his immediate surroundings."
That is to say, Einstein imagined and realized that he was jumping off the earth without feeling gravity...
It's all Cartesian philosophy: "I think, therefore I am." Dualism "True feedback!
Acceleration first appeared in Galileo's "inclined plane experiment".
At the age of 70, Galileo left an epoch-making masterpiece in the history of science for mankind, A Dialogue about Two New Sciences. It has been proved by historical experiments that objects of all weights fall with the same constant acceleration. This not only constitutes Newton's first law, but also the idea behind Einstein's general theory of relativity, because a person moving at a constant acceleration does not feel the existence of gravity (gravitation), which is equivalent to "no gravitational field for a person falling freely from a roof." We have to jump to feel -- this is Einstein copying Galileo -- the essence of the equivalence principle is that gravity is the source of inertia, you can't feel it. Right? !
In 1916, when Einstein formulated the equivalence principle in the Basis of General Relativity, he said that there are two different degrees: 1, the weak equivalence principle, and 2, the strong equivalence principle.
Einstein once said: "I was greatly surprised by its existence, and suspected that there must be a key to a deeper understanding of inertia and gravity."
Because the equivalence principle reveals that the appropriate frame of reference can be chosen at any point in space-time - and thus Einstein's dream "Einstein frame of reference" was built on the theory of general relativity in ten years!
In this way, the equations of motion of all matter no longer contain the gravitational term,
That gravity can be partially eliminated. If we think of the reference frame that eliminates gravity as an inertial frame, then the equivalence principle tells us that at any point in spacetime, there must be a local inertial frame - so Einstein could completely discard Newtonian force (f)!
In fact, we ignore, or do not know that Galileo first noticed that different objects glide down inclined planes in the same way. That is, the gravitational acceleration is independent of the composition of the object. Newton's pendulum experiment also confirmed that the ratio of gravitational mass to inertial mass of any body is the same.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the Hungarian physicist Eotvos made a more precise experiment, according to this property, as long as the appropriate frame of reference is chosen, in all mechanical equations, gravity and inertial forces can cancel each other. This property is called the weak equivalence principle. Further generalized, in the reference frame, the gravitational action in the equations of mechanics and all equations of motion is cancelled out, which is the equivalence principle, or the strong equivalence principle.
It can be seen that the equivalence principle is not an exclusive invention of Einstein in 1916, but a long historical accumulation of the reference system theory of great scientists such as Galileo, Newton, and Eotsos. Einstein did not hesitate to let himself jump off the earth without feeling gravity, and took the "equivalence principle" as his own, was not too domineering? ?
The history of science in the world will surely turn the history of science upside down again...
First row: Irving Langmuir, Max Planck, Marie Curie, Hendrik Lorenz, Albert Einstein, Paul Langevin, ChE. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson
Second row: Peter Debye, Martin Knudsen, William Lawrence Bragg, Hendrik Anthony Kramers, Paul Dirac, Arthur Compton, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Niels Bohr
Third row: August Piccard, E. Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Ed. Herzen, Theophile de Donder, Erwin Schrodinger, E. Verschaffelt, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, Leon Brillouin
The Fifth Solvay Conference made outstanding achievements in the historical debate on science
"As early as 334 years ago in 1687, Newton's works in the Laws of Nature, the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, and Optics had already fully discussed, explained and predicted the" deflection of the sun's rays "and the" precession of Mercury's perihelion." In 1801, the German mathematician and cartographer Sonard proposed a formula for calculating the deflection of starlight by the sun using Newton's theory of gravity, which is very similar to the formula of general relativity, and gives only half the deflection value of general relativity. In fact, the deflection of starlight in the sun's gravitational field, calculated from Newton's law of gravitation, is better than the curve of general relativity." Similarly, the equivalence principle was first proposed by Galileo and Newton: [Acceleration first appeared in Galileo's "inclined plane experiment".
At the age of 70, Galileo left for mankind an epoch-making masterpiece in the history of science, "Dialogue on Two New Sciences" (full name "Dialogue on the two world systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus"). It has been proved by historical experiments that objects of all weights fall with the same constant acceleration. This not only constitutes Newton's first law, but also the idea behind Einstein's general theory of relativity, because a person who is moving at a constant acceleration does not feel the existence of gravity, which is equivalent to "nothing for a person falling freely from a roof... Gravitational field." The essence of the equivalence principle is that gravity is the source of inertia! 】
In other words, the genes of Einstein's theory of relativity exist in the ruins of ancient Greek science and mathematics and Byzantium.
"At the end of the period marked by Newton and Linnae, we see that these departments of science have in some measure reached completion. The most important mathematical methods are largely established; It was largely Descartes who established analytic geometry, Napper who established the logarithm, Leibniz and perhaps Newton who established the calculus." -- Engels
"The emancipation of natural science from theology began with the publication of Copernicus's monumental work, in which he challenged (though timidly and, so to speak, only at his deathbed) the ecclesiastical authority in natural matters." -- Engels
Natural science emerged from theology with the philosophical thought of relativistic gene, and W. Heisenberg stated the nature of "static" relativity, saying: "Today, even in a more extreme form, we may say that the word 'rest' is defined by the statement that the earth is at rest, and that we describe every object that is motionless with respect to the Earth as at rest. If the word 'rest' is understood in this way - and this is the generally accepted sense - then Ptolemy was right and Copernicus was wrong. Only when we contemplate the concepts of "motion" and "rest," and understand motion as at least a statement of the relation of two bodies, can we reverse the relation, make the sun the stationary centre of the planetary system, and obtain a much simpler and more unified view of the planetary system, the power of which was later fully appreciated by Newton. Copernicus therefore adds to direct experience a completely new element, which I call "the simplicity of the laws of nature," which has nothing to do with direct experience. This is the simplest and most simple Copernicus, Newton's early most authoritative interpretation of relativity! At which point in Hawking's Big Bang universe... Until the birth of the earth, the glory of ancient Greek science and Byzantine civilization; Hawking and Hertog developed a variation of this concept to reveal the time dimension of eternal expansion. This allowed them to describe the eternal expansion of the universe without having to rely on general relativity, thus reducing the expansion of the universe to the eternal state defined on the surface of space at the beginning of time. In this respect, the new theory represents a change from Hawking's previous work on "no boundary theory." But ah! Four dimensional space is just three dimensional space +t (time) was invented by Minkowski, Einstein's teacher; In fact, three-dimensional space, as early as the ancient Greek "time" is "Sunday rotation", in the "Astrological theory" Copernicus made it clear: the Earth's 24-hour rotation produces "time", in the Earth's rotation process time bending!
"The reason which Aristotle used to prove that there are only three dimensions of space and no more seems to me complete; I am sure that if there were any stronger evidence, he would not leave it alone." - Simplechiu, Dialogue between the Two World Systems, p. 5.
This image shows the evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang on the left to the modern day on the right. Photo: NASA
The "Hartle" and "Hawking" theories, which treat the universe as a quantum particle, give it a wave function that describes all possible universes. The theory also predicts that if you go back to the beginning of the universe, it will contract and close like a sphere. Finally, it predicts that the universe will eventually stop expanding and collapse on its own. As Hertog explains, this new theory runs counter to previous work; Here Einstein's familiar concepts of time and time bending no longer make any sense! ...
Hawking said: "We are not a single, unique universe, but our discovery means that the multiverse of the universe will be significantly reduced, and the universe may be smaller." In theory, a finite and smooth universe is something we can observe (at least partially) and would be governed by the laws of physics with which we are already familiar. It really simplifies mathematics compared to the infinite number of universes governed by different physical laws!"
It is Newton's "The First Principles of natural Philosophy" across natural philosophy using the principles of mathematics and physics to create the incomparable brilliance of the classical mechanics of natural science in the 17th century, and deposited the "deflection of the sun's rays" and "the precession of Mercury perihelion" and the equivalence principle... Einstein's theory of relativity - in fact, gravity and electricity, magnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force are two world systems, the macro universe and the micro universe are completely not on the same cosmic system platform, since the big Bang, the grand unification of Pangu open heaven and earth to the 21st century and never can beTo say that "all mechanical laws are invariant under Galilean transformations." The "absolutism" of Newton's classical mechanics - because Newtonian classical mechanics is based on the "Galilean transformation", the kinematic quantities (such as coordinates, velocity) observed in different inertial reference systems of the same object can be related to each other through the Galilean transformation, which is the principle of mechanical relativity. From the Galileo transformation to the Lorenz transformation to the special relativity, is it not the same to say that the movement of Einstein's relativity equations is absolutely constant? ?
In fact, Einstein eliminated Newton's force (f) as soon as he established his own Einstein frame of reference. According to the absolute space-time view, the measurement of time and space is independent of the motion state of the inertial frame of reference, so where does the acceleration of Einstein's "equivalence principle" come from? How can another "gravitational field strength" cross over "acceleration" to equal "gravitational field strength" out of thin air? ! - Because Einstein imagined himself jumping off the Earth and not feeling gravity? If you don't feel it, you don't exist! Like Galileo saying to the Pope that the earth is still revolving around the sun, gravity is still around Einstein and everyone.
Eddington famously said, "There is no third person in the world who really understands the theory of relativity.
Eddington is said to have been asked a question:
"Do you think there are more than three people in the world who understand relativity?"
Eddington thought for a moment and replied:
"Actually, I'm trying to figure out who the third person is."
Only Eddington and Einstein really understood relativity!
Was this the "deterministic" providence of Eddington's total solar eclipse experiment? !
Eddington led a team of observers to Principe, West Africa, to observe the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, to photograph the position of the stars near the Sun during the total solar eclipse, according to the theory of general relativity, the sun's gravity will bend the light, and the apparent position of the stars near the sun will change. Eddington's observations confirmed Einstein's theory and immediately caused a sensation around the world... Since then, Einstein's theory of relativity has been established in the history of science unshakable brilliant historical position!
In other words, the theory of relativity is the crystallization of Einstein's life of scientific research, and the theory of relativity has also been proved by many scientific experiments that it is completely irreversible. But there are many doubts!
For example, historians have argued that Eddington's figures were inaccurate at the time, but he falsely declared the theory of relativity correct...
Einstein said, "I believe in the God of Spinoza, who exists and appears in the ordered harmony of things, and not in the God who is involved in the fate and actions of mankind."
Why is it that so many scientists in the world who believe in God alone are able to make great achievements in the natural sciences? ! For example:
The great astronomer Kepler had a solemn definition of astronomy: "To study astronomy is to study the mind of God."
German mathematician Leibniz also said: "Order, uniformity and harmony surprise us... God is pure order. He is the creator of universal harmony."
Eddington said, "Modern physics necessarily leads us to God - not away from him - and no atheist inventor is a natural scientist." All these dumb inventors are mediocre philosophers."
...
All in all, before all mankind enters the new century of dark matter and dark energy, it is time to give the name of Newton's classical mechanics "absolute spacetime"! ...
Let "classical mechanics only applies to the macro world and not to the micro world, first is some theories about speed, according to the theory of classical physics, with the passage of time, the speed of the object is increasing, and eventually the object can obtain any speed." The fastest known speed is the speed of light, but until now it has not been possible to increase the speed of an object to the speed of light, which is not explained by classical physics..." To hell with the rhetoric!
The Fifth Solvay Conference made outstanding achievements in the historical debate on science
The first big debate was the Fifth Solvay Conference in Brussels, Belgium, in 1927, which was a successful conference for scholars who supported quantum mechanics. At the meeting, the Copenhagen School led by Einstein and Bohr launched the "uncertain" quantum mechanics debate; In the discussion before the closing ceremony of the conference, the quantum mechanics camp won a landslide victory, and Einstein sat on the sidelines without speaking. At the closing ceremony, after Bohr had finished his talk on the Principle of complementarity, Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, suddenly said, "I am sorry that I have not studied quantum mechanics in depth, but I would like to make some general comments." It seems that Einstein was forced to declare war!
Both Einstein and Bohr were great physicists who made outstanding contributions to the development of quantum theory, winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 and 1922 respectively for solving the photoelectric effect problem and quantizing the atom model.
Einstein believed that the Heisenberg principle in quantum theory violated certainty. According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, a pair of conjugate variables (such as momentum and position, energy and time) cannot be accurately measured at the same time: when a particle's velocity is accurately measured at the moment, its position cannot be measured at the moment; If you want to measure position accurately, it is impossible to measure velocity accurately.
Einstein said, "God doesn't play dice!"
In the course of the great debate, although Einstein used the exquisitely designed "Einstein light box" to fight, still could not win! Scientists such as Bohr and Heisenberg used quantum mechanics to oppose Einstein's theory of relativity to demonstrate that the laws of physics are laws of existence (causality and determinism); Nature does have a "wave-particle duality" rather than a unique possibility! Bohr used the "uncertainty principle" and "complementarity principle" to press step by step, constituting the focus of the debate and the core of the main battlefield theory, the sword straight "Einstein light box"...
So, the heated debate took place at the sixth Solvay Conference, Einstein proposed the "Einstein light box" problem, and sought to refute the uncertainty principle...
Faced with the sudden appearance of the light box, Bohr was caught off guard and was speechless for a moment.
Einstein takes the lead and breaks up; Bohr can not give in to defeat, meditate overnight suddenly enlightened; On the second day, a clever rejoinder to the main point forced Einstein to admit that the uncertainty principle was self-consistent! ...
From the sixth Solvay Conference Einstein and Bohr's uncertainty principle debate has lasted for 20 years, and the well-known "Einstein light box" has been handed down from history
"Einstein proposed an ideal experiment to attack the uncertainty relationship, a sealed box contains a radiation source, the clock inside controls the opening of the box shutter, while using a spring scale to measure the weight of the box, the experiment, first measure the mass of the box, when the clock controls the opening of the shutter for a short time T, there is a photon spilt, Its reduced mass is E/c^2, then the shutter is closed, and the mass is measured again, so that the measurement of mass (energy) and the measurement time are independent, non-interference, and can be accurately measured, so ΔE*ΔT "h, is not valid, quantum mechanics is not self-consistent.
After a night of contemplation, Bohr drew a picture on the blackboard the next day, using Einstein's theory of relativity and the gravitational redshift formula to prove that ΔE*ΔT>=h was true:
When a photon is emitted in time T, the box gains momentum in the vertical direction
P>=TgE/C^2
Then ΔP>=ΔETg/c^2
And the distance ΔX moved by the pointer is related to ΔP when the gravity is measured twice by the pointer position
ΔP*ΔX>=h, ΔP>=h/ΔX
Then the uncertainty of time dilation caused by changes in the gravitational redshift formula on Earth, ΔX, is
Δ T/T = Δ Xg/c ^ 2
Plug in the above formula to get
Δ E * Δ T > = h
1) Uncertainty relation is the core of quantum mechanics, and the incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics is one of the most vexing problems in the theoretical world today, therefore, uncertainty relation cannot be derived from general relativity, otherwise, quantum mechanics would not become an inference of general relativity? What about the incompatibility of the two?
2) Einstein proposed his photon box experiment in the following way: dpdx≥h and dEdt≥h are both core formulas of uncertainty relation. No ideal experiment can be found to refute dpdx≥h for the time being, but photon box experiment can be used to refute dEdt≥h, because dE is determined by the accuracy of the spring scale, dt is determined by the accuracy of the clock, and there is no relationship between the two measuring instruments and they are independent of each other. And there is no theoretical limit to the accuracy of these two instruments, so dEdt≥h is wrong.
3) Bohr's counter-argument goes like this: the measurements of the two instruments are not independent of each other - the photon box emits the photon, and the spring scale counts the change in the mass of the box as E/cc, with the corresponding error as dE/cc; At the same time, if the box is lighter, the elasticity of the spring will no longer be equal to the gravity of the box, and the combined force of the two forces will give the box a momentum p, which corresponds to the error dp with dE; According to dpdx≥h, dp is correlated with dx. According to general relativity, dx is related to dt. So ultimately dE is related to dt...
Quantum mechanics, marked by the birth of Heisenberg's quantum mechanics, completely and completely abandoned the classical causal relationship, claiming that human beings can not obtain a definite result of the real world, claiming that they can only infer the distribution probability of various results of the next measurement from this measurement, and refusing to give a specific description of the behavior of things between two measurements. This quantum mechanical statement is supported by Planck's formula of 1900.
Many "great debates" at the Solvay Conference since 1927 have exposed Einstein's theory of relativity that "God doesn't throw dice" is wrong! ?
Einstein died without admitting his mistake!
The Solvay Conference was held in the early 20th century by the Belgian industrialist Nestor. It was founded by Solvay, an industrialist who made his fortune by inventing a way to make alkali. A meeting for scientists to discuss the frontiers of physics and chemistry. Since 1911, the first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels, and since then it has been held every three years, and the world's leading scientists have flocked to the conference.
In 1927, the Solvay Summit was crowned as the "most famous", thus establishing quantum mechanics as an irrefutable priority in the history of science. Although there are no detailed minutes of the meeting, some memoirs provide a rough account.
Participating scientists can really be described as a group of competitors, each with unique skills: Bohr discovered the "hydrogen atom model", Born had the "probability" theory, de Broglie's "wave" function, Compton with the "effect" symbol, Dirac's "operator" magic weapon, Bragg's "crystal structure" model, Ehrenfest's "immersion principle", Heisenberg's and Pauli's "uncertainty principle" and "exclusion principle", Einstein's relativity theory, Schrodinger's "equation" also have a "cat" that is not dead or alive!
There are also Lorentz, the "Lorentz transformation", Planck's "constant", Langevin, who discovered the "atomism", Wilson, the first "cloud chamber", Madame Curie, the mother of radium... Nobel Prize-winning giants of science!
The conference highlighted the Copenhagen interpretation as an interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to the Copenhagen interpretation, in quantum mechanics, the quantum state of a quantum system can be described in terms of a wave function, which is a key feature of quantum mechanics. The wave function is a mathematical function designed to calculate the probability of a particle being in a certain position or in a certain state of motion, and the measured action causes the wave function to collapse. The original quantum state probabilistically collapses into a quantum state that the measurement allows.
The great debate of the sixth Solvay Conference established the unique possibility that nature does exist a "wave-particle duality" rather than Einstein's "God does not throw dice"! Bohr and Heisenberg's "uncertainty principle" and "complementarity principle" laid the unshakable position of quantum mechanics in the history of modern science in the 20th century, and Heisenberg, Born and Jordan (P. Jordan) completed the "giant matrix mechanics" in 1925. Subsequent development gave birth to Schrodinger's "wave mechanics", and with "What is Life" to sound the aggregation signal of physics to life science, hatched Watson and Crick's "double helix model", so that DNA life science has been miraculously cross-century development, for the 21st century scientists adhering to the mysterious quantum mechanics into the "quantum technology" core dirty, lay a solid foundation for rapid progress!
Einstein believed that the "uncertainty principle" could not be one of the fundamental laws of cosmic physics, and proposed the famous EPR paradox with two other scientists, arguing that according to the "uncertainty principle", the measurement of two distant particle systems would lead to faster-than-expected phenomena - obviously, Einstein was strongly defending the hypothesis of the "L principle"!
...
Today, we can conclude the historical controversy of the Copenhagen School: once upon a time, Bohr faced the sudden "Einstein light box" and was temporarily blinded. A sleepless night, but suddenly enlightened... The next day, Bohr pointed out:
"One photon gets away and the box is Δm lighter
Use spring scale, set zero, set displacement Δq
According to the redshift effect of general relativity, the box moves Δq in the gravitational field, and Δt changes ΔT accordingly
It can be calculated: ΔT>h/Δmc^2
Substituting E=mc^2 yields ΔEΔT > h/2π
Δ q..."
This time Einstein completely lost!
Einstein's general theory of relativity overthrew him.
The Copenhagen School won big.
...
The third debate between Bohr and Einstein was supposed to have taken place at the Seventh Solvay Conference in 1933. However, Einstein was unable to attend the meeting, and he was driven out of Europe by the Nazis.
When Einstein arrived in the United States, he found two collaborators who formed what physicists call an inappropriate combination. Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen were Einstein's assistants at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. In March 1935, their EPR paper, co-signed by Einstein, was published in Physics Review. The article described a paradox that was later named the "EPR Paradox" after the first letters of the three physicists who signed it. The mathematical statement of the paper is very complicated. Later, Bohm described it in terms of electron spin, which was much simpler and easier to understand.
The EPR paper deals with the concept of "quantum entangled states". The term had not yet been adopted by Einstein and three other authors. The name "entanglement" was given by Schrodinger after the EPR paper
The sudden birth of Schrodinger's "cat" gets the state of "quantum entanglement", Schrodinger is a companion of Einstein's great debate, Einstein also does not recognize "Schrodinger's cat"! The reason is that microscopic particles can be in a state called superposition, which is indeterminate.
Schrodinger also believes that if the concept of superposition is applied to a system of more than two particles, it will produce some strange and strange phenomena, and the patent for those strange behaviors should be attributed to the "quantum entangled state" which is both superposition and entanglement.
In this case of "quantum entanglement," the superposition of two particles is "entangled" with each other, so that the measurements affect each other, even when the two particles are separated by great distances, this "entanglement" can seem to affect each other instantaneously.
This is Einstein's theory of relativity can not explain ah!
Researchers Stephanie Wehner and Est., of the Scientific Research Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of SingaporeThe frontier heat of science evolved from the perfect disclosure of electromagnetic unity by Maxwell's equations. Dayitong, also referred to as GUT, with the noble title of "the principle of all things", has attracted many scientists around the world to study; Einstein was the first; Mainstream science believes that there are four kinds of interaction between microscopic particles: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force, and weak force. All phenomena in the universe can theoretically be explained by these four forces. By further studying the connection and unity between the four forces, the search for a theory or model that can explain the four interaction forces is called the grand unified theory.
In quantum mechanics, although the effect appears in the form of quantum electrodynamics (QED), it has the weirdness of "Schrodinger's cat", especially the ghosts of "quantum entanglement" and "uncertainty principle" that linger between Einstein's theory of relativity... Einstein never conceded the great debate.
Hawking flatly told Einstein that "a grand unified theory may be found." But this grand unified theory is not the Grand unified theory that Einstein had in mind, because it is impossible to describe and predict everything in the universe through a simple and beautiful formula, after all, the universe is one of certainty and uncertainty."
For example, there is a particle, when you know its position, then you do not know the direction and speed of the particle, no matter how hard you try, the result is always so, it is this problem, which led to Einstein simply can not continue to go deeper.
Impossibility and certainty were Einstein's fatal wounds. Einstein firmly believed that the universe is a fixed pattern of operation, every time all the positions of objects are fixed, as long as you know the heat (energy) and the mass of the object and the direction of motion, then it is easy to know what the universe will be like in the next second... This is entirely the language of Einstein's equations.
Two impossible, Einstein wanted to be able to prove the position and speed of particles, as long as the two can be proved at the same time, then it is tantamount to making the macro universe and the micro universe have a framework, so that we can achieve the formation of a grand unified theory. Einstein thought that if L postulates the special theory of relativity and the equivalence principle and gravity is integrated into the general theory of relativity, we will be able to find a simple and wonderful formula and method to unify the macro and micro universe! After 30 years of hard work, there is no way to arrive at a perfect formula for a fixed universe and die in peace! Through Einstein's own 30 years of long practice proved that "grand unification" is completely "an everlasting impossibility"!
Einstein did not recognize the "duality uncertainty of particles in quantum mechanics." Therefore, when a particle knows its position, then it will not know the direction and speed of the particle, no matter how hard it is "uncertain"; How could Einstein "describe and predict everything in the universe, which is, after all, a unity of certainty and uncertainty" - this is completely "an eternity impossible"!
Four impossible, Einstein did not recognize Newtonian force (f), gravitation, gravitation... Einstein's equation E=mc² is the best proof. How to calculate gravity with an equation without a gravitational term is as impossible as lifting yourself up by your hair!
Einstein thought in his bones: "This is all arranged." Although Einstein knew that there was a concrete connection between the quantum world and the macro universe, could this connection be "unified" by a simple, perfect formula (like Maxwell's equations) - there was a conceptual error: electromagnetic unity is the unity of particle forces in the micro universe; To move the Newtonian force (f) gravity, which Einstein himself did not recognize, from the macro universe to the micro universe there is simply no way to carry out a specific "unity" study, and it is "an everlasting impossibility" until today, so that forever.
History of Science October 2022 Three Nobel Prize scientists in physics experimentally proved that Bell's inequality is not true
Conclusion: Confirm Einstein was wrong! ? ...
The day before Einstein left us, he personally destroyed the draft paper
Einstein had written to President Roosevelt, suggesting the development of nuclear technology to create the "Manhattan Project" when the atomic bombs were really dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, Einstein felt very regretful, he felt that the sacrifice of innocent people's lives, against his original wish for world peace. Einstein wrote to Roosevelt several times, asking for an end to nuclear weapons testing.
However, it turns out that Einstein was reluctant to lead an experiment in 1943; A total of two times:
For the first time. It was done on July 22. At first the experiment was a success, with the destroyer nearly invisible under a green mist; However, after the experiment, the crew felt severe nausea. For this situation, I Einstein also felt nausea, headache, unknown death...
The second experiment was on October 28 of the same year, this time the whole ship suddenly disappeared under a strong blue light, very mysterious, at the same time, according to the Norfolk base in Virginia, 600km away, the destroyer appeared on the nearby sea for several minutes, and then mysteriously disappeared...
According to the crew of the experiment on board, something strange happened; After the experiment, in addition to the first and the same kind of nausea, some crew members disappeared without a trace of terror for no reason! .
Or someone fused with the ship's steel plate and disappeared... After a period of time, the crew of the destroyer suffered severe physical and mental trauma, and almost all the officers and men became seriously ill, some died, and some suffered from mental illness. Although Navy officials have tried to deny the rumors, many researchers believe that the Navy's denial of such experiments was intended to cover up the truth. Because some documents have been found that prove that Einstein did indeed serve in the United States Department of the Navy in 1943 and 1944. Even Maurice Giesthorpe, the astronomer who broke the story, was there. The astronomer mysteriously died in his car a short time later, and police ruled the death a suicide! It has been suggested that some of the notes Einstein destroyed were related to the experimental project. It's probably about detailed processes and data. Because the experiment had terrible, brutal consequences that were terrifying...
The Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton is said to have accepted the project, and it is said that the experimental process has been able to use power plants to make small objects disappear in an instant, because it was World War II, and the government wanted to use this "invisibility" on the battlefield to confuse the enemy.
But ah! At the time, both Tesla and Einstein believed that if the technology could benefit mankind, they should support the cause. The theory of this experiment assumes that magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves and gravity are related. According to the theory, light can be bent with special instruments and enough energy to make actual matter invisible. In essence, it is the magnetic experiment of Einstein's "time bending" theory, and the essence of the experiment is not to travel through, but to warp space-time, resulting in invisibility of matter. In 1943, the year Tesla died, the project was led and implemented by Albert Einstein. The U.S. Navy agreed that the application would be valuable in combat. The United States has to consider the secret nature of the experiment. The Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, which was very close to the project, accepted the project, and it was said that they had been able to use power plants to make small objects disappear in an instant, because it was World War II, and the government wanted to make it useful on the battlefield. At the time, both Tesla and Einstein believed that if the technology could benefit mankind, they should support the cause. The theory of this experiment assumes that magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves and gravity are related. According to the theory, light can be bent by means of special instruments and enough energy. Which makes the actual matter invisible. In fact, the essence of the experiment is not the destroyer crossing, but the distortion of space-time, resulting in invisibility of matter.
Oddly enough, 1943 was the year Tesla died, and the project was led and implemented by Albert Einstein. The U.S. Navy considered the application valuable in combat, and agreed that the experiment's top-secret nature had to be considered. The Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, which is very close to the plan, accepted the project, and it is said that they have been able to use power plants to make small objects disappear in an instant, because at that time, Tesla and Einstein both believed that it was feasible, that this technology could benefit mankind, and must support this cause. The theory of the experiment assumes that magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves and gravity are related to each other, and that light can be bent with special instruments and enough energy. Which makes the actual matter invisible. In fact, the essence of an experiment is not to travel through time, but to warp it... Perhaps this is the precursor to the modern stealth accelerator experiment! ?
The program was presided over and implemented by Einstein, which became a lifelong scar and regret in the heart of scientists! ...
This is the reason why Einstein destroyed the scratch paper at the end of his life. ?
Einstein died of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Doctors had discovered Einstein's disease years earlier, at a time when surgery could technically delay life. At that time, Frank Glenn, a doctor at the New York Hospital, had suggested immediate surgery, but Einstein firmly refused, and justly said: "When I want to leave, please let me go, it is meaningless to prolong life blindly, I have done what I should do, now is the time to leave, I want to leave gracefully."
But no one would have thought that in the night before Einstein left, the assistant was suddenly awakened by a voice, he immediately ran to the master room to see, the light was on, Einstein is personally destroying his own draft paper - it is the master's second half of life "great unity" effort ah! The assistant hurriedly tried to stop it, and saw the master staring at himself with piercing eyes. It was terrible! The assistant could not help turning his head, facing the pieces of paper scattered by the Heavenly woman, secretly swallowing one tear after another...
24. Oster accidentally discovered the "electromagnetic induction" of Faraday Maxwell's exquisite equations
"Gap" theory is a kind of original creativity fulcrum methodology, is the breakthrough point for scientists to repeat experiments, often produce unexpected new breakthroughs...
Let us use the short half-century brilliance of the breakthrough of communication theory in the 19th century to prove that the application of "gap" continues to create miracles - one day in April 1820, Danish scientist Oster in class, the heating wire in the opening of the current, inadvertently let the energized wire close to the compass, suddenly "move", and found a strange phenomenon. This phenomenon did not attract the attention of students, but Oster was very excited, repeated experiments after class, three months in succession to grasp this phenomenon in-depth study of dozens of experiments, discovered the "electromagnetic induction" theory, until July, did not carry out in-depth experimental research and published a paper.
Electromagnetic induction immediately became the leading edge of world science in Europe...
As David's student and assistant, Faraday went to Europe for scientific investigation, and David was invited to give a speech.
After coming back, Faraday repeated Oster's experiment, after repeated experiments, on October 17, 1831, Faraday again and again found the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, and miraculously found the mysterious connection between electric and magnetic fields; In the course of further experimental research, the hypothesis of magnetic field line is proposed. And breakthrough published "Experimental Research in electricity" - this is Faraday subconsciously using "notch" to repeat Oster's experiment to create the miracle of the "magnetic field line" hypothesis...
Maxwell entered the University of Edinburgh in 1847 to study mathematics and physics, in 1850 transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge to study mathematics, in 1854 with the second place in the Smith Scholarship, graduated to stay for two years. Maxwell had only been out of school a few weeks when, by chance, he came across Faraday's Experimental Investigations in Electricity. I was hooked on "electromagnetic induction"... At that time, most scientists in Europe did not recognize the "Faraday line", only Boltzmann and Helmhoe scientific masters recognized, Maxwell also agreed, but felt the lack of mathematical theory support, and began to use mathematics to conduct in-depth exploration, calculation and repetition of Faraday's experiment - and benefited from the French scientist Ampere summed up the discovery of Oster with mathematical methods. Maxwell worked on ampere-electrodynamics in the hope of reconciling the action of electromagnetism with existing ideas about instantaneous action at a distance, and of making the "Faraday line" acceptable to scientists.
Because Maxwell firmly believes that there is an unknown truth in Faraday's new theory, after carefully studying Faraday's works, he deeply feels the valuable value of the line of force thought, and at the same time sees Faraday's weakness in qualitative expression! So, I decided to use mathematics to make up for it.
In 1855, Maxwell published his first paper on electromagnetism, "On Faraday's Lines of Force," and calculated the most perfect Maxwell equations - ending the debate among scientists about "Faraday lines."
25. The marvelous Maxwell Equations
In 1854, the "Faraday line" cut into Maxwell's "field"... It was also an accident: when Maxwell graduated from Cambridge, he happened to read Faraday's Experimental Investigations in Electricity and was immediately fascinated by its novel experiments and insights; Faraday felt that Faraday did not theoretically explain "electromagnetic induction" in 1855, he completed and published the first paper on electromagnetism "on Faraday's Line of force" and obtained the most perfect Maxwell equations - ending the debate of scientists on "Faraday lines", and deduced from the "Maxwell equations" that electromagnetic waves propagate at the speed of light in vacuum. The relationship between electric and magnetic fields and charge density, current density and the great conjecture of light electromagnetic wave are described. In 1888, Heinlich Hertz incubated the "annular micro-slit" experiment, which was the first to confirm the existence of electromagnetic waves. In fact, the "annular micro-slit" is a kind of "over-the-distance force" electromagnetic induction "wave" propagation;
In fact, the propagation of this "force at a distance" electromagnetic induction "wave" was confirmed by Faraday!
Another mystery of Maxwell's equations is that Abe's law is proved and expressed in the equations: Gauss's theorem on how electric charges produce electric fields, Gauss's magnetic law on the non-existence of magnetic monopoles, Maxwell-Ampere's law on how electric currents and changing electric fields produce magnetic fields, and Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction on how changing magnetic fields produce electric fields.
26. Appreciate the perfect and exquisite infinite power of Maxwell's equationsThe three basic laws of electromagnetism "Coulomb's law is the law of the interaction of static point charges; The ampere rule is a rule that expresses the relationship between the current and the direction of the magnetic inductance line of the current-excited magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction refers to the phenomenon of induced electromotive force due to the change of magnetic flux. The establishment of these three laws marks a new stage of human understanding of electromagnetic phenomena. The three basic laws of electromagnetism are Coulomb's law, Ampere's law and Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The establishment of these three laws marks the development of human understanding of electromagnetic phenomena to a new stage. Coulomb's law is the law of static point charge interaction; The ampere rule is a rule that expresses the relationship between the current and the direction of the magnetic inductance line of the current-excited magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction now... The most thorough explanation in history: Maxwell's equations
2021-11-25 23:57
Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations developed by British physicist James Maxwell in the 19th century that describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields and the density of charge and current.
Maxwell's equations contain four equations: Gauss's theorem, which explains how electric charges produce electric fields; Gauss's magnetic law, which states that magnetic monopoles do not exist; Maxwell-Ampere's law, which explains how electric currents and changing electric fields produce magnetic fields; and Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction, which explains how changing magnetic fields produce electric fields.
Since its birth, Maxwell's equations have been regarded as "the most beautiful physical formula in the world".
If someone asks me to "explain Maxwell's equations without talking about calculus," I find it almost impossible. Don't you know that every equation in Maxwell's equations is an integral or a differential? In this case, I can only evade any specific derivation and mathematical relations, and purely talk about the concepts and ideas in electromagnetism.
Force, energy, field, potential
An important object of classical physics research is the force, for example, the core of Newtonian mechanics is the formula F=ma, and the rest of the flat throw circular harmonic motion can be derived from this plus calculus. However, the force is a bad thing, it is a vector (both magnitude and direction), so even a simple force analysis, want to solve the equation of motion is very difficult to die. In many cases, from the perspective of energy, the problem will become much easier.
energy energy is ultimately the integration of force in space (energy = work = force × distance), so it is closely related to force, and energy is a scalar, and it is very convenient to add, subtract, multiply and divide. Lagrange mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics in analytical mechanics bypass force, and it is much simpler to calculate the equations of motion from energy than Newtonian mechanics.
In electromagnetism, we define the concept of a field by force. We notice that the Lorentz force always has the form F=q (E+v×B), and looking at this formula alone, we find that the force is proportional to the charge (or charge × velocity). Then we can throw away the charge (or charge x velocity) part and just see what dynamic properties the remaining "coefficient" has.
In other words, a field is something that is all over space, and when an electric charge is placed in a field, it exerts a force. In the case of the Coulomb force between two charges, it can be understood that one charge creates an electric field, and the other charge is subject to a force in this field, and vice versa. Similarly, we can do the same thing with energy, throwing away the charge (or charge x velocity) in the energy, and leaving behind the potential.
A graph shows the relationship:
It should be noted that the electric field (labeled E) and the magnetic field (labeled B) are both vector fields. In other words, every point in space corresponds to a vector. If we look at the three components of xyz separately, these are three scalar fields. The energy and potential are scalars (the potential in electromagnetism is not actually a scalar, for reasons to be revealed immediately), which is a scalar field in space.
When converting between force/field and energy/potential, we are converting between 3<->1 scalar field, and some information must be lost. What can we do? One obvious answer is the "conservative force field." In such a field, the energy (work done) does not depend on which path you choose.
For example, if you climb a mountain, no matter what path you choose, as long as the starting point and the end point are the same, then the difference in the vertical direction is the same, and the work done is the same. In this case, we have a lot of limitations on force fields.
In other words, if I know one component x of a conservative force field, then the other two components yz are determined, and I have no choice (there is really only one scalar field of degrees of freedom). With the additional restriction of the conservative force field, the conversion between the vector field F (3 scalar fields) and the scalar field V (1) does not lose information.
Specifically, the relation between the two can be written as F=-∇V. Without going into details here, all you need to know is that ∇ is a fixed algorithm for turning one scalar field into three scalar fields (called operator).
So we want to ask, are electric and magnetic fields conservative force fields? Unfortunately, the answer is no. In electrostatics, the electric field at rest is conservative; But in electrodynamics, as long as there are varying electric and magnetic fields, the electric field is not a conservative force field; And magnetic fields are never conservative fields.
That is to say, in electromagnetism, we rarely refer to the concept of energy, because it does not fully describe an electromagnetic field. We focus more on the concept of "field," and although we have to dabble in a lot of vector calculus because of that, we have no choice, it's the only way to keep the information from getting lost.
So, since a potential is also a scalar, is it also a useless concept? On the contrary, in electrodynamics we define the vector potential in order to preserve additional degrees of freedom. I'll talk about this in more detail later.
In summary, I want to make it clear that the main research objects of electromagnetism are electric and magnetic fields, and Maxwell's equations are the equations describing electric and magnetic fields. The potential (both the electric potential and the magnetic vector potential) is also a useful concept, and unlike the gravitational potential, which is a scalar, in electromagnetism the potential has to become a vector.
2. Maxwell's equations
Maxwell equations are equations that describe electric and magnetic fields. Since electromagnetic fields are not conservative fields, they have three degrees of freedom of scalar fields, so we must use vector calculus to describe electromagnetic fields. Therefore, every equation of Maxwell's equations has vector calculus, and the whole equation system also has integral form and differential form.
In fact, these two forms are exactly equivalent, just two different ways of writing them, so let me write them all down.
Integral form:
Differential form:
Here E represents the electric field, B represents the magnetic field, and ε0 and μ0 are just two constants that can be ignored for the time being. In integral form, Q is the charge, I is the current, V represents a volume, ∂V represents its surface, and S represents a surface, ∂S represents its edge. In the differential form, ρ is the charge density (charge/volume), J is the current density (current/area), ∇· and ∇× are two different operators, and can basically be understood as some kind of differential with respect to vectors.
Without going into any detail, let's look at the left side of the equation. Of these four equations, two are about the electric field E and two are about the magnetic field B; Two are surface integrals of da or divergence ∇· and two are curve integrals of dl or curl ∇×. Regardless of what those terms mean, I'll get to that later. But just looking at the left side of the equation, we can see that the four equations describe two things, the electric field and the magnetic field, which are very symmetric.
Third, charge -> electric field, current -> magnetic field
In this section, I will briefly explain what each of the four formulas means, without going into any quantitative or specific calculations.
First, let's start with the coulomb force between the two charges. Coulomb's Law is one of the earliest laws in electricity, and has the following form:
Where Q is the charge, r is the distance between the charges, and r is the unit vector representing the direction. As I said before, taking one of these charges as the source, and then cutting out the other charge, you get an expression for the electric field.
In high school, you might have learned Ampere's Law, which is the law that electric currents create magnetic fields. Although we have not studied the specific expression, we can already see the difference between it and Coulomb's law. Coulomb's law describes the "force" between "two" tiny sources (charge), while Ampere's law describes the "field" generated by "one" source (current).
In fact, there is a magnetic field version of Coulomb's Law in electromagnetism, which describes the force between two tiny currents, called the Biot-Savart Law; Conversely, there is an electric field version of Ampere's Law, which describes a magnetic field generated by an electric charge, called Gauss's Law.
The relationship between these four laws is as follows:
It can be shown mathematically that Coulomb's law (Biot-Savart's law) and Gauss's law (Ampere's Law) are completely equivalent in electrostatics (magnetostatics). That is, we can assume one law arbitrarily and thus derive another law.
However, if we want to generalize from static electrostatics and magnetostatics to electrodynamics, the former is very inconvenient and the latter is very easy. Therefore, although Coulomb's law is often mentioned in high school, Maxwell's equations do not contain it, but Gauss's law and Ampere's law.
These two laws are the first terms of Maxwell's equations (1) and (4), namely:
Gauss's law (integral, differential form) :
Ampere's Law (integral, differential form) :
Now, let's postpone the mathematical relationship. Looking at the equations themselves, you can see that on the left side of the equation there is an electric field E (magnetic field B), and on the right side there is either a charge Q (current I) or a charge density ρ (current density J). See, an electric charge produces an electric field, and an electric current produces a magnetic field!
Fourth, changing magnetic field -> electric field, changing magnetic field -> electric field
However, this is not the whole story, as electromagnetic fields are in fact interchangeable. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, which means that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric field, and this is Faraday's Law.
Similarly, Maxwell found that the description of Ampere's Law was imperfect, and that a changing electric field could also produce a magnetic field in addition to an electric current, which is known as the Ampere-Maxwell Law.
These two laws are the second terms of Maxwell's equations (2) and (4), namely:
Faraday's law (integral, differential form) :
Ampere-maxwell Law (integral and differential form) :
Similarly, the left side of the equation has the electric field E (magnetic field B), while the right side has the derivative d/dt or the partial ∂/∂t of the magnetic field B (electric field E). See, a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, and a changing electric field produces a magnetic field!
It should be pointed out that my statement is actually inaccurate, because one field does not really "produce" another field. These two laws only describe a quantitative relationship between the rate of change of the electric field (magnetic field) and the magnetic field (electric field), not a causal relationship.
In summary, we have figured out the meaning of each term in Maxwell's equations, basically pointing out the quantitative relationship between the source of the electromagnetic field and the changing electromagnetic field. The next step is to add math to our rudimentary understanding and see what these equations actually say. Before we do that, though, we need to take a moment to scratch the surface of vector calculus.
5. Vector integration
Ordinary one-variable calculus can be basically understood as an extension of multiplication. We want to calculate the area of a rectangle, and we multiply the length x by the width y, which is xy. If the width is not a fixed value but varies with length (that is, width is a function of length, i.e., width =y(x)), then we need an integral, denoted as "∫y(x)dx".
This idea can also be easily generalized to higher dimensions, for example, in a volume V, if the charge density is ρ, then the total charge in the volume is Q=ρV; If ρ is not the same at every point in space and is a function ρ(x) about coordinates, then it will become the integral Q=∫∫∫ ∫ρ(x)dV (here the three ∫ is a three-dimensional integral, many times can also be omitted to write an integral).
In vector fields, this is a tricky thing to do. The first is a slightly more complicated definition of the product of two vectors. You must use the dot product, u·v, which implies the Angle between the two vectors, that is, how parallel they are. If u and v are completely parallel, their dot product is a positive value; If it goes in the opposite direction, it's a negative value; If it's vertical, then it's 0.
On the other hand, we don't have to take the whole volume V like in the previous charge example, we can just take a surface S or a curve γ. This is the concept of surface integrals and curve integrals.
The surface integral has the following form:
Where S represents the surface we need to product, F is the vector field we want to product, · represents the dot product, and a points in a direction perpendicular to S. So, we see that if F and S are parallel, then the dot product is 0 everywhere, and the surface integral is also 0.
In other words, the surface integral represents the extent to which the vector field F passes through the surface S, so it is also vividly called flux.
Here are two simple examples (the dotted line ---- shows where the surface is located) :
Surface integral (flux) is 0:
Surface integral (flux) is not 0:
So the line integral is very similar, except instead of integrating a surface S we're integrating a one-dimensional curve gamma. It has the following form:
Where gamma represents the curve we need to product, · represents the dot product, and l points in the direction of the curve gamma. It's easy to see that the curve integral represents the degree to which the vector field F follows the curve γ.
Here are two simple examples (the dashed line ---- shows the curve γ) :
The curve integral is not 0:
The curve integral is 0:
In particular, if the curve is closed (end to end), then we can draw a circle on the integral symbol ∫, indicating closure, and then this special curvilinar integral is called circulation, because it is a loop. Obviously, if F is a conservative force field, then any closed curve I take will do zero work (that's the definition of a conservative force field), so any number of cycles in a conservative force field will be zero.
Finally, the name "ring quantity" is rarely used, and is generally simply called "integral of a closed curve".
The surface S used to define a flux doesn't have to be closed, it can be any surface. If this surface is special and happens to be closed, we can also draw a circle around the integral symbol ∫∫, which means closed, but this quantity doesn't have a special name.
It is summarized in the following table:
The integral form of Maxwell's equations
I described surface integrals and curvatures very loosely(10-1) Gauss's Law: The flux of the electric field E on a closed surface ∂V is equal to the charge in the volume V enclosed by the surface (multiplied by the coefficient 1/ε0);
◆ (10-2) Faraday's Law: The cyclic quantity of the electric field E on the closed curve ∂S is equal to the rate of change of the flux of the magnetic field B on the surface S surrounded by the curve (multiplied by the coefficient -1);
◆ (10-3) Gauss magnetic law: The flux of magnetic field B on a closed surface ∂V is equal to 0;
◆ (10-4) Ampere-Maxwell's Law: The cyclic quantity of the magnetic field B on the closed curve ∂S is equal to the current in the surface S surrounded by the curve (multiplied by the coefficient μ0), plus the rate of change of the flux of the electric field E on the surface S surrounded by the curve (multiplied by the coefficient μ0ε0).
Although in my opinion, this description is already very popular, without any math, but for the students who have not studied calculus, it is obviously too obscure a little, let me give you a few examples.
1. Gauss's Law
Example 1: Suppose we have a point charge Q, make a ball with its center, and call the volume V, then ∂V is the surface of the ball. This charge Q generates some electric field, which is emitted outward from Q in the center, and obviously the field lines all pass through the surface ∂V of the ball, so "the flux of the closed surface ∂V" is positive, not 0, and "the charge enclosed by the surface" is Q, not 0.
Example 2: Suppose we replace the charge Q with -Q, then all the field lines are reversed, the flux of ∂V (remember the dot product in flux?). This gives us a negative sign, so "the flux of the closed surface ∂V" becomes negative, and "the charge enclosed by the surface" is -Q, which also becomes negative. Once again, the equation holds.
Example 3: If we increase the radius of the ball by 2 times, the surface area of the ball becomes 4 times the original. At the same time, due to the inverse square law of Coulomb force, since the distance between the surface of the ball and the charge Q at the center of the ball becomes twice the original, the electric field strength of ∂V on the surface of the ball also becomes 1/4 of the original. The flux (the integral of the electric field and the area) yields a coefficient of 4, which in turn yields a coefficient of 1/4, so the flux of the closed surface ∂V does not change, and the charge enclosed by the surface obviously remains Q, which also does not change.
Example 4: In fact, if we change the size and volume of the surface area, the calculated flux will not change (although it will be very difficult to calculate), because the right side of the equation "the charge covered by the surface" has not changed.
Example 5: Suppose we move the charge outside this surface, then the field line will go through one side of the ball and come out the other side, so when we do the integration, the flux in both directions cancels out, and the entire "flux of the closed surface ∂V" is zero, and our surface doesn't enclose any charge, so the "charge that the surface encloses" is also zero. The equation works.
2. Faraday's Law
Example 6: A loop of closed wire encircles a surface S, and the position of the curve is ∂S, then the cyclic quantity of the electric field E passing through ∂S is actually the potential (voltage) in the wire. Perpendicular to S through some magnetic field B, then the magnetic flux through S is not zero. However, there is no current in the wire at this time. That is to say, there is no voltage and the "loop of the closed curve ∂S" is 0. This is obvious because the magnetic flux does not change, there is no electromagnetic induction. In other words, "the rate of change of flux on a surface S" is 0.
Example 7: This time I suddenly increase the magnetic field, so the magnetic flux becomes larger, and the "rate of change of magnetic flux" is positive, not zero. Therefore, the left side of the equation, "the loop of the closed curve ∂S", is also positive, not 0, that is, some voltage is generated in the wire, and then some induced current is generated. This is the familiar Faraday electromagnetic induction.
Example 8: If instead of increasing the magnetic field, I decrease the magnetic field, then the magnetic flux becomes smaller and the "rate of change of magnetic flux" is negative. Then on the left side of the equation, "the loop of the closed curve ∂S" also acquires a negative sign, in other words, the direction of the induced current is reversed.
3, Gauss magnetic law:
Example 9: If you choose any closed surface, the magnetic flux on the entire surface must be 0. This is very different from the case of the electric field, so it shows that, unlike the "charge" that can produce an electric field, there is no "magnetic charge" (that is, "magnetic monopole") in the world that can produce a magnetic field alone.
4. Ampere-maxwell Law
Example 10: Suppose we have a current I and make a circle around its axis, call the circle S, then ∂S is the edge of the circle. This current I creates some magnetic field around the wire (according to the right-hand rule). Obviously, both the magnetic field line and ∂S are "around the wire" in the same direction. So "the loop of the closed curve ∂S" is positive and not zero, and "the current that surrounds the curve" is I and not zero.
Example 11: If we change the direction of the current, that is, I to -I, then all the magnetic field lines are reversed, and the cyclic quantity of ∂S is thus given a negative sign, so "the cyclic quantity of the closed curve ∂S" and "the current surrounded by the curve" are both given a negative sign, and again the equation holds.
Example 12: Much like Gauss's Law, we can change the size and area of this ring any way we want, and as long as the current in the ring remains the same, the number of rings will not change (although it may be very difficult to calculate). If the current is outside the ring, although there is still a magnetic field, it cancels out when calculating the ring quantity, causing both sides of the equation to become 0.
Example 13: The example of "a changing electric field produces a magnetic field" (the second item) is very difficult to find, which is why Ampere did not discover it on his own and had to wait until Maxwell helped him to find it. I won't go into details here; the reader just has to accept the setting. Interested readers can think of an example of this situation for themselves.
Finally, remember when we said that "any cyclic quantity of a conservative force field is zero"? Obviously, in order for the ring of the magnetic field to be 0, there can only be no current (the first term in equation (4)) and no changing electric flux (the second term), then the magnetic field can only be 0. In other words, no magnetic field is a conservative force field. To make the flux of the electric field zero is relatively simple, just make the magnetic flux constant (equation (2)). In other words, only in electrostatics (where the electromagnetic field is stationary) is the electrostatic field a conservative field.
7. Vector differentiation
Maxwell's equations describe all electromagnetic phenomena, as can be seen from the name of each equation, the equations sum up and integrate the various phenomena and equations discovered by predecessors (Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, etc.) (there may be dozens of such equations before Maxwell), and Maxwell summarized them together. To cover all the phenomena in just four formulas is remarkable.
To be fair, however, the integral form is still rather cumbersome, for two reasons: on the one hand, integrals are difficult to calculate, although the left and right sides of every equation are necessarily equal, but given any field and a surface/curve, it is extremely difficult to calculate the integral on the left side; On the other hand, because of this, even though we have equations that can describe the electromagnetic field, given a particular source (such as an electric charge oscillating back and forth in an antenna), it is extremely difficult to figure out the specific E and B, because we only know the integral of E and B on a particular surface/curve.
This is the advantage of the differential form: First, calculating the differential (divergence and curl) of a given vector field is simple by using the aforementioned ∇· and ∇× operators, both of which have a fixed set of algorithms; Secondly, divergence and curl represent two different degrees of freedom of a vector field, which has a very direct geometric significance, and it is also a relatively intuitive process to recover a vector field from these two quantities. Of course, we need to prepare a little bit more vector calculus, with the focus on divergence and curl.
divergence, as the name implies, refers to the degree to which a vector field diverges. The divergence of a vector field F is a scalar field (each point of the vector field has its own divergence), written ∇·F (this is also straightforward because the dot product is a scalar). If the divergence of a point is positive, then F tends to diverge outward at that point; If it is negative, then F tends to converge inward at this point.
curl is the degree to which a vector field rotates. The curl of a vector field F is a vector field (each point of a vector field has its own curl and is a vector; This is because the direction of the rotation needs to be indicated), written ∇×F (this is also straightforward because cross product is a vector). If the curl of a point is not 0, then F has a tendency to swirl at that point, and the direction of this curl indicates the direction of rotation.
To give some examples, here are two examples of vector fields. The first vector field diverges outwards, but has no tendency to spin or twist at all. The second vector field forms a standard vortex, but without any arrows pointing outward or inward, there is no tendency to diverge or converge. Obviously, both of these figures are drawn directly with characters; I'll make do with it. I'll get a better picture sometime.
Vector fields whose divergence is not 0, but whose curl is 0:
A vector field whose curl is not 0, but whose divergence is 0:
So, as you can see, both divergence and curl describe very intuitive geometric properties. As long as we know the divergence and curl of a vector field, we can uniquely determine the vector field itself (this is Helmholtz's theorem, which I can talk about later if I feel like it).
The differential form of Maxwell's equations is to describe the divergence and curl of the electromagnetic field. As I said earlier, the differential form and the integral form are completely equivalent, and I can easily derive one form from the other, using Gauss's theorem (not to be confused with Gauss's law, also known as the divergence theorem) and Stokes' theorem.
Gauss's Theorem: The flux of a vector field F on a closed surface ∂V is equal to the total divergence of F in the volume V covered by the surface (the volume integral of the divergence of F). This is conceivable, after all, flux is calculating how many fields are diverging from the closed surface, which is the total divergence (the integral of divergence).
Stokes' Theorem: The cyclic quantity of a vector field F on a closed curve ∂S is equal to the total curl of F on the surface S encircled by the curve (surface integral of the curl of F). This is also conceivable, after all, the ring quantity is calculating how many fields are in the same direction as the ring (how many fields are rotating along the ring), that is, the total curl (the integral of the curl).
It is summarized in the following table:
Differential form of Maxwell's equations
After understanding the concepts of divergence and curl, we can read the differential form of Maxwell's equations.
(11-1) Gauss's law: The divergence of the electric field E is equal to the charge density ρ at that point (multiplied by the coefficient 1/ε0);
(11-2) Faraday's law: the curl of the electric field E is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic field B at that point (multiplied by the coefficient -1);
◆ (11-3) Gauss magnetic law: the divergence of magnetic field B is equal to 0;
◆ (11-4) Ampere-Maxwell's Law: The curl of the magnetic field B is equal to the current density J at that point (multiplied by the coefficient μ0), plus the rate of change of the electric field E at that point (multiplied by the coefficient μ0ε0).
We can see that charge and current do different things to electric and magnetic fields: the effect of charge is to contribute some divergence to the electric field, while the effect of current is to contribute some curl to the magnetic field. However, the changing electromagnetic field does the same thing to the opposite side, contributing some curl to the other side.
Those of you looking for some concrete examples will be disappointed. The example of the differential form is more difficult to give, because the differential form is mainly to make the calculation easier, which is more advantageous in mathematics, and the application to the specific phenomenon is not so obvious. But at least the example of an electrostatic magnetic field can be given.
For example, we know that the field line always starts from the positive charge and then enters the negative charge, which means that the divergence of the field is positive at the positive charge and negative at the negative charge. For example, we know that magnetic field lines always go around the current, and never enter or originate from the current, which means that the magnetic field has curl but must not have divergence.
9. Electromagnetic Wave
I just mentioned that the main advantage of the differential form is that it's mathematically easy to deal with, and I'm going to give you an example, which is the famous speed of light. Imagine we're in a vacuum with nothing around us. At this point, it is clear that both the charge density and the current density are zero, so the differential form of Maxwell's equations becomes:
These four formulas are so symmetrical! And their meaning is very clear, basically that a changing electric field produces a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This is the equation of electromagnetic wave, which is the form in which electric and magnetic fields exchange, convert, and propagate forward.
It takes a little bit of calculus to figure out the exact solution to this equation, but we notice that they have coefficients -1 and μ0ε0, respectively. If you know the wave equation, you can figure out how fast the wave travels from these two coefficients:
However, the constants μ0 and ε0 are properties of vacuum (called vacuum permittivity and vacuum permeability, respectively) and are constant values. In other words, the speed at which electromagnetic waves travel (the speed of light) is also a fixed value! In other words, the speed of light should be the same in any frame of reference.
This is impossible according to the Galilean principle of speed addition (if you think the train is going 50 m/s at a standstill, then if you are going 1 m/s you think the train is going only 49 m/s, obviously it will not still be 50 m/s), but electromagnetism really tells us that the speed of light does not change. Well, that's where relativity comes in.
10. Directivity
Some of you may have noticed that a very important part of our discussion seems to be missing is directionality. After all, when junior and high school students learn electromagnetism, there are various left hand and right hand rules (by the way, please must forget the left hand rule, using the left hand is simply anti-human, only the right hand rule in orthodox vector calculus and electromagnetism). In previous interpretations of Maxwell's equations, we seem to have made little reference to direction. Do Maxwell's equations describe directivity?
The answer is yes. Direction or chirality (why the "right hand" rule and not the "left hand" rule?) From the definition of cross product and the definition of vector differential elements of area. Let's define the cross product u x v as a vector in the direction perpendicular to u and v; But obviously there are two different directions that satisfy this condition, and we choose one of them in particular, and we call this rule of choice the "right hand rule."
Similarly, a surface S has two directions (i.e. its differential element da is a vector). Noting that the curve integral is also directional (i.e. its differential element dl is also a vector), we associate the da of S with the dl of ∂S, and the rule for this connection is also called the "right-hand rule".
In these cases, the choice of "right hand" is quite arbitrary; In principle, I could have chosen all leftHand. So the mathematical system that I get is exactly equivalent to the original. Of course, the magnetic field B will point in the exact opposite direction to the original magnetic field, but it doesn't matter, because we can't see the magnetic field directly, and after all the chirality of the laws has changed, the physics described will remain the same. However, it is customary to choose the right hand, and there is no need to worry about why.
Eleven, gradient, second derivative
When I talked about conservative force fields, I slipped in a formula like this: F=-∇V. Here F is a vector field and V is a scalar field. We see that this amazing inverted triangle can not only represent divergence (turning a vector into a scalar) and curl (turning a vector into a vector), but can also turn a scalar field into a vector field in this way! Mathematically this inverted triangle is called the Nabla operator, and ∇V is called the gradient of a scalar field V.
What is a gradient? In fact, this should be a more familiar concept than divergence and curl. The gradient is the degree to which a scalar field changes. We can think of a scalar field as a hill, where the gradient at each point is a vector pointing in the direction of the uphill slope, and the magnitude is the steepness of the slope.
Next, summarize the three vector differentials we have seen:
Thus, from the formula F=-∇V, we see that the conservative force field (such as the gravitational field) can be expressed as the gradient of some scalar field (such as the gravitational potential energy).
As we said before, the torus/curl of a conservative force field must be 0. That is to say, the curl of the gradient must be 0. As you can imagine, the gradient refers to the direction of the slope; And if it has curl, that means they're pointing to a ring that can form, and it can go uphill. It's like the Penrose stairs. It's an impossible situation.
A similar theorem says that the divergence of curl must be zero. Let's also think about what this means geometrically. If the curl has divergence, that means that at some point on the ball the divergence is pointing out of the ball, which means that at every point on the ball the field is rotating counterclockwise. This is impossible when you think about it, so we come to two important conclusions:
1. The gradient ∇V of any scalar field V has no curl, that is, ∇×(∇V)=0;
2. The curl ∇×F of any vector field F has no divergence, that is, ∇·(∇×F)=0.
As I said, these "X degrees" can be thought of as a differential of the field, so these "X degrees of X degrees" can be thought of as second derivatives. We see that there are two kinds of second derivatives that are automatically zero, so we don't have to go into that. Another kind of second derivative is so famous, the divergence of the gradient, that it even gets its fancy name, Laplacian, the "Laplace operator." I will not expand on it here, just know that it is very important.
Conservation of charge
The conservation of charge can be deduced directly from Maxwell's equations. This is a very simple and interesting derivation to show you how convenient vector calculus can be, so I'll write it down briefly:
First we have the Ampere-Maxwell law:
Divergence on both sides:
Notice that the left side is the divergence of the curl of the magnetic field, and the divergence of the curl must be 0, so the left side is 0. On the right side, exchange the divergence and the time derivative and cancel out the μ0, giving:
Using Gauss's law:
Substituting in the original formula, cancelling out the ε0, yields:
This is the formula for the conservation of charge. In other words, the divergence of the current density plus the rate of change of the charge density must be 0. If this is more abstract, we can integrate both terms by volume and then use Gauss's law to become an area integral for J, and the conclusion becomes that the rate of change of charge in a volume V plus the current through the surface ∂V must be 0.
For example, if the charge Q in a volume is reduced and the rate of change is negative, the current passing through the surface must be positive. In other words, an electric current is flowing out of this volume. This is a very clear conservation of charge, which gives the relationship between charge and current, also known as the continuity equation.
The continuity equation is very important in fluid mechanics, and even in quantum mechanics probabilities are governed by this equation (charge -> probability, current -> probability flow).
Appendix: Various formulas and definitions omitted
Coulomb's law:
Biot-savart law:
Nabla operator:
Gradient:
Divergence:
Rotation:
Gauss theorem:
Stokes theorem:
Electromagnetic waves in vacuum:
Chapter 15: The blackbody spoke was the first Nobel Prize for Planck's energy packet quantum mechanics and Roentgen's discovery of xx rays
First, experiment to find the blackbody radiation formula of the curve
In fact, Planck used Maxwell's equations to integrate the work of previous historical scientists; At that time, the Rayleigh-Kings formula reached a conclusion that was contrary to the experimental results of the blackbody radiation spectrum in short wave, and the Wien formula only applied to the short-wave part of the energy distribution of the blackbody radiation spectrum. This reverse learning shows that it is necessary to find a blackbody radiation formula that can successfully describe the entire experimental curve. By deeply thinking about Planck, when the blackbody is heated at a temperature of more than 2800 degrees, an abnormal phenomenon occurs and electromagnetic waves are emitted from the small hole to cut in, and repeated experiments are made and two hypotheses are accidentally born. Even Planck himself did not think that he had created a miracle of the century that completely changed the traditional physics.
In 1900, Planck obtained a pure empirical formula consistent with the experimental results, and in 1901 he proposed the energy quantization hypothesis: the radiation center is a charged linear harmonic oscillator, which can exchange energy with the surrounding electromagnetic field, the energy of the harmonic oscillator is discontinuous, is an integer multiple of a quantum energy:
Where v is the vibrational frequency of the oscillator and h is Planck's constant, which is the most basic constant in quantum theory. From this assumption, Planck's formula can be derived:
It gives the distribution of the energy density of the radiation field by wavelength, where T is the thermodynamic temperature and k is the Boltzmann constant. The figure "Radiation Field Energy density Distribution Curve by wavelength" shows the curve of radiation field energy density changing with wavelength, which is completely consistent with the experimental results.
As a black body, the radiation field in the cavity can be decomposed into a series of monochromatic plane wave superposition, and can be regarded as a "gas" composed of photons. Photon energy ε, momentum p, wavelength λ and frequency v follow the de Broglie relation ε=hv,
Then there is ε= p, and in the momentum interval from p to p+dp, the number of quantum states of the photon is:
Where V is the volume of the cavity. Only the cavity walls constantly emit and absorb photons to establish a thermal equilibrium in the radiation field, so the number of photons in the photon "gas" is not constant, which means that the chemical potential of the photon "gas" is zero. Furthermore, photons do not interact with each other, and the photon "gas" is an ideal gas that follows the Bose distribution. Thus, the average number of photons per quantum state should be:
It's easy to get Planck's formula.
Planck's formula transitions to Wien's formula in the limit conditions of the high frequency range hvkT
This formula shows that w(v,T) rapidly approaches zero with the increase of v, that is to say, in the state of thermal equilibrium, there is almost no high-frequency photon, because the energy of high-frequency photon is much higher than kT, and the probability of the cavity wall emitting such a high energy photon is very small. Under the limit condition of low frequency hv<<kT, Planck formula transitions to Rayleigh-Kings formula, which is the result of energy equipartition based on classical statistical theory. Planck's constant h does not appear in the Rayleigh-Kings formula. It can be seen that when h is regarded as small or even zero, quantum theory transitions to classical theory.
The formula established by Planck through the profound study of blackbody radiation is a major breakthrough in physics, and his quantum theory for the first time has opened a new era in the development of theoretical physics.
Chapter 16 Human Brain Structure and AI easy Number (0, 1) Origin Silicon-based life is not in the same dimension at all
The brain is the center of all the senses of the human body (species)
The center of all senses is composed of brain cells, including neurons and glial cells, neurons are responsible for processing and storing information related to brain function, the nervous central system. Neurons are a type of cell that has the function of firing. The neurons are connected by synapses, called the central nervous system; The brain is divided into two hemispheres, both of which are supported by glial cells to transmit information. The main functions known include the formation of myelin sheath outside neuronal axons, neuronal nutrient supply and metabolism, and participation in signal transduction in the brain. Other cell types in the brain include the epithelial cells that form the blood vessels of the brain, which make up the eye vision, the ear hearing, the nose smell, the tongue taste, and the microscopic touch of the skin and various parts of the body. In addition, there are other sensory systems that play a role, such as maintaining the body's balance, the sense of hunger, etc. There are more than 20 sensory systems that coordinate the body's clothing, food, shelter, transportation and social activities - making up the human body's highly intelligent animals. Picture:
The brain is the highest part of the nervous system, composed of the left and right brain hemispheres, the two hemispheres are linked by transverse nerve fibers. Each hemisphere includes: the cerebral cortex (cerebral cortex) : is a layer of gray matter on the surface (the concentrated part of the cell body of nerve cells). The surface of the human brain has many concave grooves (cleavages), and there are raised back between the grooves (cleavages), which greatly increases the area of the cerebral cortex. The human cerebral cortex is the most developed, is the organ of thinking, dominates all activities in the body, and regulates the balance between the body and the surrounding environment, so the cerebral cortex is the material basis of advanced neural activities. Baidu Encyclopedia:
The brain mainly consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, which is the largest and most complex structure and the highest part of the central nervous system (Figure 1-2). It is an organ that regulates body functions, and it is also the material basis of higher neural activities such as consciousness, spirit, language, learning, memory and intelligence. The surface of the cerebral hemispheres presents different grooves or cleavages. The raised part between the sulci and fissure is called the gyrus. The sulcus and fissure of the cerebral hemisphere are divided into 5 lobes: frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and insula.
The cerebral hemispheres have gray matter on the surface and medulla on the deep. The medulla contains nerve fibers and nuclei, four of which are located at the base of the brain called the basal ganglia (nucleus), including the caudate nucleus, the lentiform nucleus, the amygdala and the clavate nucleus. The caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus are also called the striatum. Damage to the striatum can lead to chorea (decreased muscle tone, too much and too fast movement) and palsy tremor (lesions in the substantia nigra), increased muscle tension throughout the body, and slow movement. The white matter in the hemisphere has various directions, such as connecting the fibers of the left and right hemispheres, connecting the fibers of the same hemisphere, connecting the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, and the upper and lower fibers of the spinal cord, the latter passing through the internal capsule, on the horizontal section of the brain, the internal capsule is a broad white matter layer, divided into 3 parts, namely the anterior foot of the internal capsule, the posterior foot of the internal capsule and the knee of the internal capsule. Each part has a corresponding fiber bundle passing through it. Damage to the internal capsule can cause the triple bias of hemiplegia, hemianopsia and hemisensory loss. The space inside the hemispheres of the brain is called the lateral ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Human body functions have positioning relationships in the cerebral cortex, such as sensory areas, motor areas, etc., have corresponding positions in the cerebral cortex. To realize the sensory function of the cerebral cortex and regulate the body movement and other functions. Humans have language and thinking, and the center is biased to the left side of the cortex, called the dominant hemisphere. If these centers are damaged, there will be language-related disorders, such as motor language center damage, suffering from motor aphasia, although the muscles associated with pronunciation are not paralyzed, the patient can not speak; If the visual motor language center is damaged and has agraphia, although the hand and other motor functions are still normal, they cannot do fine movements such as writing and painting; If the auditory sense language center is damaged, the patient can suffer from sensory aphasia, in which the person can hear the speech of others but does not understand what is said.
Recent studies have found that the right hemisphere also has special important functions, such as space recognition, depth perception, touch, music appreciation and so on. The left hemisphere of human beings is dominant in the function of word activity, and the right hemisphere is dominant in the function of non-word cognition, but it is not absolute, that is, the left hemisphere also has a certain function of non-verbal cognition, and the right hemisphere also has a certain function of word activity. Recent studies have pointed out that the two hemispheres of the brain have functional asymmetry.
Ancient Chinese philosophers, more than 2,000 years ago, divided human desires into lower and higher needs: "Those who are not satisfied with the old chaff do not work on the sorghum meat, and those who are not finished with the brown meat do not work on the literature." -- Han Fezi.
▲ External structure
Brain structure
The brain includes the telencephalon and the diencephalon, and the telencephalon includes the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Telencephalon is the main part of the higher nervous system of the vertebrate brain, composed of the left and right hemispheres, and the largest part of the human brain, which is the higher nervous center that controls movement, produces sensation and realizes higher brain functions. The telencephalon of vertebrates is a thin-walled swelling part of the head of the neural tube in the embryo, and later develops into two hemispheres of the brain, mainly including three parts: cerebral cortex, medulla and basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the gray matter covering the surface of the telencephalon and is mainly composed of the cell bodies of neurons. The deep part of the cortex consists of the medulla or white matter formed by nerve fibers. In the medulla, there are gray matter masses called basal nuclei, of which the striatum is the main part.
The telencephalon is made up of about 14 billion cells, weighs about 1400 grams, the thickness of the cerebral cortex is about 2-3 millimeters, the total area is about 2200 square centimeters, and it is estimated that about 100,000 brain cells die every day (the more brain cells are not used, the more brain cells die). The main component of the human brain is blood, blood accounts for 80%, although the brain only accounts for 2% of the body weight, but the oxygen consumption of the whole body oxygen consumption of 25%, blood flow accounts for 15% of the blood output of the heart.
The telencephalon consists mainly of the left and right hemispheres of the brain and is the highest level part of the central nervous system. The human brain is an organ of thought and consciousness developed over a long period of evolution. The left and right hemispheres of the brain are connected by the corpus callosum. The Spaces in the hemispheres are called lateral ventricles, and they communicate with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen. Each hemisphere has three faces, namely a bulging outer side of the back, a vertical inner side, and a bumpy bottom side. The outer side of the dorsal surface is bounded by the upper edge of the inner side, and the outer side of the dorsal surface is bounded by the lower edge of the bottom surface. The surface of the hemispheres is uneven and full of different depths of grooves and cracks, and the ridges between the grooves are called gyrus. The main grooves on the dorsolateral surface are: the central sulcus oblique from the upper margin to the midpoint; The lateral fissure of the brain starts from the base of the hemisphere and turns to the lateral surface from the front to the bottom and oblique to the back to the top; On the medial side of the hemisphere there is a parietal occipital fissure oblique from posterior above to anterior below; The calcaneate fissure extends from the posterior to the parietal occipital fissure, and extends backward to the occipital pole. These fissure divisions divide the cerebral hemisphere into five lobes: the frontal lobe before the central sulcus and above the lateral fissure; Temporal lobe below lateral fissure; Occipital lobe behind parieto-occipital fissure; Parietal lobe above lateral fissure, between central sulcus and parieto-occipital fissure; And the insula deep within the lateral fissure. In addition, the anterior central gyrus is bounded by the central sulcus and between the central sulcus and the precentral sulcus. Between the central sulcus and the posterior central sulcus is the posterior central gyrus.
Telencephalon has two brain hemispheres (telencephalon). The two hemispheres are separated by a gully called the mediastinum, which separates the two hemispheres completely from each other except for the connection between the brain beam and the transparent septum. The surface of the hemispheres is covered with sulci, and between sulci and sulci are slender parts called gyrus. Sulci do not form randomly as the brain grows, and there is a complete pattern of what forms appear and where (their depth and curvature vary slightly from person to person). Each brain groove is anatomically named (nomina anatomica). The shape of cerebral sulci and gyri is basically symmetrical between the left and right hemispheres, which is an important sign of brain segmentation and localization. The more important sulci has the lateral side端脑有两个脑半球(端脑)。(nomina anatomica)。The sulcus (lateral sulcus) starts below the hemisphere, runs backward and upward, and reaches the lateral surface; The central sulcus starts slightly behind the midpoint of the upper margin of the hemispheres, oblique forward and downward, the lower end is separated by the lateral sulcus, and the upper end extends to the medial side of the hemispheres. The parietooccipital sulcus (parietooccipital sulcus) is located in the posterior part of the medial side of the hemisphere, from the bottom up. Above the lateral sulcus and before the central sulcus is the frontal lobe; The part below lateral sulci is temporal lobe; The occipital lobe is located in the posterior part of the hemisphere, and its anterior boundary is the parieto-occipital sulcus on the medial side, and the boundary on the upper lateral surface is the line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the anterior occipital notch (about 4cm in front of the posterior end of the occipital lobe). The parietal lobe is the part above the lateral sulcus, behind the central sulcus, and before the occipital lobe. The insula are triangular islands, located on the deep surface of the lateral sulcus, covered by the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, and distinct from the rest, covered with small shallow sulcus (non-cerebral sulcus).
The left and right hemispheres have separate Spaces called lateral ventricles. The lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle of the diencephalon, and with the fourth ventricle between the cerebellum and the medulla and the pons. The choroid plexus in the ventricles produces brain fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space. If the passage of the ventricle is blocked, the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricle accumulates, and hydrocephalus will be formed.
Sections of the brain are divided into white matter and gray matter. The gray matter of the telencephalon refers to the layer of the cerebral cortex, which is several centimeters thick. The gray matter of the brain is a six-layer structure where nerve cells gather. It contains complex circuits and is the center of thinking and other activities. The white matter is also called the medulla of the brain.
The diencephalon consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thalamus connects with the cerebral cortex, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord, and is responsible for sensory relay and movement control. The hypothalamus is associated with maintaining physical constancy, controlling the autonomic nervous system, emotions, etc.
▲ Internal structure
The internal structure of the cerebral hemisphere
A. Gray matter: The layer of gray matter covering the surface of the cerebral hemisphere is called the cerebral cortex, where the neurons are concentrated. The distribution of these neurons in the cortex has a strict hierarchy, and the differentiation of the palaeocortex in the medial hemisphere of the brain is relatively simple, generally only three layers: (1) molecular layer; ② pyramidal cell layer; ③ polymorphic cell layer. The neocortex on the lateral side of the cerebral hemisphere is highly differentiated and has six layers: (1) the molecular layer (also known as the band layer); ② outer granular layer; ③ outer pyramidal cell layer; ④ inner granular layer; (5) Inner pyramidal cell layer (also known as ganglion cell layer); ⑥ Polymorphic cell layer.
The deep surface of the cortex is white matter, and there are gray matter nuclei in the white matter, which are near the base of the brain, called the basal ganglia (or basal ganglia). The basal nucleus is dominated by the striatum. The striatum consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus. The caudate nucleus is thick at the front end and thin at the tail end, which curves around the thalamus. The lentiform nucleus is located in the caudate nucleus and the lateral part of the thalamus, and is further divided into pallidum and putamen. The caudate nucleus and putamen appear later in phylogenesis (i.e. animal evolution), called the neostriatum, while the pallidum appears earlier in phylogenesis, called the palestriatum. The main function of striatum is to coordinate the movement of muscles and maintain a certain posture of the body.
Second, artificial intelligence can only follow the linear speed of intellectual development, it is impossible to automatically iterate, let alone "intelligence explosion".
If the parameter scale is used to measure the complexity of the human brain, which GPD4 of trillions of parameters is strong? To what extent will GPT's AI replace the human brain? If you understand a neuron as a bit neuron, inactivity is zero, activity is one, then the operation of the human brain can be completely copied into the chip, that is, the binary of the computer - AI binary began in 1343, the German ambassador to China Leibniz in the Qing Dynasty, the "I Ching" binary principle after returning home to research and invention of the world's first computer. In 1680, Leibniz of Germany discovered the secret of binary and became the first person in the world to create O and 1 digital mechanical computing computers using yin-yang binary. Become a historical witness of AI computer science. 0, 1 binary has been used until now, and has also become the basic element of artificial intelligence language.
However, the human brain is not a simple structure like a binary (0, 1) computer! In fact, the human brain is trillions, trillions, trillions times more complex than artificial intelligence... According to Lamarque, "use it or lose it," human brain cells will be able to handle all the things and contingencies of the universe and earth that we can do; Although it is not yet known how the human brain will respond to Excel's relatively specific data - we do not yet know all the details of how the brain structure works - there are 100 billion neurons and trillions of inas, in the continuous evolution of "use or lose", AI binary will never be able to match the human brain at all! Even, people's internal and external environment and life experience of constant changes and changes, sudden feedback and so on... And what's called epigenetics gets even more complex, and neurotransmitters like dopamine, of which there are dozens in the brain, often operate alternately... The iterative efficiency of the brain energy system and the acquired genetic aggregation variation microcirculation must be instructed and metabolized in the center of the human brain entering all the senses. In view of the "cell by cell" law, the human brain is composed of brain cells, including neurons and glial cells, neurons are responsible for processing and storing information related to brain function, the central nervous system. Neurons are a type of cell that has the function of firing. The neurons are connected by synapses, called the central nervous system; The brain is divided into two hemispheres, both of which are supported by glial cells to transmit information. The main functions known include the formation of myelin sheath outside neuronal axons, neuronal nutrient supply and metabolism, and participation in signal transduction in the brain. Other cell types in the brain include the epithelial cells that form the blood vessels of the brain, which make up the eye vision, the ear hearing, the nose smell, the tongue taste, and the microscopic touch of the skin and various parts of the body. In addition, there are other sensory systems that play a role, such as maintaining the body's balance, the sense of hunger, etc. About 20 kinds of sensory systems coordinate the body's clothing, food, housing, transportation and social life activities - constitute the human body's high intelligence self-awareness and independent thinking of higher animals - "species" is unique in the universe and the earth! ...
Binary rules stipulate that artificial intelligence can only follow the linear speed of intellectual development, it is impossible to automatically iterate, and it is impossible to have an "intelligence explosion", and "silicon-based life" can form a "species".
Third, the origin of glial cells and the exclusive role of high intelligence
The word glia comes from the Greek word meaning "glue". This is why Schrodinger went back to ancient Greece to talk about the senses: "Only a genius who has a strong sense of the simplicity and beauty of thought can discover it." !
Glial cells are alternative cells in brain cells, and glial cells in the brain are usually composed of three types of glial cells:
① Astrocytes,
② oligocele glial cells,
③ Microglia.
Astrocytes are large, radial cells that normally surround neurons and are closely linked to blood vessels. Form a blood-brain barrier, which can block the entry of certain blood-borne pathogens or some chemicals that affect nerve activity. Dopamine and norepinephrine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier if they enter the bloodstream.
Microglia are small and irregular glial cells that devour and clear damaged brain cells in brain injury.
Myelin sheath is a kind of lipid substance that envelops the axons of neurons. Myelin sheath plays an important role in the self-consistent electrical transmission of nerve signals. AI binary is incomparable!
Memory and forgetting, which exist only in the human brain
Memory and forgetting is the only way that the human brain has universal memory. The biggest problem of the human brain is the displacement of memory space. Finite and infinite memory must be continuously moved out of memory space by forgetting; This is a very troublesome business! Normally, the brain has no brain damage and the brain can hold up to 5 million books of knowledge, not including people with Alzheimer's disease. And each person's memory ability is different, and is closely related to a person's emotions, and is greatly affected by a person's excitement or terror; As a result, the development of memory capacity in most people's lifetime is limited, only 1/10 of the total memory capacity; In other words, the human memory development potential is relatively huge in the future.
Memory is also divided into: instantaneous memory, short-term memory, growing up and childhood memory, dream memory, instant memory and so on...
In fact, forgetting is the phenomenon of emptying the memory capacity of the human brain, also called not remembering, forgetting. Forgetting is a physiological function conducive to re-remembering!
Poetry cloud "here poetry to the mountain temple, know the king forget Qujiangchun."
Fifth, memory forgetting and acquisition genetics can not change people's long-term memory needs and bottlenecks
Because a person (brain) can never remember all the knowledge (books) of the world created by 5,000 years of civilization forever, forever. Moreover, individual death and history go back only 100 years; And Lamarckian acquired genetics believes that there are "acquired genetic" barriers in human physiology - acquired knowledge, skills, experience, engineering technology, laws, even money and any little object, etc... The fact that after the death of any human being, there is absolutely no way to carry the words, knowledge, and technical abilities that one has learned without taking them to the underworld; Even more can not bring these acquired, a little can not let their own or another person's newborn baby into this big world - this is a naturally generated huge physiological link of human existence, and passed on from generation to generation! That is to say, everyone is empty-handed, a blank brain, unable to choose parents, at a loss to give birth to the earth!
In addition to the congenital differences formed by the same physiological structure of the human brain, only by acquired learning and acquisition accumulation.
For five thousand years, human elites and scientific giants have been thinking and studying how to change this physical defect; There was even an anthropocene hybrid experiment done by the Soviet Union in 1935, in which scientists tried to combine chimpanzee sperm with human girls' eggs to break the reproductive isolation between species, achieve the ultimate goal of human-animal hybrids, and even try to create hybrids that can participate in human wars to produce giant soldiers... Such a cruel experiment ended in failure, and there was another crazy "head replacement" experiment: on April 11, 1959, Vladimir Demikhov, a doctor in the former Soviet Union, put the head of a small dog on the neck of a German dog, creating a terrible two-headed dog.
Sergio Cannavaro, an Italian neurosurgeon, announced a "Paradise project" in 2013. In this plan, he said that with our current level of science and technology, there is already the possibility of "changing the head" - this strong demand of human beings has become the ardent hope and prayer for the birth of a large language model of artificial intelligence...
Six, ape hybrid head replacement technology gave birth to Wang An invented "magnetic core AI memory" why failed sand
Wang An computer has already become a symbol of the United States leading the world in artificial intelligence!
On July 4, 1986, at the 100th anniversary ceremony of the inauguration of the Statue of Liberty in New York, Wang was selected as one of the 12 most outstanding immigrants in the United States and received the "Presidential Medal of Freedom" from President Reagan. Namesake of Edison...
Once upon a time, Bill Gates said: "If Wang An can complete his second strategic turn, the world may not have Microsoft today, I may have become a mathematician somewhere, or a lawyer"...
From the first invention of computer memory function to examine Wang An is the father of AI large language model memory? ! But today, the world has no such historical memory of AI! ...
In 1986, Wang An published his autobiography "Lessons".
Wang wrote a book called "Lessons" and stressed in the book: "The reason why people fail is mostly because they" lift a stone to drop on their own feet."
"Magnetic core AI memory" first gave birth to a new generation of large language model 3.5 released by AI in November 2022. At present, the chat g PT we use is completely based on a reduced version of g3.0 developed by GP3 model, which is the most powerful parent of artificial intelligence! Thus, the United States has become the mother of AI that cannot be surpassed!
Should we forget the AI enlightenment of Wang An who invented the "magnetic core memory" for the first time in the world? ? ...
Seven, more powerful and this matrix in this year will upgrade iteration to become more powerful and intelligent
The number of human large language model users will break through one billion in the future, and considering the problem of computing load, in 2025, gpt four will access supercomputing supercomputing, and the above "iron roll" deduces "intelligent explosion" really took place. Perhaps that's what OpenAI said in a statement:
"After deliberation, the Board concluded that Altman had been less than candid in his communications with the Board, affecting the Board's ability to perform its functions. The Board no longer has full confidence in his ability to continue leading OpenAI."
But ah! They did not find that the speed of progress of the big language "iron coil" is still accelerating at an unprecedented rate. By the end of the year, Iron Roll had iterated to version 10.0, and the team decided to start the second phase of the launch project to make money...
If the first goal of the elite team is to release version 3.5, iterating to version 4.0 requires that certain service members be able to post tasks that need to be done on the Web; Well, according to Sam. Ultraman plans to have version 5.0 available in the fall of 2020: just after OpenAI's first developer conference, GPT-5 was suddenly released in early 2024. According to sources, OpenAI Gobi, or GPT-5 multimodal model, will be released in early 2024. Altman also said that the company is working on the next generation of artificial intelligence model, GPT-5, but he did not disclose a specific timeline. He added that GPT-5 would need to be trained with more data, which would combine publicly available data sets on the Internet as well as proprietary data from some companies.
Chapter 17 The Explosion of Life of the Human Species The theory of the eternal Nature and the Big Bang coincide
First, the British Empire stable "The sun never sets" Linnaeus orchestrated the evolution of the great hoax
On November 24, 1859, the greatest human lie "Origin of Species" was born in London, which just became Darwin's evolutionary nightmare!
[The shape of natural products is far more "real" than artificial products] Life on Earth at some point between 530 million and 13.8 billion years, in more than 30 seconds of the big Bang of the universe (2 million years), suddenly formed a rich and colorful, exotic species of life explosion, they are the whole form of the explosion, came to China, the world's 4 Yunnan 100 miles of Chengjiang! History: This is the Chengjiang Cambrian (overall) biological explosion. Is the Chengjiang fauna a special case of geological heritage? If compared with the information of the whole plate genetic reproduction of the Jehol biota and Zigong dinosaur fauna, can we still doubt the law of the whole plate reproduction of life? ?
In 1981, 1996, 1998 and 1999, four extinct animal groups were found in the Chengjiang fossil Bank in Yunnan, China, including at least four genera of Archaea, whose remarkable characteristics are: It has the unique pharyngeal cavity cancer [fissure] and a very strange binary body configuration of opisthostoma. It can be seen that the extinction of the four genera fauna is the real existence of the life community morphology of the relatively simultaneous extinction of the whole area (Chengjiang). Therefore, "Yunnanella," "Huaxia eel," "Xida animal", "Kunming fish", "Haikou fish", "Yangtze River Ascidian".A nightmare."
The Chengjiang life explosion site is about 5.3 billion years old in geological deposits, confirming that the origin of ancient life is not Darwin's gradual theory, but the whole life explosion in extinction (phenomenon) law - as Darwin said: "Man's desire and effort are only a matter of moments, time is so short, how poor are his achievements compared with those accumulated by 'nature' in all geological time!" Therefore, the shape of natural products is far more "real" than artificial products - the Cambrian life explosion and the Cambrian Chengjiang fossil site in Yunnan, China are proof of "natural products", which completely exposes the lie of evolution, and there is a serious conflict between Darwinian evolution and the Cambrian life explosion phenomenon. Chinese scientists have challenged and subverted this authoritative theory through ancient fossil research!
In fact, Darwin's "Origin of Species" is a complete evolutionary hoax planned by the British Empire network "The sun never sets" Linnaean Association! ...
Two, from the Linnean Society to create the Darwinian theory of evolution at the cruelty of killing Wallace's methods and at the cruelty of fossil falsification
From 1831 to 1836, Darwin toured the world aboard HMS Beagle. During five years of investigation, a large number of animal and plant phenomena were observed, recorded and accumulated. In 1837, he began writing the first notes on the evolution of species and attempted to replace various idealistic theories of creation and species invariance with the theory of evolution. In 1842, Darwin began writing an outline, and in 1858, the young naturalist R. Wallace's creative Epiphany found "survival of the fittest" - in 1858, young naturalist R. Wallace went to the tropical rainforest to explore, suddenly contracted rainforest fever, illness and death, one day suddenly realized that "survival of the fittest"... He wrote the paper, sent it to Darwin in June, and, with the encouragement of Hooke, the scientific authority, Darwin decided to submit Wallace's paper and part of his own manuscript to a professional committee, so that on July 1, the Linnean Society immediately drew up a program, abandoned Wallace's paper, and the following year (1859) the birth of the Origin of Species. Chapter four: Natural selection, Survival of the fittest... Logic is a central part of Darwinian evolution; As a result, the theme of the Origin of Species is "evolution" by natural selection.
Actions Speak louder than words: Wallace's letter and essay to Darwin, June 1858: "On the Tendency of Varieties to depart Infinitely from their Original Modes." It challenged Darwin as never before, and, in Darwin's words, "expressed himself with admirable clarity."
According to Wallace's postscript: "If you think this article has any merit, please refer it to Ryle." Darwin then sent Wallace's letter to Ryle, along with his own paper, and wrote a letter specifically stating:
"It seems to me that this article is well worth reading. Your words have come true amazingly... That is, people will run ahead of me... I have never seen a more remarkable coincidence; Even if Wallace had had the draft I wrote in 1842, he could not have produced a better summary, even in the terms he now calls me to publish, and of course I wrote to him at once suggesting that he send the draft to any publication for publication. Therefore, my creation, whatever its value, will be shattered...
I hope you'll agree with Wallace's paper, so I can tell him what you said.
Darwin
June 18, 1858."
In fact, history is written by later generations. Look at the Chinese Baidu encyclopedia says: [However, he was extremely cautious about publishing his findings. In 1842, he began writing an outline, which he later expanded into several articles. In 1858, under pressure from the creative Epiphany of the young naturalist R. Wallace, and prodded by close friends, Darwin decided to submit Wallace's article and some of his own to a professional committee. In 1859, the first edition of "On the Origin of Species" sold out the same day as 1,250 copies were published. Darwin spent the next two decades collecting data to flesh out his theory of the evolution of species through natural selection, and to explain its consequences and implications. A creative man without a reputation, Darwin avoided controversy over his theories. While religious zealots attacked evolution as contrary to the biblical idea of creation, Darwin wrote several other books for scientists and psychologists. The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection reported evidence of the evolution of humans from lower forms of life, evidence of similarities between animal and human mental processes, and evidence of natural selection in the course of evolution. Is there anything here remotely reminiscent of Wallace's treatise on the Tendency of varieties to depart infinitely from their original modes? ...
Today, that's fake! This is plagiarism!
The Darwinian swindle from Darwin's definition of natural selection
What is natural selection?
To define natural selection in Darwinian terms, "On the other hand, any harmful variation, however slight, must disappear." This beneficial individual difference, the preservation of variation and the elimination of harmful variation, I call natural selection or "adaptive survival."
In fact, it was Wallace who discovered it himself: the law of natural selection! "Natural selection" is the earliest original biological theory essence and formulation of natural selection "survival of the fittest" theory.
Wallace put it this way: "The life of a wild animal is a life of struggle for existence (Wallace was the first to put forward the concept of biological universal struggle for existence with the vision of a biologist), and all their organs and forces are used for the protection of themselves and of the struggle for existence of their young and animals, the possibility of picking up food in unfavourable seasons, The possibility of escaping the most dangerous enemy, and so on. Are the primary conditions that determine the survival of individuals and the survival of the entire species. Careful examination of these conditions, which also determine the size of the population of species, will enable us to understand, and to a certain extent explain, what had previously seemed inexplicable -- why some species have a very large number of individuals, while others closely related to them have a very small number..."
Wallace's discovery of this theory comes from the fact that he himself experienced the struggle for survival. Wallace went to the Malay Islands to investigate, aiming to collect examples of the law of life development, because the Malay Islands in the tropical rainforest living environment, the formation and existence of tropical unique threats to biological survival - tropical rainforest disease. Because Wallace was used to the living environment in Europe and did not adapt to the climate of the Malay tropical rain forest, he got tropical rain forest disease. In his fight against the disease, he realized that only by adapting his physiology and function to the living environment of the tropical rain forest, and producing changes to adapt to the environment, can he survive the tropical rain forest disease... In fact, Wallace's thesis was written in the midst of his own battle with illness, in order to adapt to the living environment of the rainforest (the thesis was completed in two days of serious illness). Therefore, he can have the amazing words: "The life of a wild animal is a life of survival struggle"! So Wallace was able to put it plainly:
"The variation of a species is not as originally thought; it has no limit.
The life of a wild animal is itself a struggle for survival.
How much a species is eliminated or reduced depends on how well it can adapt to living conditions. Beneficial changes in conditions will increase its number, unhelpful or harmful changes will decrease it, the good variety will remain strong and the species will remain the same. There are species in nature that gradually become stronger."
In fact, Wallace's "struggle for survival", "survival conditions of the fittest", "natural elimination" and "progressive trend" are derived from the mutual study of quantity and their own coverage, which is based on facts and their own experience, and is a kind of "self-experiment" evidence! ...
The Ediacaran fauna is Sprigg's latest blow to Darwinian evolution
It was first discovered in 1947 in the Pound Sandstone formation in the Ediacara region of South Central Australia. The age of this animal group was not initially determined, but was eventually determined to be the Precambrian period, with an age of 670 million years. The Ediacaran fauna consists of three phyla, 19 genera, and 24 species of lower invertebrates. The three phyla are coelenterata, annelida and Arthropoda. There are 9 species in 7 genera; There are 3 genera and 3 species of hydrops. There are 3 genera and 3 species in the order of Sea branch (Corallia). 2 species, 2 genera; Polychaeta 2 genera 5 species; Arthropod 2 genera 2 species. Most are preserved as imprint fossils, and despite their primitive morphology and structure, they are considered one of the most significant paleontological discoveries of the 20th century. The discovery dispelled the long-held belief that metazoan fossils were not possible before the Cambrian period. Metazoa refers to various multicellular animals as opposed to protozoa.
The Ediacaran fauna contains the fossils of a variety of strange forms of animals: large and flat bodies, often oval or striped, with smooth organic films, are the oldest and most primitive fossils ever found, and the most convincing biological evidence found in archean strata. According to Seilacher, the Edikala fauna can be divided into three types: radiative, bipolar, and unipolar. In addition to the radiate growth type, there may be some groups related to coelenterates, and the other two groups are not related to the biological groups that emerged after the Cambrian period.
Although there is much debate about the nature of the Ediacaran fauna, its strange morphology has led many scholars to believe that the Ediacaran fauna was the first adaptation after the emergence of metazoans, which adopted a different form and structure from that of most modern animals. It does not increase the complexity of the internal structure, only changes the basic shape of the body, becomes very thin, into ribbons or wafer-like, so that all parts of the body are sufficiently close to the outer surface, breathing and ingesting nutrients in the absence of internal organs. For example, most modern animals adopt a rounded or spherical external form while evolving complex internal organs to expand the corresponding surface area (such as lungs, digestive tract). From fossils, it can be seen that these organisms have highly differentiated tissues and organs, indicating that they are no longer the most primitive type. They represent the first radiative evolution after the emergence of metazoans, so it can be considered that the Ediacaran fauna was an attempt by metazoans to occupy the shallow sea on a large scale under the conditions of low atmospheric oxygen content at the end of the Proterozoic, which failed and led to extinction. In the later evolution process, metazoa took the second way to complicate the internal organs and the development of species diversification, that is, the weak evolution of biological systems.
Some people think: human beings are not native to the earth and later habitable Earth! Cooked food and so many physical deficiencies are a huge support. So, the environment we lived in would have been very warm and UV light would not have been intense; For example, a planet with a constant and warm climate all year round or a greenhouse sphere! ?
We have to work backwards from evolution - so there's only one possibility: our ancestors were born in a very safe environment and there was no threat from other animals! Thus, for those who support the theory that humans were not really born on Earth, this physiological characteristic of human beings becomes particularly valuable, whether or not humans are really from other planets or are a new organism that combines the dna of animals on Earth. When human beings were really born, the living environment should be very safe, because if any species wants to continue to reproduce and ensure the continued existence of this species, the first prerequisite is to solve the survival problem, Darwin's slow evolution is unnecessary and specious and even boring idle words! ...
Chapter 18: The Miraculous rise of human science from myth, theology and pagan rebellion There was a great explosion of scientific knowledge in the prophets of Byzantium
1. Heaven is all-encompassing and God is omnipotent
God Man and one is the Italian Renaissance original Yuan
The essence of art "humanism, free will" comes from the Bible; There are rumors of a great flood. It seems that the human race was once extinct! ... However, RON discovered the ruins of Noah's Ark in Turkey in 1977 and the Hong Kong Turkish archaeological team witnessed the ruins of Noah's Ark again in 1918, so the Bible should be a real ancient human country. The Bible is preceded by ancient Greek mythology and the history of civilization before the ruins of Byzantium...
Second, "Nature and the Greeks Science and Humanism" The great path to look at the early scientific start of mankind the ancient Greek sages
Schrodinger's Nature and Greek Science and Humanism confirms that ancient Greece is the real historical record of human beings entering the "childhood" of natural science in ancient Greece and carefully studies it. It is a work that rewrites the material and consciousness of materialism in the world for 6,000 years and highlights the "free will" of humanism. Until the 21st century to establish quantum entanglement, the unity of body and soul of the Nobel Prize classic history, to practice a century of the Big Bang species of natural systems school interpretation of the great declaration!
Ancient Greek scientists were full of talents. Since 625 BC the great scientists Thales (Solon, Chilon, Bias, Petacus, Periander, Cleobus - the Seven sages of Ancient Greece), Socrates, Ptolemy, Plato, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, etc... For the unprecedented "city-state" highly civilization built an unprecedented great glory and highly developed and rising natural science giant frontier; Only during the Italian Renaissance, great scientists such as Leonardo Da Vinci and Galileo all took Archimedes as their role model; It can be described as "the ideal embodiment of theoretical genius and experimental genius in one person"! Archimedes, the most perfect scientist, wrote such mathematical works as "On Spheres and Cylinders," "Measurement of Circles," "Quadrantism of Parabola," "On Spiral," "On Cones and Spheres," and "Calculation of Sand" during his lifetime (287 BC - 212 BC). As a mechanic, he has "on the balance of shapes", "on floating bodies", "on levers", "Principles" and other mechanical works, known in history as "the man who moves the earth (the first scientist)", Archimedes continued Thales all the ancient Greek scientists...
Schrodinger confirms that the Pythagorean school deeply influenced Plato and his Academy, which clearly inherited the southern Italian school's empiricist views.
In fact, from the point of view of the history of thought, we might call this Athenian school a branch of the Pythagorean School. It does not matter that the Platonists did not formally adhere to the "code," much less that they were eager to disguise rather than emphasize their dependence in order to promote their originality. Our information about the Pythagoreans comes chiefly from the faithful and honest accounts of Aristotle. Aristotle, however, largely disagreed with them and accused them of an unfounded, empiricist bias that he himself could easily have held.
We know that the basic doctrine of the Pythagoreans is that "all things are numbers," although some have tried to weaken this epigram by saying that "all things are like numbers," that is, similar to numbers. We do not know the value of the true scientific historical implications of this assertion. This bold generalization of far-reaching significance probably stems from Pythagoras' famous discovery that, if composed in harmony with the intervals produced by the integer part or the rational part of the string 36 lengths (such as 1/2,2/3,3/4), it may move us to tears, as if speaking directly to our souls. (The Pythagoreans have the relation between soul and bodyThings also have their numbers, or "are" their numbers. The distribution of numbers is related to some simple properties of number theory. For example, the square number (4,9,16,25,...) Relates to justice, and in particular, justice is equal to the first number 4. The idea behind this must be that the number four can be divided into two equal factors (as compared to "equity", "equitable", etc.). A square number of points can be arranged in a square, as is the case in Ninepins. The Pythagoreans also spoke of triangular numbers in the same way, such as 3,6,10,... 】
In view of this, Schrodinger's analysis of the Pythagorean school went all the way to Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy... The origins of natural science in ancient Greece concluded: "In any case, the Pythagoreans, with their preconceptions of prejudice and of beauty and simplicity, made more progress in the important direction of understanding the structure of the universe than did the sober Ionian 'natural philosophers' and their spiritual successors, the atomists, of whom we shall speak in a moment." (Page 39 of this book) - Thus, the interpretation of the early scientific imitation and revision of the ancient Greek scientific civilization new era, the birth of Harvey, Copernicus, Galileo science giant Kaiyuan era!
Harvey revised Galen's theory of Blood blood and completed the first modern scientific work, The Theory of Blood Movement
The Theory of Blood Movement was published by the great English physiologist and embryologist William Harvey in 1628. The publication of this book shocked the medical and physiological communities of the time, and its views fundamentally overturned the classical view of the movement of the heart and blood that had dominated people's minds for thousands of years, proposing that blood is circulating, and the continuous beat of the heart is the power source of blood circulation throughout the body - Harvey proudly said:
"Ah! The sun in my heart "...
The big universe and the small universe are a pair of categories that indicate the relationship between man and the world in the history of Western philosophy. The big universe refers to the whole world, and the small universe refers to people. The idea is thought to have originated with Empedocles' theory of flux, which holds that similar things are perceived by similar things. Plato's theory of recollection, which holds that the knowledge of the whole is intact in the soul, and that it is only through the stimulation of the senses that man recalls what he already knows, that the human soul corresponds to the knowledge of the whole, is also a form of this theory. Aristotle's epistemological view that the soul is somehow everything he knows suggests that he thinks the small universe is the same as the big one. Stoic philosophy, starting from ontology, holds that the relationship of the universal soul to the world is like the relationship of the human soul to the human body, and the universal reason in the human soul is like the universal reason of the world. Erigina's theory of natural differentiation in the Middle Ages has pointed out that human activities are consistent with all other things in the universe, and that man is a small universe in the whole universe.
V. On Blood Movement
British doctor Harvey came to Padua University to study, in 1628 wrote the epoch-making "Blood Movement"
Harvey put the fire of science from Italy to the British Empire, which gave birth to Newton's classical mechanics, the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, and created Elizabeth's 300 years of "The sun never sets" from science. The world center of science and technology was transferred from Italy to England, and the University of Cambridge became the pride of Newton and Victorian times!
This is completely 2200 years later, 1609-1619 Kepler's three planetary laws of the universe "everything is number" cosmic harmony has been proved through the ages - history is remembered by Schrodinger's "Nature and Greek science and Humanism", she answered our human "why return to ancient thought", The ancient Greece developed from the Pythagorean School in 600 BC to the "Plato Academy" in 387 BC... It is! Schrodinger and modern western scientists have unanimously confirmed that ancient Greece is the only origin of human natural science, and no other country or region that is not influenced by ancient Greek humanism is enough to give birth to modern science alone!
The historical achievements of Claudius Galenus (129-199)
Galen, also known as "Galen of Pergamum" (Claudius Galenus of Pergamum, located in Turkey), was the most famous and influential medical master of the Ancient Roman period. He was the most famous doctor, animal anatomist and philosopher after Hippocrates in ancient Greece, and was the first anatomist in the world to practice anatomy and study the human body, and creatively proposed the concept of personality types on the basis of Hippocrates' "humoral theory". His works are "Temperament", "Instinct" and "Three Papers on Natural Science" - which has highlighted the budding concept of "small universe system"... Interestingly, Galen returned to Pergamos in 157 AD and spent three or four years as a doctor at a gladiator school there, gaining experience in treating wounds and injuries. In the age when the human body presents dark matter and dark energy - can not see everything in the body, Galen called "wound" is "the window into the body"!
As a court doctor, he began to "enter the window of the body" and performed vivisection on Gibraltar apes to study the role of the kidneys and spine; The dissection of the chest muscles and the diaphragm and the relationship between respiratory movement, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve and vocalization, and experiments with pigs confirmed these findings, and experiments on respiration, vocalization, spinal nerves and urinary functions shocked Europe and had a profound impact on the Italian Renaissance! ... He wrote 131 books, including Galen on Medical Experience, on the Process of Anatomy, and on the Functions of the Organs of the Body.
In addition, Galen became a professor at the University of Padua with the young professor of surgery and anatomy Vesalius (1514-1564), who, with the support of a judge, obtained the bodies of prisoners and pioneered human anatomy. It was found that the relative volume and weight of the brain of higher animals were much larger, thus negating Galen's "Reiki theory" and publishing "on the White Body of the human Brain".
Vesalius was a famous anatomist
Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica (The Construction of the Human Body) is the earliest authoritative work on human anatomy. Is considered to be the founder of modern human anatomy - in 1543, Vesalius with "The structure of the Human Body" epochal historical masterpiece illustrated the harmonious and perfect unity of the human body, and began to reveal the "dark matter dark energy" code inside the human body...
Galen and Vesalius were instrumental in Harvey's 1628 publication of "Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals", which helped Harvey call for the emergence of a "small universe system"!
Historically, the English doctor Harvey came to study at the University of Padua, in Nicola. After Copernicus completed his exploration of the cosmic system of the mysterious celestial bodies, William. Harvey's "blood theory" was once the "Bible" of theology with the help of his predecessor Galen on the mysterious small universe of the human body - Galen believed that the gut was the center of the blood system, and the digested food was converted into blood in the liver, and then disappeared in the whole body, only to do a straight line movement with a starting point and an ending point; He even said that the gut is the center of the blood system, the digested food is converted into blood in the liver, and then disappears in the whole body, only for a straight line movement with a starting point and an ending point; he also proposed that the liver produces "natural reiki", the lung produces "vital Reiki", and the brain produces "animal reiki". Religious theology uses Galen's "Reiki theory" to argue that "one division into three" : Man is divided into monks, nobles and commoners; nature is divided into animals, plants and minerals; animals into fish, beasts and birds; and God is the trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. ...
Eight, Harvey on various aspects of human anatomy to pick up and correct the completion of the "Theory of Blood movement" to lead the scientific world into the British Empire
Finally, in 1628, he wrote the epoch-making "The Theory of Blood Movement", which sent the fire of science from Italy to the British Empire, thus giving birth to Newton's classical mechanics "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", which created Elizabeth's 300-year "the sun never sets" greatness and brilliance from science...
The world center of science and technology was transferred from Italy to England, and the University of Cambridge became the pride of Newton and Victorian times!
9. Copernicus subverted Ptolemy's "Geocentric theory" of 48 circles and completed "The Theory of Celestial Bodies"
The main contents of Ptolemy's geocentric theory:
(1) The earth is stationary at the center of the universe;
(2) Each planet rotates uniformly in a small circular orbit called the epicycle, and the center of the epicycle rotates uniformly around the Earth in a great circular orbit called the "homocycle", but the earth is not at the center of the homocycle, but at a distance from the center of the circle;
(3) The epicycles of Mercury and Venus are located on the line between the Earth and the sun, and the epicycles of the epicycles rotate once a year, and the lines of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn to the epicycles of their respective epicycles are always parallel to the Earth-sun line, and the three planets rotate once a year around their epicycles;
4) Stars are located in a solid shell called the "stellar sky". In addition to the above motion, the sun, the moon, and the planets, together with the "star day", orbit the Earth once a day, so that various celestial bodies rise and fall once a day.
Pythagoras was the first philosopher to put forward the "heliocentric theory".
The fact that the solid earth is in motion is very difficult to accept in ancient times, ancient people lack sufficient cosmic observation data, and only use the naked eye to observe the Earth is the center of the universe. The geocentric system of Pythagoras up to Ptolemy fits well with the observational data of the time, and there was papal rule. Therefore, geocentrism was widely accepted by the general public and was considered by the Holy See to be a sacred truth. So after the publication of the Celestial Transport, the most famous proponent was Giordano Bruno. Before Copernicus wrote his Treatise on the Operation of the Celestial Bodies, the papal authorities insisted that the sun revolted around the Earth, and Bruno objected to the idea that the Earth revolted around the sun and was burned alive by the Inquisition! ...
The history of science is like this, in the process of breaking through the law of unknown human painful cognition and doubt, shaking and rolling, crossing the Pope's "geocenetic theory", using the cruel and bloody life lessons of Bruno's Square of Flowers, like Harvey, and by Galileo and Copernicus to complete the great breakthrough from ancient Greece to modern science! ...
However, Copernicus, in his Treatise on the Operation of the Heavens, argues that God is everywhere; Since ancient times, all things in the universe have constituted the whole micro-world hidden in all aspects of the macro-world, and existence is the truth!
"The emancipation of natural science from theology began with the publication of Copernicus's monumental work, in which he challenged (though timidly and, so to speak, only at his deathbed) the ecclesiastical authority in natural matters." -- Engels
Natural science came from theology with the philosophical thought of "post-relativity" subverting genes... Just as W. Heisenberg evaluated the difference of understanding between Copernicus and Tolemy in 1927, he applied quantum mechanics to analyze the essence of relativity of "rest". Say: "Today, even in a more extreme form, we may say that the word 'rest' is defined by the statement that the earth is at rest, and that we describe every object that is motionless with respect to the Earth as at rest. If the word 'rest' is understood in this way - and this is the generally accepted sense - then Ptolemy was right and Copernicus was wrong. Only when we contemplate the concepts of "motion" and "rest," and understand motion as at least a statement of the relation of two bodies, can we reverse the relation, make the sun the stationary centre of the planetary system, and obtain a much simpler and more unified view of the planetary system, the power of which was later fully appreciated by Newton. Copernicus therefore adds to direct experience a completely new element, which I call "the simplicity of the laws of nature," which has nothing to do with direct experience. This is the simplest and most simple Copernicus, Newton's early "post-relativity" the most authoritative classical interpretation!
Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems of Ptolemaeus and Copernicus is also a great declaration of the "relative movement" of pagan rebel theology for a century
Why would Bruno and Copernicus, both heretics, be so firmly opposed to the papal doctrine as a vanguard for the study of the scientific foundations of all mankind?! ?
Why?
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564-8 January 1642), 77, born Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei, was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, and founder of modern natural science in Europe. Galileo has been called "the father of observational astronomy", "the father of modern physics", "the father of the scientific method" and "the father of modern science".
Galileo studied velocity and acceleration, gravity and free fall, relativity, inertia, principles of projectile motion, and undertook research in applied science and technology, described the nature of a pendulum and the "balance of still water," invented the thermometer and various military compasses, and used telescopes for scientific observations of celestial bodies. His contributions to observational astronomy include the confirmation of the phase of Venus using telescopes, the discovery of the four largest moons of Jupiter, the observation of Saturn's rings, and the analysis of sunspots.
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564-8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Many of us are familiar with the story of Galileo's free-falling experiment with two iron balls in the Leaning Tower of Pisa, daring to doubt the authority of Aristotle, and using experiments to prove that Aristotle's assertion that "the speed of a falling body is proportional to its weight" is wrong.
Most of the scientific theories of human beings come from the thousands of words left by the ancient Greek Aegean miracle civilization, which has become the origin of the integration of modern science and civilization in the West! ...
It has been more than 2330 years since Aristotle wrote The Treatise on Instruments (384-322 BC). At that time, Aristotle had already put forward the "first substance" theory. "The reason why the first entity is more properly called an entity,Because they are the basis of everything, and everything else is either asserted in them or depends on them. And the relation which exists between the first substance and everything else also exists between species and classes."
In other words, the explosion of the basic theory of ancient Greek scientific civilization is based on the property of the material existence of the "first entity", that is, on the basis of the "first entity"; The ever-changing nature of matter and the movement show that human beings have only just begun to understand the most difficult scientific phenomena! Scientific discoveries (numerous laws of mathematical physics to be explored) Scientific history to be built at the base of a vast and boundless scientific pyramid... Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two world systems of Ptolemei and Copernicus" and "Conversation and Mathematical Proof on Two New Sciences" became the metacentrum of the creation of scientific theories of human physics.
From Galileo "All mechanical laws are invariant under Galilean transformations." The theorem gives rise to the "absolutism" of Newtonian classical mechanics - because Newtonian classical mechanics is based on the "Galilean transformation", the kinematic quantities (such as coordinates, velocity) observed in different inertial reference systems of the same object can be related to each other through the Galilean transformation, which is the principle of mechanical relativity. And then with the development of history naturally into the 20th century, from Galileo to Lorenz transformation sublimation to special relativity, is it not the same can be said that the movement of Einstein's relativity equations are absolutely unchanged? ?
In a sense, Einstein eliminated the Newtonian force (f) as soon as he set up his own Einstein frame of reference. According to the absolute space-time view, the measurement of time and space is independent of the motion state of the inertial frame of reference, so where does the acceleration of Einstein's "equivalence principle" come from? How can another "gravitational field strength" cross over "acceleration" to equal "gravitational field strength" out of thin air? It's imagination! Imagine yourself jumping off the earth and not feeling gravity! If you don't feel it, you don't exist! Like Galileo saying to the Pope that the earth is still revolving around the sun, gravity is still around Einstein and everyone.
Eddington famously said, "There is no third person in the world who really understands the theory of relativity.
Eddington is said to have been asked a question:
"Do you think there are more than three people in the world who understand relativity?"
Eddington thought for a moment and replied:
"Actually, I'm trying to figure out who the third person is."
Only Eddington and Einstein really understood relativity!
Was this the "deterministic" providence of Eddington's total solar eclipse experiment? !
Eddington led a team of observers to Principe, West Africa, to observe the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, to photograph the position of the stars near the Sun during the total solar eclipse, according to the theory of general relativity, the sun's gravity will bend the light, and the apparent position of the stars near the sun will change. Eddington's observations confirmed Einstein's theory and immediately caused a sensation around the world... Since then, Einstein's theory of relativity has been established in the history of science unshakable brilliant historical position!
In other words, the theory of relativity is the crystallization of Einstein's life of scientific research, and the theory of relativity has also been proved by many scientific experiments that it is completely irreversible. But there are many doubts!
For example, historians have argued that Eddington's figures were inaccurate at the time, but he falsely declared the theory of relativity correct...
Einstein said, "I believe in the God of Spinoza, who exists and appears in the ordered harmony of things, and not in the God who is involved in the fate and actions of mankind."
Why is it that so many scientists in the world who believe in God alone are able to make great achievements in the natural sciences? ! For example:
The great astronomer Kepler had a solemn definition of astronomy: "To study astronomy is to study the mind of God."
German mathematician Leibniz also said: "Order, uniformity and harmony surprise us... God is pure order. He is the creator of universal harmony."
Eddington said, "Modern physics necessarily leads us to God - not away from him - and no atheist inventor is a natural scientist." All these dumb inventors are mediocre philosophers."
... All in all, before all mankind enters the new century of dark matter and dark energy, it is time to give the name of Newton's classical mechanics "absolute spacetime"! ...
"Classical mechanics is only applicable to the macro world and not to the micro world, first of all, some theories about speed, according to the theory of classical physics, with the passage of time, the speed of the object is increasing, and eventually the object can obtain any speed... The maximum known speed is the speed of light, but until now it has not been possible to increase the speed of an object to the speed of light, which is not explained by classical physics..."
When all mankind enter the "natural universe system" dark energy properties of dark matter [through computer simulation of the formation of large-scale structure of the universe], the speed of dark matter should be much lower than the speed of light, showing a "cold dark matter" state, thus negating the L postulate.
In the "natural universe" the speed of light is a variable; Only then does the "visible light" wavelength dimension exist! Otherwise, the observed large-scale structures cannot be formed under gravity - in fact, 4-5% of the "visual image subject" enters the blurred world and cannot be seen. 】 Not Newton's classical mechanics, but Einstein's theory of relativity...
October 2022 Physics Award Three scientists experimentally proved that Bell inequality is not true; The conclusion is that Einstein was wrong; After the fifth Solvay Conference in 1927, Bohr led the Copenhagen School and Einstein's great debate for 95 years, the "quantum entanglement" debate finally reached a perfect conclusion! ...
12, 35 years later it was discovered that Mendel, the father of classical genetics, was still a monastic pagan
The introvert thinking of Father Mendel's life became a pagan in the monastery, and ten years later, Mendel's experimental theory was read out on February 8, 1865, and there was no mainstream scientific response in Mendel's lifetime, and the test report was sent to the authoritative professor of botany at the University of Munich, Naeglide, Germany, to be an "empirical formula". Xin deficiency was recorded in the Journal of the Bulon Natural Science Research Society, which was unknown for 35 years; In 1900, three scientists: de Ferris in the Netherlands, Kohlings in Germany, and Chuchmark in Austria discovered almost simultaneously that they found the laws of genetics, and at the same time found a triple uniform version of Mendel's pea experiment 35 years earlier... In this way, the history of science once again pushed the monastic pagans to the commanding heights of the angels of classical genetics, and miraculously completed the great peak recognized by the world as the father of molecular genetics...
Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822-6 January 1884) was an Austrian biologist. Born in the village of Heinzedorf in Silesia (present-day Czech Republic) in the Austrian Empire, he served as a priest in a monastery in Brunn (present-day Brno, Czech Republic) and is considered the founder of genetics and the father of modern genetics. Through the pea experiment, he discovered two of the three basic laws of genetics, namely the law of separation and the law of free combination.
Mendel's concept of scientific discovery was that genetic laws could not be found in the overall form and behavior of organisms. Instead, he could only study the whole organism from individual traits while studying individual traits in an all-round way with statistics, and select self-pollinating plants with stable varieties that were easy to grow. It is easy to separate and count peas one by one, hybridization and artificial pollination for ten years before discovering two laws of genetics - Mendelian separation law and free combination law. As the picture shows:
Mendelian laws of inheritance
A separation law
The false law of separation of genetic factors proposed by Mendel has been fully verified, and has been confirmed by countless experiments of later generations, and is now recognized by the world and is honored as Mendel's separation law. That is, the paired genetic factors that determine a trait in a heterozygote separate from each other and do not interfere with each other in the meiosis process, so that only one of the paired genetic factors in the gamete produces equal numbers of two types of gamete and is independently inherited to the offspring, which is Mendel's separation law.
B free combination law
After Mendel revealed the genetic law of hybridization of a pair of relative traits controlled by a pair of genetic factors (or a pair of alleles) - the law of separation, he found a second important genetic law, that is, the law of free combination, also known as the law of independent distribution:
Law of free combination
That is, the separation and combination of one pair of alleles and another pair of alleles do not interfere with each other, and each is independently assigned to the gamete free combination.
Summary of sections 1 to 13 of this chapter
This chapter "(Chapter XVI) The miraculous rise of human science from mythology, theology and pagan rebellion Scientific knowledge Prophet Byzantium had a "free will" explosion "- the most miraculous is that in the same year, in the same world, at the same time, five" God man and one "Pope pagan to the Pope and the Church over the wall detonated the explosion of human science and became the modern history of human science to open a new century of civilization: Harvey's "Blood Movement", Galileo's "Dialogue on the two Systems of Ptolemy Copernicus", Copernicus's "Celestial Transport", Mendel's "Classical Genetics"... There is also a papal Bruno refused to criticize the Copernican "heliocentric theory" was burned by the Pope in the square of flowers cruel death of the pagans: before the execution shout: You see the earth is still revolving around the sun! ...
Is this the power of God?
Is this superhuman strength?
Or the power of "God Man and one"? In any case, after these five pagans, mankind has never produced such a great, unique, irreplaceable giant and scientific Canon... Why is that?
Perhaps they are aliens who came to Earth to replace the Pope and rule mankind, remove the cruel shackles of papal whiplash, and restore the sacred scientific concept of "free will" in ancient Greece. ...
There were the Crusades from 1096 to 1291 (Latin: Cruciata, 1096-1291) was a series of famous religious military operations launched by the Roman Catholic Pope Urban II, lasting nearly 200 years, by feudal lords and knights in Western Europe in the name of recovering the land occupied by Arab, Turkic and other Muslim invasions of the eastern Mediterranean. The papal war to prove it!
13. Before quantum mechanics burst out in 1900, human scientists were searching for rules for the harmony of stars in the universe
The year 1900 was a time of rare accidental breakthroughs in modern human physics. Before this, the explosion of the human species, the eternal theory of natural ecology, was born, and the scientific "free will" of all mankind created various miracles of scientific discovery...
In 1900, he introduced the quantum of energy in the study of blackbody radiation, for which he was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918 and president of the Royal Society for the Advancement of Science from 1930 to 1937. After opposing Nazi tyranny, Planck was removed from his post in 1935.
He retired from science in his later years and engaged in anti-fascist activities. He died in Gottingen on 3 October 1947.
Glossary (2 photos)
Overview Brochure (2 sheets)
Chapter 19: A brief chronicle of the early frontiers of human scientific discovery in the post-Planck "Blackbody radiation" research years "Galileo Transformation"
First, the history of science has always been pyramid-shaped upward in the frontiers of science and natural systems
The base of the pyramid of scientific discovery, built on the ancient Greek era of science, grew bigger, stronger and wider... In this way, later people (scientists) can climb to the top; But it can never reach the top - because scientific discovery is endless, there is no highest pinnacle! ...
Scientists find from the changes in the intensity of blackbody radiation under different temperature conditions: below 30K (30K, K is the Kelvin temperature, is the thermodynamic temperature. The relationship between the thermodynamic temperature T and the commonly used Celsius temperature t is: T (K) =273.15+t(° C). The blackbody radiation intensity in the visible light band generated by a temperature change of 30K, which is changed to a degree Celsius change, is almost 0. It is very attractive to study and determine the concrete form of the universal function from the perspective of blackbody radiation. Obviously, if the monochromatic absorptivity αi (λ, T) =1, then the monochromatic radiance Mi (λ, T) of the radiation source is the universal function to be studied. The radiant body of αi (λ, T) =1 is an absolute blackbody, referred to as a blackbody.
It seems that the road of "black body radiation" scientific research is still very long, it needs to wait 41 years later, Planck to use "black body radiation" to open the mysterious door of "quantum mechanics"...
Blackbody radiation (Baidu Encyclopedia)
Any object has the property of continuously radiating, absorbing and reflecting electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic wave radiated out is different in each band, that is, it has a certain spectral distribution. This spectral distribution is related to the characteristics of the object itself and its temperature, so it is called thermal radiation. In order to study the law of thermal radiation independent of the specific physical properties of matter, physicists have defined an ideal object - a black body (black body), as a standard object for the study of thermal radiation.
In 1900, Lord Kelvin, in his famous speech "The Dark Clouds of the Nineteenth Century over the Theory of Heat and Light Dynamics," mentioned that the edifice of physics had been basically built, and that later generations of physicists had only to do a few piecemall repairs, but under the sunny sky of physics, there were "two small dark clouds."
Two small clouds, one of which is in 1881 American physicists Michelson and Morey cooperated to produce the Michelson interference experiment talked about in middle school textbooks, used to prove the existence of "aether", the result proved that there is no aether!
The other was to take advantage of blackbody radiation laws that were unexplained by conventional physics thinking at the time." .
Two, pipe from Crookes
Crooks founded and edited the Chemical News in 1859. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1863 and served as its President from 1913 to 1915. He is the discoverer and namer of thallium (Tl 81). His cathode-ray tube (Crookes tube) provided the basic experimental conditions for the discovery of the X-ray in 1895 and the electron in 1897. William Crookes also invented experimental instruments such as the scintillation mirror and special glass to protect against rays, as well as the study of rare earth elements and their spectra, nitrogen fixation in the air, and so on, and invented the radiometer. - cathode ray - blackbody radiation - x ray - BaiKeRui ray - radioactive element radium - natural radioactive nuclear fission - alpha beta gamma particles - neutron - nuclear fusion - thermonuclear reaction -- the atomic bomb, nuclear reactors, nuclear technology, nuclear submarine... "Two little dark clouds" disappeared in Planck's "Blackbody radiation" experiment - When black body radiation entered Planck's expected field of vision, the accidental improvement of the experiment and made two hypotheses created a miracle, shocking the world to find that "quantum" completed the scientific fulcrum extension of black body radiation:
Planck's blackbody radiation experiment
Planck saw blackbodies as:
1, a large number of harmonic oscillators, each harmonic oscillator will emit and absorb electromagnetic waves, the nature of the atom and harmonic oscillators, at a given frequency.
2, the energy of each harmonic oscillator is discontinuous, and only the energy emitted and absorbed is discontinuous (an integer multiple of an energy value).
The energy ε, momentum p, wavelength λ and frequency v of the photon follow the de Broglie relation ε=hv, where h is Planck's constant h=6.63×10^-34, historically known as Planck's constant;
From the above hypothesis, Planck deducedThe Crookes tube was born in 1869, and the "Crookes tube" craze quickly began - in 1869, physicist John William Hittorf observed radiation emitted by the cathode in a vacuum tube. When these rays hit the glass wall they fluoresce.
In 1876 this ray was named "cathode ray" by Eugen Goldstein - hence the name "cathode ray";
In April 1887, Nikola Tesla began using a high-voltage vacuum tube of his own design. In fact, Tesla was the first scientist to discover X-rays.
Crookes invented the Crookes tube in 1887 to study X-rays. In which electrons pass through the material, an effect now called bremsstrahlung occurs, producing high-energy X-ray rays.
In 1892, Tesla completed this experiment, loosely called radioactivity, and went on to discover how harmful the experiment was to living organisms.
In 1892, Hertz conducted experiments suggesting that cathode rays could penetrate very thin metal foils.
Nadlen (a Hertz student) then conducted experiments on a number of metals to investigate this effect.
Helmholtz mathematically deduced the electromagnetic nature of light.
On November 8, 1895, the German scientist Roentgen began his research on cathode rays. On December 28, 1895, he completed a preliminary experimental report, "A new Ray", which was published in the journal of the Physical-Medical Society in Wurzburg. In 1901, Roentgen won the Nobel Prize in Physics:
...
Become the world's first scientist to win the Nobel Prize! ...
Roentgen's hand detonates the world Nobel Prize ↓
In the world, the first Nobel Prize was born on December 10, 1901, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the world's first Nobel Prize in physics, the awarded scientist is the German Roentgen, in recognition of his 1895 discovery of X-rays...
Roentgen has exploded the world's sustainable frontier of original creativity with X-ray images of mysterious Roentgen players...
So, what are X-rays?
Because X stands for unknown, that is, there were a lot of unknowns about this ray back then... In fact, we still don't fully understand all aspects of X-rays today... Because this ray was discovered by Roentgen, it is also called Roentgen ray, also called X-ray.
X-ray has a high penetration, can penetrate most visible light can not transparent substances, such as metal materials, rocks, wood, human body, living organisms and so on. It's a type of radiation invisible to the naked eye that can fluoresce solid materials in the lab, sensitize photographic plates... What is special about it is that it can ionize air and so on... Effect.
X-rays can be divided into hard X-rays and soft X-rays.
X-rays with shorter wavelengths are more energetic and are called hard X-rays.
Longer wavelength X-rays have lower energy and are called soft X-rays.
This property of X-rays is determined by frequency. In the vacuum, when the high-speed moving electrons bombard the metal target, the target emits X-rays, which is the structural principle of the X-ray tube, which was first invented by Crookes, called the Crookes tube...
(2) Extension of scientific fulcrum from X-rays to radioactive materials:
In 1896, French physicist Henry Berkeley found that uranium salt will emit a strange light that can pass through opaque objects, accidentally found a linear substance - in December 1895, French scientist Berkeley was inspired by Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, the experiment put a uranium rock into the sun to detonate the sun, hoping to obtain new rays, a few days have passed without harvest. That day Berkeley took out the uranium rock and went outside. Looking up to see that there was no sunlight, he went back inside and put the uranium rock in a drawer. He threw the key in and closed the drawer. Days passed without sunlight; Berkeley would open a drawer and take an unlit film to the darkroom to develop... Suddenly finding the image of the key on the negative, Berkeley was surprised, and found through repeated trials that uranium rock naturally emits a "radioactive" (light)... Berkeley wrote a report on his discovery to the French Academy of Sciences, but it did not attract anyone's attention, at that time all the scientists in Europe did not take "uranium rays" seriously...
However, Madame Curie was fascinated by the radioactive phenomenon of uranium, that is an excellent research topic, with the help of Curie, after painstaking research and experiments, Madame Curie found that there is not only uranium radioactive phenomenon, Madame Curie named this phenomenon as "radioactivity", and radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, etc., named "radioactive elements". Further research found that compounds of another element, thorium, also showed this phenomenon.
In 1903, Berkeley and Curie were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on radioactivity.
December 26, 1898, Mary. Marie Curie followed up on Berkeley's radioactivity research, announcing in a report to the French Academy of Sciences that the couple had discovered a new element, radium, a million times more radioactive than uranium.
The deceased called Madame Curie the mother of radium...
(3) From radioactive material to the scientific fulcrum of nuclear fission:
The young Curie couple were Frederic Joliot-curie (1900-1958) and his wife Irene Joliot-Curie (1897-1956). The Jolio-Curies proved that neutrons produced by fission could cause a chain reaction.
My scientists, who discovered nuclear fission and chain reactions, obtained the basis for the practical use of atomic energy from scientific experiments, and opened up broad prospects for the development of new energy sources for mankind because of the discovery of stable artificial radioactivity, they won the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
Steve Charles Cowley, director of the UK's Karam Fusion Centre, told the UK House of Lords Science and Technology Committee on July 21, 2015: Members of the International Thermonuclear Experiment Reactor say 2020, but I don't think the reactor will produce the first plasma until 2025. He doesn't think burning plasma will be possible until the early 2030s...
The International Thermonuclear Reactor Experiment (ITER), also at Cadarachet in France, has cost $20 billion;
Fusion is the process by which lighter atomic nuclei (such as deuterium and tritium) combine to form heavier ones (such as helium).
The nucleus remains and contains huge (big Bang) energy, and the change of the nucleus is from one kind of nucleus to another kind of nucleus, which naturally releases explosive energy.
(4) Scientists study the scientific fulcrum that recognizes the change in nuclear fission extends to the atomic bomb:
After N. Bohr told Fermi the news of uranium fission when he went to the United States in 1939, Fermi immediately began to explore the nuclear fission chain reaction and under the leadership of Fermi and his assistants built the world's first controlled nuclear fission chain reactor at the University of Chicago on December 2, 1942 - in the 1930s, scientists in Britain, Italy and Germany conducted in-depth research and found: The energy produced by fission of one gram of uranium is equivalent to the energy released by burning three tons of coal. In this way, from Democritus in ancient Greece to physicist Fermi, the huge amount of violent energy (uranium fission) hidden inside the "atom" of the Big Bang was exposed to the light of day! The birth of the United States "Manhattan Project" and on August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb called "Little Boy" on Hiroshima! ...
The Manhattan Project is the application of nuclear fission is the explosive principle of the atomic bomb, Fermi's world's first reactor is the use of nuclear fission principle, during the Second World War, he participated in the formulation of the "Manhattan Project", in charge of the electromagnetic separation of uranium-235 for the manufacture of atomic bombs, and Lawrence for his contribution to the creation of the accelerator won the 1939 Nobel Prize in physics. At present, all countries in the world use the nuclear fission theory to make atomic bombs to generate electricity. Attached: Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt
To F.D. Roosevelt
Through the exchange of draft studies with E. Furmi and I. Szilard, recent work leads me to believe that uranium (nuclear fuel) will become a new and important source of energy in the near future. Many problems arising from this call for a high level of vigilance, and if necessary, the government departments should take swift action. Therefore, I believe it is my duty to draw your attention to the following facts and suggestions.
In the last four months, through the work of Joliot in France, and the work carried out by Furmi and Szilard in the United States, it has become possible to use large quantities of uranium to build nuclear chain reactors, thereby producing enormous amounts of energy and large quantities of new radium-like elements. It is now almost certain that this will happen in the near future.
This new phenomenon will guide the construction of bombs, and it is possible - though not certain - that very powerful bombs will be built as a result. Such a single bomb, carried on a ship and exploded in a harbor, would have the potential to destroy the entire harbor and the surrounding environment. However, such a bomb might be too heavy for air transport.
There is only a small amount of suitable uranium ore in the United States. There are some good ores in Canada and Czechoslovakia, but the best uranium resources are in the Congo.
Given this, you might think it would be necessary for the physicists building the chain reactors in the United States to have a permanent relationship with the administration. The way for you to make this possible is to delegate the task to someone you trust, who will work in an unofficial capacity. His tasks may include the following:
1. Get close to government departments, familiarize themselves with future developments, and advise the government on its work, particularly with a focus on obtaining uranium supplies for the United States.
2. Address the problems currently being carried out by university laboratories with limited budgets by providing funding to accelerate experimental activities. If funding is available, either through contacts with individuals willing to contribute to the cause, or through partnerships with corporate laboratories with the necessary equipment.
I learned that Germany had actually stopped uranium trading in Czechoslovak mines and had taken it over. It is understandable that it has taken such early action, according to Weizsacker, the son of Germany's deputy secretary of state, who works for the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, where American activities on uranium have been repeated.
Yours sincerely, Albert. Einstein
From Albert. Einstein Old Grove Street Konik, Long Island
August 2, 1939
The fulcrum of science extends from atomic bombs to nuclear fusion:
The scientific fulcrum of the atomic bomb extends to nuclear fusion - nuclear fusion is the explosive principle of hydrogen bombs, because the explosion is so explosive that the instantaneous explosion of hydrogen bombs produces (Big Bang primordial) energy that is currently beyond human control!
In view of this, the purpose of the thermonuclear reactor experiment (ITER) must be controlled nuclear fusion, to achieve the great dream of scientists "artificial solar nuclear fusion", which will become the great scientific frontier and new era of the 21st century.
Meitner's vision of the artificial sun's nuclear fusion; The sea water on Earth contains a large amount of deuterium, and the lithium that produces tritium is also abundant, making it ideal for lighter atomic nuclei (such as deuterium and tritium).
Scientists have found that one liter of deuterium in seawater can release as much energy as 300 liters of gasoline!
Compared with the nuclear fission of current nuclear reactors, nuclear fusion reaction products have obvious advantages, helium is very stable, and there is no pollution to the environment. Therefore, nuclear fusion is the ideal and cleanest energy source for the future.
However, controlled fusion is too hard! According to Lawson criterion: the density of the plasma gas involved in the reaction and the reliable confinement time for it. First, it requires extremely high temperatures and pressures. The temperature at the center of the sun is as high as 15 million degrees Celsius from the Big Bang, and there is still enormous pressure for nuclear fusion to work properly.
It is impossible to obtain such pressure on Earth, and it can only be compensated by raising the temperature to hundreds of millions of degrees; You also need a fairly low density. The plasma at high temperature has a considerable pressure, so the gas in the container must be pumped to an absolute vacuum, which is equivalent to one millionth of the gas density at normal temperature; And because the plasma at high temperatures is very unstable, it is necessary to fully constrain the plasma and maintain a certain time to make it fully fuse! ...
In the fusion process, high temperature, density, pressure, vacuum, time, and sufficient confinement of the plasma (which is what the Big Bang requires); We can't have any problems at all. Otherwise, it will fall short! Even produce a global disaster more than a billion times the nuclear explosion! - The explosion of the artificial sun will destroy the world!
On December 13, 2022, U.S. Department of Energy officials announced that Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, funded by the U.S. government, has for the first time successfully achieved a "net energy gain" in a nuclear fusion reaction, in which the energy produced by the fusion reaction is greater than the laser energy that triggered the reaction. The experiment injected 2.05 megajoules of energy into the target, producing a fusion energy output of 3.15 megajoules, with an energy gain of 153%. In a statement, U.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm called the breakthrough a "landmark achievement."
File photo of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
This is a major breakthrough in the new history of human science and an epoch-making energy revolution, and modern humans are approaching the energy mode of nuclear fusion process generated inside stars such as the sun, which has become a new era of clean energy for mankind!
According to Lawson criterion: the density of the plasma gas involved in the reaction and the reliable confinement time for it. First, it requires extremely high temperatures and pressures. Considering the Big Bang, the central temperature of the sun is as high as 15 million degrees Celsius, and there is still enormous pressure for nuclear fusion to work properly... In the face of challenges and opportunities, Hawking asked:
"Can we survive on Earth?"
Hawking asked: "The universe is a violent place, stars engulf planets, supernovae send deadly rays through space, black holes smash into each other, asteroids hurl at hundreds of miles per second. I admit that these phenomena don't make space sound very enticing, but they're exactly why we're venturing into space rather than staying put. We have no defense against asteroid collisions. Our last big impact happened about 60 million years ago, and people think it wiped out the dinosaurs, and it's going to happen again. This is not science fiction, it is guaranteed by the laws of physics and probability.
I think we are dangerously indifferent to our future on Earth." - From Question 7 of Ten Reflections on Stephen Hawking (page 131).
Do your own evil can not live! Hawking's question of "Can we survive on Earth?" The answer is no!
The reason is that Hawking is the founder of the Big Bang theory of the universe, too much understanding of the big Bang in the universe so far planets, galaxies, Earth, solar system, asteroids "burst" properties (has been proved by Webb color photos); This is Hawking's "ten predictions" in his lifetime are related to the destruction of space aliens and human beings! Please read on:
The fulcrum of alternative science extends from "electromagnetic induction" to the birth of Morse software
How does Oster discover the application of "electromagnetic induction"?
Faraday and Maxwell did not solve, but the American painter Morse completed this great historical and scientific mission.
In 1837, Morse pioneered the code, using only zero and one or two states of binary code, the code includes five: short dot signal "·", read "drop" (Di) to hold a long signal "-", read "Da" (Da) to indicate the pause between dot and dash, medium pause between each word, and long pause between sentences; In other words, Morse cleverly treated the time interval as oneMorse code was first represented by dots and dashes representing numbers. The numbers correspond to the words, that is, you need to find a code table to learn the numbers corresponding to each word, this information coding standard Moss code, it has a very long life, for this point, is other coding can not go beyond, extending to "cut bits"...
As the picture shows:
7, Morse software cryptographic science fulcrum extension gave birth to Jobs Apple
Jobs took a bite. If this prophecy had been made in 1982 when Playboy published an Apple AD, it would have been a sign of the eternal glory of God or Allahu Akbar; if it had been merely a invention of today, it would have been a romantic comment of later generations - "Ah! It's so beautiful!
Steve Jobs's Apple is still iterating to become the leader of smart phones, becoming the world's first brand!
We have finally arrived at the birthplace of creative Apple!
This town is beautiful, and this Apple is a great wonder. I saw the site of Jobs's garage computer factory. Look at this town with traces of computer gold mining on both sides of the road... This cabin, it is on the opposite side of the train station, it is the first computer fans spontaneously set up a democratic computer company, 30 years ago at the foot of this hot land, Bill Gates in the face of Apple without emotion said: "I am but Jobs second, before me, Apple computer rapid growth to give people too deep impression," but ah! When we face the "Lesson - Wang An Biography" Wang An computer bankruptcy in front of IBM Big Blue, the American miracle economy will be born in an instant Grove, Jobs, Bill. Oh, Gates... So many wonders and archetypals; In fact, Caesar is right: "There is a tide in the affairs of men, a flood of currents running towards wealth." If a person is abandoned by this trend, his life is doomed to be dark and miserable. We are floating in such an ocean. We must follow the trend and move with it, otherwise, we will lose the chance of life's adventure!" ...
In fact, the miracle of the American economy is this trend, which naturally continues the mode of free competition to monopoly developed by Ford and Rockefeller. This mode has formed an unsurpassable trend with the new world economy. This trend is a general trend of global history, which extends through the fulcrum of science and technology and pushes forward without interruption. Complete Toffler's amazing Global Power Shift!
Today, Apple still hopes to create miracles!
Pico's last hope is in the hands of this Apple conference
The entire VR industry is waiting for Apple to perform the "Midas touch" miracle.
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Article | One entertainment observation big entertainers
$3,499, that's the price of Apple's new mixed reality device, the Apple Vision Pro, which Apple unveiled in the early hours of June 6.
The amazing hardware parameters and sci-fi concept, coupled with a price far beyond all mainstream VR equipment today, may make other manufacturers scared at other moments, but for mainstream VR, AR and even meta-universe players today, this is probably a rare happy time in the past six months. Especially for companies such as Meta and Bytedance that have invested a lot of resources in the field of virtual reality.
Just three days before the Apple conference, Meta released Meta Quest 3, which will be listed in the fall this year, through Zuckerberg's personal account, and held a one-hour VR game show, releasing dozens of new VR games, but the online time also needs to wait until this fall, and the attempt to catch Apple's hot spot can not be more obvious.
Of course, hoping to catch this wave of hot spots is obviously far more than betting on VR and Meta universe for a long time, ByteDance acquisition of Pico, in fact, also launched Pico 4 Pro at the end of April, but compared with last year's huge on-site conference, the hardware has significantly upgraded Pro version release but appears low-key. The reality is that both Meta and Pico have seen their device sales decline over the past six months, and the VR-based meta-universe industry has almost disappeared.
This is why Apple's press conference is so important, in addition to expanding their own hardware category again after seven years, everyone is looking forward to Apple being able to stage a "Midas touch" miracle - to save the VR industry that has been rising and falling many times in history, and let the company that has paid too much real money for this industry finally have a glimmerer of hope.
Cook's got a good enough hack, but what about the use case?
Despite having quite full psychological expectations, when Apple CEO Cook announced the new device with the classic one more thing opening, the entire demo segment still brought a quite strong impact, the most intuitive feeling is: some parts of the Black Mirror fable seem to have really arrived.
Of course, the other shock of the 45-minute Vision Pro demo was that at the end, the $3,499 starting price, plus the fact that it won't go on sale in the United States until sometime early next year, finally brought people back to reality. Throughout the release process, Apple rarely mentioned VR, AR, MR And other concepts, and said nothing about the "meta-universe".
Vision Pro
According to Cook, the Vision Pro is a new type of computer device that represents "spatial computing," delivering augmented reality (AR) by seamlessly blending the real world with the digital world.
In addition to the external curved screen with a strong sense of science fiction, the biggest difference between Vision Pro and existing VR devices such as Quest, Pico, PS VR is that it is a real head-mounted computing device, no longer with any handle to help interact.
The Vision Pro can only be controlled through the use of hands, glasses and voice, and 12 cameras, five colorful sensors and six microphones will take care of all kinds of interaction and operation.
According to the demonstration video, users can project the giant movie screen into any environment through the Vision Pro, and can capture or play 3D videos, such as watching the 3D version of Avatar 2 or directly 3D flat pictures sent by others.
In terms of entertainment content, Apple invited Disney CEO Iger to the platform, and he mentioned that there will be an immersive "Star Wars" series and a feature that allows users to watch multiple sports events at the same time, a digital version of Disney's theme park may be projected onto users' real world. He also said that Disney+ will be available for streaming when the Vision Pro ships.
Vision Pro Demo
Apple also showed how the headset could be used in a work environment, including the ability to project a screen similar to a modern computer desk to replace a computer monitor, or to use a keyboard and other bluebud devices for input.
The original is the most powerful VR hardware equipment in the game field, Apple but the least, only to show that through the device can play 2K23 such as iOS games, and because the Vision Pro does not come with a controller, so the solution in Apple's demonstration is that users also need to prepare a PS controller to play games.
Without a doubt, the Vision Pro is Apple's most important product launch since the Apple Watch, and AirPods, launched in 2016, are also a billion-dollar product line. But AirPods still lag behind the iPhone, Mac, iPad, and Apple Watch in terms of revenue, and at least for now, Apple hasn't developed a dedicated operating system for these wireless headphones.
At the same time, the Vision Pro is a completely different product from the Watch and AirPods.
While these products sell best as accessories to the iPhone, and you can hardly use them without the iPhone, the Vision Pro is a truly immersive standalone device - when you use it, you won't or can't use anything else.
Vision OS, Apple's latest operating system, powers the Vision Pro
As Cook put it, the Vision Pro is "a revolutionary new product" that will change "the way we look at technology and the role it plays in our lives." It's positioned more like the Mac, a personal computing device that you wear on your head, and Apple did put the M2 chip from the Mac into this device, and added an extra R1 chip.
But it's clear that a Mac isn't suitable for entertainment or content consumption right now, and how many people would pay $3,500 for the Vision Pro just for productivity?
In the case of almost no exclusive game blessing, the most amazing use of Vision Pro is naturally as a virtual audio and video equipment, extremely high screen and audio equipment will obviously be of great help to watch movies and dramas, the problem is that its own external power battery life is only two hours, even a "Avatar" can not watch.
In addition to production capacity, this is probably one of the reasons why Apple is not in a rush to sell it as soon as possible after launch, they also need more developers to join the VisionOS launch at the same time, to create more native quality content for the platform to watch and play, and further expand the potential of this device.
Vision Pro Demo
It is difficult to say what the Vision Pro has to compete with, because whether it is VR, AR or MR, the entire market sales of millions of units a year is far from the possibility of forming a clear competitive environment. Apple's entry is more like a declaration, refocusing the entire tech industry and consumer market from AI to virtual reality headsets, and this kind of attention is exactly what other companies in the same industry crave.
Is Pico ready to be the next Apple headset?
Over the past six months, the once-hot AR/VR and metacomes have lost their status as the "next big thing" in the tech industry to ChatGPT led AIGC.
Interest in AR/VR across the market is also waning. In the six months ending in March, venture capital investments in AR and VR companies plunged 74% year-over-year to just $800 million, according to PitchBook.
According to IDC's "Global AR/VR Headset Quarterly Report" released on June 1, the overall AR/VR headset market fell 54.4% in the first quarter, of which VR headsets accounted for 96.2% of headset shipments. Compared with the same period last year, which was driven by the epidemic, the first quarter of this year is particularly bleak.
Among the top five AR/VR headset manufacturers on the market, Meta led with 47.8% market share, SONY accounted for 35.9% market share in the first quarter due to the surge in sales of the new PS VR2, and ByteDance's Pico rose from 4.4% in the same period last year to 6.1% this year.
Even with the PS VR2's impressive sales growth, it only sold 600,000 units. It can be said that the entire virtual reality hardware industry has still not got rid of the early taste properties really into the daily vision of mainstream consumers.
But dachang's investment is hardly stopping the bleeding.
Meta returned to growth in the first quarter, but its virtual reality business still lost $4 billion. Pico's sales have been weaker than expected, and Byte has cut several jobs over the past six months to reduce losses. The strategy of the two companies for VR hardware is almost similar, with hardware cost pricing, with a lot of marketing expenses, trying to sell a loss one idea to expand the market.
Now Apple has given up this low-price idea and chosen to break out from the high-end.
After the appearance of Vision Pro, whether it is the Quest Pro released last year with a price of more than $1,000, or the Pico 4 Pro priced at 3799 yuan shortly after it was launched, it can finally put down its body, no longer force the illusion of high-end products, and then make itself more accessible to the people, whether in price or concept.
Pico 4 Pro
In particular, the distant launch time of Vision Pro and the restrictions of early launch regions have left enough time and space for Pico and Quest to seize the market one step ahead.
Quest 3 can be sold at the end of September this year, and Pico will obviously come up with a new product based on Qualcomm XR chip iteration in the second half of the year, and seize the attention window brought by Vision Pro, which is obviously the best way out for the VR products of these two companies.
⑧ More importantly, Apple's strong sales ability at the software level will undoubtedly allow more developers to enter the development of virtual reality software, which is actually more critical for Pico, after all, compared with the large number of game studios and developer ecosystems that Meta bought early. The tepid state of domestic VR also makes Pico's software ecology actually unable to play out the strength of its hardware parameters.
In fact, this is very similar to the relationship between iPhone and a number of domestic Android mobile phones, hardware manufacturers with cheaper prices can also achieve 70% or 80% of the overall experience of iPhone, and as long as developers can make money through the App Store, they will have a stronger motivation and willingness to develop similar products for the Android platform, and then expand their revenue.
Today's Pico is obviously in urgent need of such an external environment to alleviate the dilemma of needing its own software and hardware, which was previously reported by the Wall Street Journal that Byte was poaching Quest's software developers with high salaries overseas.
The greater advantage of Apple and Vision Pro is that sooner or later, they will certainly be able to enter the Chinese market and expand the localized content ecosystem, which is the radiation effect that Meta cannot do and cannot bring to Pico.
Apple's ability to force "demand" has been evident in the Apple Watch and Airpods over the past decade, and once consumers are convinced that they need a device to wear on their heads, even if they balk at the Vision Pro's high price tag, The next best thing is to buy a Pico X Pro can also create a large market, just like Apple Watch to the Mi Band, or Airpods to all kinds of domestic TWS headphones.
Once the demand is created, not all consumers want or have the ability to choose the best products on the market, which is the value and significance of the existence of "flat".
Pico's sales have proved that even if it is difficult to create demand by burning money and traffic only by byte, then it is not as good as taking the free ride of Apple's "spatial computing", it may be more nourishing to live.
At this point, who would have thought that on October 5, 2011, 11 years after Steve Jobs left us, GPT3.5 would come out and give birth to another genius, Sam. Altman quietly and quietly pushed humanity to a greater and more brilliant era of Industry 4.0! ? ...
Chapter 20 Why the Pagans Created the Universal Science Canon to Ensure "Free Will"
Why do the world's scientific masters believe in God
The halo of God on Copernicus in 1452 - Copernicus was a Polish church FaboThe famous German biologist Ixkull said: "Whoever praises the plan, purpose and intention of creation will praise the existence of the creator God."
German biologist Baer said, "What we hear today in the language of nature is a marvelous symphony of sublime regularity and beauty." One day, when I examined the human body. I believed I had heard a most persuasive sermon. I take off my hat and I'm going to sing Hallelujah."
The German physicist Nernst, who won the Nobel Prize in 1920, said, "To work in physics is to look at God's creation from behind."
The French physicist Carrel said, "Man needs God just as he needs water and oxygen."
German chemist Liebig said: "People try to read the mind of the creator from the huge book of nature, so that they can truly understand the great boundless intelligence of the Creator."
Edison, the world's king of invention, said: "... We owe all engineers the greatest respect and admiration, but the greatest of all is God!"
The German airship inventor Zeppelin said, "God is an artist, and I am only his instrument."
Cauchy, a famous French mathematician, once said, "I am a Christian, that is, like Tycho, Copernicus, Descartes, Newton, Leibniz, Basca... Then, too, I believe in the divinity of Christ. They are the greatest astronomers and mathematicians in history."
The Italian electrician Volta said, "... My faith in God has brought me great results."
"The more we learn about nature, the better we understand its God and its role in the cosmic drama," said Compton, an American physicist.
Linnais, the founding scientist of Systematics, said: "Therefore, the immutability of these ancestors must be attributed to some all-powerful and all-knowing God, who is called God..."
Second, Yang Zhenning also admits that there is a "creator" is a feedback of man's "free will"
Nobel Prize-winning Chinese scientist Yang Zhenning also acknowledged that the world has a "creator"! Yang Zhenning thinks that "the Book of Changes has no logic", blindly inductive, just gossip deduction; Thinking is condensed, classified, abstract, classicized, symbolized! ...
The core of the theory of the Book of Changes is the 8864 hexagrams, which form the "Yi" thinking of the Chinese nation for 5000 years: [The 64 hexagrams in the Book of Changes start with the Qianhua hexagrams and the Kun hexagrams. If you ask how the Book of Changes was formed, the following statement seems to be acceptable: Divination was first developed in China, because the systematic understanding of divination required the development of trigrams, all 64 trigrams have trigrams. Qian is six lines, and kun is six broken lines. After the trigrams have names and characters. The trigrams have sounds, but if there are not enough sounds, there is one character. I am not an archaeologist, but I think this order is probably more or less correct.
However, we know that the age when the Book of Changes was born is also the age when Chinese characters began to form, which is the age when Chinese culture was born. These hexagrams are "elephantness", which is explained in Zhouyi itself, is a condensed concept, and the changes of heaven, earth and man are classified as "elephantness" according to the trigrams.
The story is not...
The above story clearly shows that induction and deduction are both basic methods of thinking in modern science. One of the characteristics of Chinese traditional culture is that there is induction, but there is no deduction. What is the source of induction? "Change the image also", "the sage set up the image to fulfill the meaning", "take the image compared to the class", "look at the object to take the image". It is the spirit that runs through the Book of Changes. All are inductive methods, which are methods of finding the overall "image" upward.
The thinking methods of modern science are different; See the picture below:
Modern science
Induction and deduction are indispensable thinking methods in modern science. To illustrate this point let's look at the history of Maxwell's (1831-1879) creation of Maxwell equations. 】 -- From Yang Zhenning: The Influence of the Book of Changes on Chinese Culture
In fact, this "free will" has been experimentally demonstrated by three great scientists who won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics
"When a human body, a representation, does not exist, then they exist in other worlds, but as dissociations. After death, some people say there are ghosts and spirits, which are really particles, tiny things. "Like, when I have this idea, somewhere out there is someone else who has the same idea." Theology, the idea that people can cross over, that particles can borrow other people's bodies, that information from the body (which is also a particle) can guide behavior and continue to operate." ... "People's mode of production has changed, but people's lifestyle has not changed, they still have to eat, sleep, exercise and so on." There is a strange phenomenon, looks, personality will also be inherited across generations, why? Some people say that the reason is genetic, with quantum mechanical entanglement, we may be able to understand that in fact, life did not die, but changed a way of existence, but can not be seen by the naked eye. After a period of time, the particles will attach to the living things, become tangible things, and the cycle starts again." - From Quantum Mechanics: Man does not die, man does not exist, Man comes from a personal definition - so as to understand life and death, matter and consciousness, soul and body, materialism and idealism... It has no meaning! In the face of artificial intelligence God and human beings, the great scientist's deep heart conceals God's inspiration and wisdom to benefit mankind is enough - such a great scientist only the first, never the second, like Newton, Einstein, Jobs, Sam. Ultraman, wait... No one can, never can imitate, let alone surpass!
God said: This is the human elite, the man and God who can never surpass...
Descartes said, "So long as we have found no other grounds in science than those we have had up to now, we have reason to be generally suspicious of everything, and especially of material things."
Let the materialistic idealism class struggle invented by stupid people control human (class) science to hell!
Four, Descartes see spider web dream analytic geometry that head three feet have God God
Rene Descartes (March 31, 1596 - February 11, 1650), born on March 31, 1596 in Touraine, Ander-Loire, France (now Descartes, named after Descartes), died on February 11, 1650 in Stockholm, Sweden, French philosopher, mathematician and physicist. He made important contributions to the development of modern mathematics and is considered the father of analytic geometry due to his formulation of geometric coordinate systems.
One day, Descartes was a little sick, not willing to move and lie in bed, looking at the ceiling, helpless and helpless, suddenly saw a spider in the corner of the corner of the ceiling, sometimes stopped, sometimes to the roof of the roof in a spider silk three-dimensional space (two walls and one roof) fell down, and miraculously floated up, not long after the creation of a web. Hanging in the corner of the three-dimensional space...
Look at the corner is a point emitting three infinite angular areas, as if three invisible rays extend, is actually a magic coordinate system... Descartes was immediately aroused, got up and drew with a pen, and thus was born analytic geometry... That is to say, topology is inseparable from Descartes' "dynamic" geometric thinking of spiders, and when integrating quantum mechanical calculations, it is the "dynamic" topology that dominates. Or does an invisible "God" dominate? Or spider "dynamic" quantum entanglement dominate! ? It's a mystery for the future!
From the view of Descartes's spider "moving" thinking discovery and creation of analytic geometry, Descartes felt that there was God behind the spider. So God is the central category of Descartes' first philosophy; That God is not only the root of the universe, the root of the world, the root of life... Therefore, if human beings want to truly know the world, know and discover scientific theories, and know themselves, they must first know God, prove the existence of God and the immortality of the soul by rational means, and further believe in God!
The dualism of Cartesian coordinate system and the "gap" of the creator appear more or less in scientific theory, especially in classical science theory, which is the dualism of scientific principle of natural philosophy inevitably produced by human scientific historical understanding. Because of the law of one thing having one thing, it is impossible for humans to see at the same time. Therefore, since Plato in ancient Greece and until the 21st century, every scientific giant and master discovered by classical scientific theories has believed in the existence and protection of God!
Descartes in particular had three God-inspired dreams...
On the night of November 10, 1619, Descartes had three dreams
"Three Dreams in One Night" took place late on the night of November 10, 1619.
First dream
At first he was frightened by the sight of several apparitions, and then he felt as if he were walking in the street, when suddenly he felt his right side go weak, and he struggled to stand up, as if he were being pushed around by an external force. Descartes was awakened, and he felt a great pain, as if he were being driven by some demon to go where he did not want to go. So he began to pray fervently, asking God to forgive him for his SINS and give him strength.
Second dream
Soon after, Descartes fell asleep again, and he again entered a dream. This time the dream changed, he was blown into a dark wooden house by a strong wind, and suddenly there was lightning, and then there were sparks all around. Descartes was awakened again, opened his eyes, and found the room very quiet, so he slowly fell asleep again.
Descartes had a third dream, which, unlike the first two, was mild and pleasant:
In his dream, he first held a dictionary, and then read in a collection of his favorite poems, "What path will I pursue in life?" Such a sentence. What's even more interesting is that before he woke up, he analyzed the dream himself. His analysis was that the dictionary was a combination of sciences. The poetry collection more clearly marks the unity of philosophy and wisdom.
The inspiration of Descartes' "Three Dreams in One Night"
In the dream, Descartes waited until nature woke up, and Descartes continued to interpret the dream in the same way: the first dream reminded him of his past mistakes, the second dream suggested that the truth had come to him, and the third dream foretold the future, opening the way to true knowledge. From then on, Descartes realized that "the great responsibility of heaven was entrusted to man" and believed that his mission was to establish a new science.
It takes wisdom as well as great courage to create a doctrine. There is no doubt that Miao Karl does not lack wisdom, he only needs the support of courage. And the "three dreams in one night" gave Descartes the confidence to create a new theory.
Descartes believed that "God has given everyone the light of wisdom with which to distinguish right from wrong."
"I have spent my whole life perfecting my reason. I do my best to follow the principles I have laid down, to explore the strange ways of truth. And what I will get out of it will be incredibly sweet and pure joy." Descartes's relationship between pleasure, knowledge and good is completely similar to the famous saying of Socrates, "Virtue is knowledge"... It is remarkable that Descartes was deeply influenced by ancient Greek philosophers! ...
7. Sigmund Freud's Dream Interpretation Theory and analysis
Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939) was an Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist, and founder of the School of Psychoanalysis. In 1873 he entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Vienna and in 1881 he received his Doctor of Medicine degree. From 1882 to 1885, he worked as a physician at the Vienna General Hospital, conducting research on brain anatomy and pathology. And then go into private practice to treat mental illness. The concept of psychoanalysis was formally introduced in 1895. The Interpretation of Dreams, published in 1899, is considered the formal formation of psychoanalytic psychology. The establishment of the International Psychoanalytic Society in 1919 marked the final formation of the psychoanalytic school. He was awarded the Goethe Prize in 1930. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1936. In 1938, Austria was occupied by Germany and took refuge in England, where he died in London the following year. He pioneered a new field of subconscious research, promoted the development of dynamic psychology, personality psychology and abnormal psychology, laid a new foundation for the modern medical model, and provided an important theoretical backbone for the Western humanities in the 20th century.
Many factors that affect thought and action exist outside the conscious mind, and both normal and abnormal actions involve the subconscious mind. The present is born out of the past, which is at the heart of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. It can be seen that the impulse (we are mainly talking here about the impulse to innovate, the impulse to discover scientific theories) is a phenomenon that bursts out of the body in view of psychological requirements. Freud likened the mental action to a device. It is the reason why we give materiality to feelings, thoughts, feelings, reactions, and ideas. The device is physical, there is no ethereal device (spiritual component). Freud's psychology is based on the pursuit of pleasure, which is a universal instinctive desire...
This is similar to Descartes' "relation between mind and body", "proof of the existence of external things", "passion of the soul" and so on. The argument fits - we don't care what our interests are, what love is? As long as interest, hobby is a desire is enough! We are not superstitious about Freud's "satisfaction of desire", nor are we superstitious about Descartes' dualism! But modern science is proving that these are real things in nature. Professor Temasio, director of the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa School of Medicine, proved with brain medicine practice. "Freud's view of the nature of consciousness is consistent with the best modern neuroscience," he stressed, as well as with Descartes' philosophy of man.
Freud is one of the giants in the field of psychology, and his dream analysis theory is of great significance to the psychological development and treatment of human beings. In Freud's view, dreams are an expression of the human heart, and the information and symbolic meaning contained in dreams can be interpreted. Freud's dream analysis theory "Dream analysis", "Three Theories of Sexology" and so on...
1) The essence of dreams
Dream is a form of human mental activity, which is controlled by the subconscious mind. In dreams, people can experience some emotions and experiences that they cannot feel in real life, and these experiences are often influenced by the subconscious mind. Freud believed that the content of dreams is often influenced by deep human desires and impulses, which may be suppressed in real life, but are released in dreams.
2) The symbolic meaning of dreams
The content presented in dreams is often not a literal meaning, but a symbolic symbol. Freud believed that these symbols could be read and could reveal the deepest desires and impulses of the human heart. For example, a snake in a dream can be interpreted as a symbol of sex, while water in a dream can be interpreted as a symbol of emotion. By analyzing the symbols in dreams, people can better understand their own inner needs and desires.
3) The function of dreams
According to Freud, dreams serve an important function, helping humans digest emotions and experiences that they cannot process. In real life, people may not be able to directly face certain emotions and experiences, but in dreams, these emotions and experiences are released and digested. In addition, dreams can also help people solve some real life problems, for example, when people encounter difficulties, there may be some clues in the dream to solve the problem.
Fourth, the interpretation of dreams
Dream interpretation refers to the process of interpreting the symbols and symbols in dreams. Freud proposed a series of analytical methods, such as free association method, dream diary method and so on. Through these analytical methods, people can better understand their own inner desires and impulses, fromPosition of The most important thing is that the fruit is borne on the branches to show the significance of science - to express that science is the kinetic energy and the essence of development of all mankind!
In fact, the metaphor of the tree is too deviant for Copernicus and Galileo to "express that science is the kinetic and developmental essence of all mankind"...
In fact, metaphysics is not Descartes' own definition, but a materialist interpretation.
What is metaphysics?
Metaphysics refers to the study of the nature of the world, that is, the study of the causes and origins of all beings and all phenomena (especially abstract concepts). It was first constructed by Aristotle, who called it "the first philosophy" and "the first science".
Metaphysics, a branch of primitive philosophy, refers to speculation about the nature of the world in the absence of empirical evidence. Originally, it studied the ontological system of "being", and its theoretical principle was Plato's "world dualism" - in fact, Descartes' "dualism" expressed the essence of the "world dualism" from Plato to Aristotle in ancient Greece. Because Descartes originally wanted to complete the World, which contained the world and the universe, including the Theory of Celestial Bodies and the Dialogue between two classmates Ptolemy and Copernicus, the scientific Canon was rich and colorful scientific theories, which were not followed by the pressure of the French Pope. In his later years, Cartesian dualism was formed by the collection of "physics", "methodology", "innate concept theory", "proof of the existence of God", "proof of the existence of external things" and "on the world". The realization of the natural ecosystem of Ancient Greece formed by Plato and Aristotle's Pythagorean School: A 6,000-year worldwide rewriting of materialist matter and consciousness, the manifestation of humanistic "free will", and the establishment of quantum entanglement and the unity of body and soul in the coming century.
Unfortunately, posterity did not understand this! ...
Today, the classic "free will" of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics and the human philosophy of Descartes have deeply rooted the historical significance and role of scientific discovery. It is only necessary for all mankind to practice the interpretation of the Big Bang of the century and realize the practice of the great declaration of the intelligent century!
Chapter 21 Musk Migrates to Mars Aliens Have Come to Earth?
First, the Chinese Tianye also announced to find, scientists: they may have found the human - network
Is there extraterrestrial life?
In science, for extraterrestrial life, we really don't seem to have any results, because we haven't found a favorable evidence for the existence of extraterrestrial life. According to scientists at the METI International Conference, although we have been searching for life for decades without obtaining solid evidence, the possibility of their existence is very high, and aliens or extraterrestrial life may have found humans without our awareness.
Some scientists claim that intelligent creatures are quietly watching humans in a "galactic zoo". So some scientists think that aliens or other extraterrestrial life may have found us and not made contact with us, scientists say this may be because they are hiding. According to Forbes, scientists from all disciplines gather at the Museum of Science and Industrial Sciences, and while it's a disturbing thought, some believe that alien observers have been there all along, and we're not aware of it.
So some scientists say that humans may not have found evidence of alien life yet, but that doesn't mean they haven't found us. According to NASA experts said that we will find alien life in 20 years, so we are more and more believe in the existence of extraterrestrial life, of course, there are some do not believe, on the whole, the probability of existence is greater than the probability of non-existence, if only the existence of life on Earth, is it possible to be too lonely.
Of course, we still say that if there is life outside Earth, then the basis of extraterrestrial life may be different from human beings, perhaps their existence does not need oxygen, water and other substances that allow life on Earth to survive, but needs other substances to maintain, so it is difficult for us to find. The way we explore today is primarily based on the basic elements of life on Earth, so there's some variation. It's a little more limited.
Second, on the earth, we often see some Ufos or UFO
Many science enthusiasts suspect that it may be provided by extraterrestrial life or aliens, because the time and reaction rate of these unidentified objects are beyond the reach of human science, so many people do not leave any evidence for analysis, and they are mainly taken photos and videos, which are relatively vague and lack of persuasive. This remains an unsolved mystery.
Of course, when it comes to aliens, I have to say that I think of the famous scholar Hawking, Hawking also warned human beings not to contact aliens in a speech in the early days, and now human beings are vigorously promoting the discovery of aliens, so it seems that human beings have no effect on Hawking's warning, finding aliens may be our most hope. And at the end of 2018, China's "sky eye" also announced to join the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life, and according to scientific reports, China's "sky eye" can receive electromagnetic signals 13.7 billion light years away, the observation range can reach the edge of the universe, so aliens are nowhere to escape, as long as there is basically can be detected. Depending on whether the future "Chinese sky Eye" can make a breakthrough in the search for extraterrestrial life, maybe there is really a "alien" or extraterrestrial life is possible.
The truth is finally revealed: Earth may be the prison of alien civilizations!
Third, the United States West announced more alien news
There are pictures and there is truth! For you to reveal the world's most real alien face!
British tourists have captured footage of what appears to be aliens in the Brazilian rainforest
In October 2011, two British tourists were filming a group of children playing in the Brazilian rainforest when they were surprised to see an "alien" figure on the footage.
British tourists have captured footage of what appears to be aliens in the Brazilian rainforest
In the background of the video footage, the outline of a strange creature can be clearly seen. Its head and eyes were large, its arms were long, and it hid itself hunched behind a tree.
There is also an eerie bright light source in the top right corner of the picture, which seems to have something to do with the creature's appearance. The news that British tourists had captured images of "aliens" immediately sparked great interest.
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Germany's post-war denazification was a failure
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The Allied denazification process was a poorly designed and unsuccessful attempt to make Germans face up to their individual guilt for Nazi crimes, or even to pave the way for the rehabilitation of prisoners.
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Recently, Hitler's autobiography "Mein Kampf" has been published in Germany for the first time since the end of World War II, causing widespread attention and discussion on the Internet. Which brings us back to the nightmare question of how to make sense of Hitler's presence in history. Is there really such a picture of Hitler that is easy to understand and acceptable?
Voegelin himself is a philosopher who narrowly escaped the Nazi regime and is one of the few philosophers of our time to confront the disease that lies at the heart and soul of the problem of modernity. In 1964, he returned to the University of Munich to give a series of lectures on "Hitler and the Germans," bluntly questioning whether Germans had sufficiently come to terms with their Nazi past and undergone a spiritual revolution.
In Voegelin's view, to understand Hitler, one must fully consider the 70 million ordinary Germans who obeyed and participated. In the prevailing totalitarian theory of the time, individuals were portrayed as objects captured and controlled by an authoritarian machine, and the German people were Hitler's victims. And "the more Hitler is demonized as a seducer of the German psyche, the more their individual responsibility for the establishment and operation of the national socialist regime slips into the background," the more Hitler appears as an excuse for the Germans.
With Japan's post-war image ahead of us, Germany is often seen as a role model for post-war introspection. Hitler and the Germans will give us some new perspectives and ways of understanding. The following excerpt from the book's "Introduction to the English Translator and Editor" tells us that Germany's postwar denazification was in fact a failure. The title is written by Xiaobian.
Check book 01| Recommended editor: Hu Zihua
Hitler and the Germans. By Eric Voegelin
Zhang Xin Zhangyi Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore 2015.8
How did Germany's postwar denazification fail?
Detlev Clemens
Since 1943, the anti-Hitler Allies had agreed that in the event of Germany's military defeat, "Hitler's cronies and Krauts" would be tried and held accountable for war crimes. The Nazi leaders must be interned, and the entire German nation must understand that it is they who have brought chaos and disaster to their country. Finally, all vestiges of national socialism were to be eliminated, the public sector and all important companies run by Nazi party activists were to be "denazified" and the German people were to be re-educated for democracy.
However, after the establishment of the Federal Republic of West Germany in May 1949 and the transfer of responsibility for further war crimes indicutions and denazification to the German authorities, the Allies had to admit that their original goal of denazifying the German population had not been achieved due to inevitable legal and political problems.
The Nuremberg trials of major war criminals showed that there was no effective way to prosecute through ordinary criminal law what HannahArendt called "administrative pogroms" - vicious crimes committed by or on behalf of unaccountable state authorities. Many subsequent trials of Nazi crimes confirmed this insight, and Voegelin discussed it extensively. At the Nuremberg trials, convictions of major war criminals were possible only on the basis of vaguely defined crimes such as "breaches of the peace" and "waging wars of aggression", which at the time lacked an undisputed basis in international law. This may raise doubts about whether the legal principle of "nullapoenasinelege" is violated.
Although the Allies had been careful to avoid the impression that the victor was the righteous, the trials had a somewhat negative psychological impact on the Germans. One thing is certain, however, that the detailed evidence of the atrocities revealed at the trial jolted Germans out of their national socialist fantasies and finally delegitimized Nazi rule. What is also certain is that the vast majority of Germans interviewed in 1946 believed that the Nuremberg trials were just and fair. With a small number of high-ranking Nazis primarily responsible for war crimes, the question of the general loss of political, moral and ethical sensitivity of the vast majority of Germans before the war, their willingness to obey and their participation in the crimes were not in question. The blame could be placed on the Nazi elite, and ordinary Germans could feel innocent.
But there can be no successful re-education without guilt, for the same reason that denazification has failed. Removing all former Nazi officials from the public sector is easier said than done. For the Allies to distinguish among the Germans, through popular questionnaires and denazification courts, the principal, the criminal, the petty, the accessory, the innocent, required the will of the Germans themselves and their self-critical cooperation. Instead, their response to public investigations and detentions was "solidarity with impunity." Being "acquitted" in Nazi purging courts and helping each other to obtain a certificate of whitewashing - ironically called "PersilScheine," after a well-known brand of soap powder - was a necessity for resuming daily work, and thus a prerequisite for returning to civil society. As a result, lying, bandwagon and opportunism are once again the norm, a guarantee of political renewal. Therefore, even those who are willing to hold the Nazis responsible for their crimes, those who are willing to cooperate, believe that the process of purging the Nazis was unsuccessful and, above all, unfair.
Indeed, in addition to serious organizational problems, the purging of the Nazis was influenced by clear differences between the four occupying powers. The general concept of denazification, the definition of specific objectives, and the intensity of implementation in their respective occupied territories differ greatly. Moreover, the general dismissal of Nazi party members from public office in the Soviet and American occupied territories, and the mandatory investigation of all persons over the age of 18 in the Western occupied territories, based on the legally dubious principle that the controlled person must prove himself innocent, both stirred up feelings of injustice among Germans.
These measures can be seen as stemming from the assumption of German "collective culpability" (Kollektivschuld), in which all Germans, good and bad, are suspected of personally contributing to a system of crime and murder. However, because most Germans rejected ineffective and unfair denazification and considered collective guilt too indiscriminate, they also obscured the underlying fact that the crimes committed by the National Socialist regime in Germany did indeed require every German to examine his conscience.
Those declared to have been denazified in investigations and trials received quasi-official confirmation that they had not participated in Nazi crimes. All in all, the Allied denazification process was a poorly designed and unsuccessful attempt to make Germans face up to their individual guilt for Nazi crimes, or even to pave the way for the rehabilitation of prisoners. This has been a very traumatic and fruitless experience for the Germans, which has left them with a long history of silence, repression and dishonesty about their experience in the Third Reich.
Those who were prominent in Germany - thinkers, writers, filmmakers - saw the defeat and fall of the Third Reich as a "zerohour," a special opportunity to rebuild a politically and morally new Germany, but in fact the results of the denazification process ran counter to this expectation. They believed that the self-examination by individual Germans of their own inhumanity and brutality was a prerequisite for the reconstruction of Germany.
The publisher EugenKogon, a survivor of the Buchenwald concentration camp,KarlJaspers' 1946 refute of the collective guilt of the Germans was only a partial defense of the Germans against charges from abroad, and its main intention was to point out that what needed to be dealt with was not the abstract "guilt of the Germans," but the criminal, political, or moral SINS of each individual German. He therefore called for an "unconditional self-examination" and an "inner transformation" through individuals in society alone. In the ielts bear view, purification of the soul, "constantly become self" (continuousbecomingofoneself), but after a disastrous authoritarian experience and the basic condition of personal and political freedom.
In the same year, Arendt approached the issue from another Angle, asking what would be the consequences for German society if one could not distinguish the innocent and the unknown hero from the criminal and the mass executioner and was still forced to live in close proximity to them?
This is one of the central lessons of the Voegelin lecture series 20 years later: the acceptance of one's own history, the relentless self-criticism of one's own crimes committed in the name of the German people, is a prerequisite for the construction of a truly free and democratic society free from mutual suspicion and mistrust. Only such a society can summon the determination to proclaim the guilt of those who commit or incite crime, thus confirming the words of Yashbales, that guilt is always individual and never collective, even if it covers a significant part of the people. One might even ask whether, in Jaspers' view, it was the refusal of the Germans to deal openly with individual culpability on various levels that made it possible to impose collective culpability on them for the crimes of the National Socialists.
Although the migration and relocation of millions of people after the war allowed many prisoners and supporters of the terror regime to acquire new identities and escape personal responsibility, at least in the local context, everyone knew who had been a "100 percent Nazi" and who had known and collaborated. Yet instead of exposing them and reporting them to the Allies, or later to the German authorities - to do so would have raised fatal questions about their own conduct under the despotic regime - collective silence became the dominant attitude of Germans toward one another's Nazi experience.
The reasons can be many: deep wounds from years of war and imprisonment; The impression that the denazification process is ineffective or even unfair; Concern for their own survival in the post-war dilemma; The sudden exposure of long-held and nationally recognized beliefs and their dire consequences; Disillusionment, fear of the future, and determination to work for a better future; Then came frustration at the reluctance of the German authorities to pursue and reinstate former Nazi officials. All of these reasons led Germans to adopt an apolitical attitude during the "years of rubble" - in which "grasping the present" was a physical rather than a mental question - and to avoid open discussion of individual culpability for Nazi crimes.
This complex experience caused Germans to react to their Nazi past with shock, loss of speech, contrition, and even repression, as well as to any attempt at denazification with brazen opportunism and what Jaspers called "aggressive silence." After all, in 1945 and 1946, most Germans believed that national Socialism was a good idea that had been badly implemented, and as late as the 1950s it was widely believed that, had it not been for the war, Hitler might have been one of the greatest statesmen in German history.
Check book burn candle short, see sword lead cup long. Reading can become more convenient today, but it will not become easier. In order to broaden the reading of intellectual knowledge, you may wish to add a little difficulty to yourself.
Earth has been protected by dark matter is aliens set a "boundary"?
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-17 14:53:14
Author: Source: Science and Technology News Editor: Zhai Jing
A new study by NASA scientists has found that dark matter formed spears around the Earth, each up to 3 million kilometers long, protecting the planet. Are these naturally occurring? Or are aliens putting up a barrier to protect Earth?
According to NASA, Gary Prizio, a scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has proposed that dark matter exists in a long fibrous structure, called dark matter hair, that is distributed around the Earth
Extraterrestrial space people revealed: Britain has released top secret UFO archive photos
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-16 10:25:30
So far, a total of nine annual UFO reports have been published from 1998 to 2007. These reports are in PDF format and open to a table with "Time of sighting", "place of sighting", "Observer" and "Brief description".
So far, a total of nine annual UFO reports have been published from 1998 to 2007. These reports are in PDF format and open to a table with "Time of sighting", "place of sighting", "Observer" and "Brief description".
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Ancient Chinese UFO history Su Dongpo witnessed
Little Monster Whoops | Posted at 18:09 on 2016-01-15
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It is said that in the Kingdom of Wu during The Three Kingdoms period, a group of playing children appeared in a height of four feet, dressed in blue, very strange looking children. The child in blue told the other children that he was a Martian and came down to see the children on Earth because they were having fun. He also said that the world would be owned by Sima in the future.
"When Jiang moon was born, two more moon fell deep black. The heart of the river seems to have a torch fire Ming, flying flame illuminated the mountain bird fright. Wistfully return to lie heart Mo knowledge, non-ghost non-human what?" (Su Dongpo "You Jinshan Temple") Is not a ghost is not a person what is it? Not to mention when Su Dongpo was visiting Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang at night, in the two watch of the moon black star, suddenly saw a fire in the river deeply confused, and people are confused today. Because such a landscape is still unable to give an accurate answer, but it is still a guess that such unidentified objects may be Ufos, that is, aliens.
Click on the image to go to the next page
The alien mystery that hangs in the balance
The mystery of aliens is a hot topic in today's world, and the dispute over whether it exists and what it looks like has never been settled, but from ancient times to today, there are many records in ancient books, paintings and paintings of those unidentified objects that are regarded as Ufos.
For example, Qing Dynasty painter Wu Youru's painting "Red Flame Flying", made around 1892 (the 18th year of Guangxu), is considered to be a detailed and vivid UFO sighting report. The picture of "Red Flame Flying" shows many citizens in long gowns and mandarin coats gathering in Nanjing click to see the weather forecast of Nanjing and more cities Zhuque Bridge head, looking up at a ball of fire in the sky.
Did Su Dongpo encounter aliens?
Wu Youru signed at the top of the picture: "On September 28, at eight o 'clock in the evening, in the south of Jinling (today's Nanjing city), I suddenly saw a blanket of fire (that is, a ball), from west to east, shaped like a giant egg, red and no light, floating in mid-air, and its movement was very slow. When the sky is dark, the clouds cover the sky. Look up, very clear, standing on the Zhuque bridge, tiptoe no fewer than hundreds of people. About a meal may fade away. There is a meteor transit, but the star is also, the instant is gone. This ball is from near and far, there is nothing of its own, and even if it is moistening, it is not known by star Chi. There is a call that children put sky lanterns, is the night storm blowing north, the ball turned to the east, it is not known. There's a lot of speculation going on. There is an old cloud, is the matter at the beginning of the micro sense of sound, not quiet and imperceptible also, from the south gate to jump over the arrival. I am different!"
Big news! Mars finds a little alien with a backpack
I have something to say
2016-01-15 14:53:29 Source: UFO exploration network Author: Responsible editor: Wang Huanjun
According to foreign media reports, foreign UFO explorers recently spotted a small alien carrying a school bag in Mars photos released by NASA. From the photo, the alien's body is tilted forward with a bag on its back that is about the size of its entire torso, like a human elementary school student carrying a large book bag. Were you trying to avoid the Curiosity rover's camera? Avoid human detection and run away quickly?
As can be seen from the photo, the alien's body is tilted forward
There is also the possibility that the alien is hiding from some deadly disaster, but instead of hiding from the past, he is momentarily petrified and ends up staying in this running state.
There is also the possibility that the alien is hiding from some kind of deadly disaster
Upending the universe: Mysterious gravitational waves have finally been found!
Source: Global network 2016-01-13 13:08
Einstein's theory of relativity has been tested one by one, but the Gravitational wave of general relativity has always been a mystery, and scientists have worked hard to detect it.
Now, at last, there is light! According to Hong Kong "Wen Wei Po" reported that Arizona State University received reliable evidence that the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the United States has successfully detected gravitational waves!
At present, the LIGO research team is collecting data and writing a report that will be published in the near future.
If the rumor is true, this most important prediction in general relativity will be confirmed exactly 100 years after it was proposed, allowing humans to further uncover the mysteries of the universe, becoming strong evidence of cosmic inflation and the Big Bang theory, and greatly promoting the development of human cosmology.
Einstein proposed in his theory of general relativity that as matter moves through spacetime, the curvature of its vicinity changes. If a massive object is moving, such as two black holes colliding, the resulting curvature changes will propagate outward like waves, causing space-time to compress and stretch, which are gravitational waves.
The phenomenon of gravitational waves is one of the results of the local Lorentz covariance of general relativity, because it limits the propagation speed of the interaction. In contrast, the interactions in Newtonian gravity all travel at infinite speeds, so there are no gravitational waves under this theory.
In theory, the sources of gravitational waves that can be detected include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes, but the energy of gravitational waves is extremely weak and has almost disappeared when transmitted to the Earth, coupled with numerous sources of communication interference on the Earth, it is much harder to find the trace of gravitational waves than to find a needle in a haystack.
The LIGO team installed a giant lens in Washington, D.C., and another in Louisiana, and then fired a laser beam between the two lenses, and then detected the signal interference in the beam, in order to look for gravitational waves.
Previously, scientists had found evidence of gravitational waves through various indirect methods. For example, Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery that Hulles-Taylor pulsing binaries move closer together as they orbit each other, providing evidence for the existence of gravitational waves.On March 17, 2014, astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics announced that they had observed gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background using the BICEP2 detector, but later analytical verification found that the possibility of interstellar dust could not be ruled out.
Gravitational Waves - Ripples in space-time (schematic)
Cosmic history: The faster-than-light inflation process just after the Big Bang is supposed to have produced gravitational waves
Diagram of a binary system moving around the center of mass: In Newtonian mechanics this orbit is always stable, but in relativistic mechanics gravitational radiation causes a slow contraction of the orbit
Linearly polarized gravitational waves
Laser interferometric space antenna diagram
Hawking's new definition: Lost information or stored in another universe
Information about the universe we now know all can be supplemented, with our deeper understanding of the universe in the continuous supplement, such as in March 2015, Stephen Hawking on the black hole theory was modified, and recently there is a new conclusion, lost information or stored in another universe.
<img alt="" src="http://img.quwenjiemi.com/2016/0114/20160114102700283.jpg" /></p>
Hawking claimed that black holes are actually "gray." The new "grey hole" theory states that matter and energy are trapped in a black hole for a period of time and then released back into the universe.
In August 2015, Hawking also pointed out that black holes are not "eternal cages", some information can be released in different forms, but some information may still be unable to escape inside the black hole.
Us defense exposure: Mysterious UFO visits Earth
Xiaoxuan | Published time 2016-01-13 11:47
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At present, according to the British Space agency, the US Department of Homeland Security accidentally filmed a UFO at 200 kilometers per hour and can split in two events today to reveal the mysterious UFO visit to the world.
Footage from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security:
Click on the image to go to the next page
Footage from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Us land resources aircraft accidentally filmed a suspected UFO video, a mysterious flying object quickly flew out of the sea, and finally split in two. The video was captured by a US Department of Homeland Security aircraft and lasted about four minutes. Let's see if it's real or not?
A US Land Resources aircraft accidentally captured a video of what appears to be a UFO
Doomsday theory leads to panic: Aliens will invade? (2)
There are countless stars close to the Earth every day, and some scientific theories believe that the Earth's five mass extinction events are due to large meteorites hitting the Earth. These include the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago and the Permian mass extinction.
<img alt="" src="http://img.quwenjiemi.com/2016/0114/2016011410482216.jpg" /></p>
4. Climate change
Some studies have warned that abrupt climate changes caused by human activity or the natural environment could upset the delicate balance of the Earth, raising the concentration of toxic gases in the atmosphere to levels that humans cannot breathe.
Stephen Hawking warns that robots will declare war on humanity in 20 years
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-14 15:39:26
Author: Source: UFO Exploration Network Editor: Rowling
Owl sexy "skirt" like Marilyn Monroe
Smart Age: Sports bras record health data in real time
·• A company in Hunan province awarded 13 Audi units as annual bonus.
·• The Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty were stolen beyond recognition: Cixi's body was covered with white hair
·• Some attractions of Shanghai Disney were revealed on June 16
·• Ice and snow "flames" in Qishuishan National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province
·• Man fell in love with barefoot walking 10 years ago and has since become 'barefoot immortal' (photo)
·• At the end of the year, the family rushed to get married older women dressed as Mi Yue looking for a good husband
On March 17, 2014, astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics announced that they had observed gravitational wave effects in the cosmic microwave background using the BICEP2 detector, but later analysis and verification found that the possibility of interstellar dust could not be ruled out.
Gravitational Waves - Ripples in space-time (schematic)
Cosmic history: The faster-than-light inflation process just after the Big Bang is supposed to have produced gravitational waves
Diagram of a binary system moving around the center of mass: In Newtonian mechanics this orbit is always stable, but in relativistic mechanics gravitational radiation causes a slow contraction of the orbit
Linearly polarized gravitational waves
Laser interferometric space antenna diagram
Hawking's new definition: Lost information or stored in another universe
Information about the universe we now know all can be supplemented, with our deeper understanding of the universe in the continuous supplement, such as in March 2015, Stephen Hawking on the black hole theory was modified, and recently there is a new conclusion, lost information or stored in another universe.
<img alt="" src="http://img.quwenjiemi.com/2016/0114/20160114102700283.jpg" /></p>
Hawking claimed that black holes are actually "gray." The new "grey hole" theory states that matter and energy are trapped in a black hole for a period of time and then released back into the universe.
In August 2015, Hawking also pointed out that black holes are not "eternal cages", some information can be released in different forms, but some information may still be unable to escape inside the black hole.
Us defense exposure: Mysterious UFO visits Earth
Xiaoxuan | Published time 2016-01-13 11:47
Font size: Large, medium and small
At present, according to the British Space agency, the US Department of Homeland Security accidentally filmed a UFO at 200 kilometers per hour and can split in two events today to reveal the mysterious UFO visit to the world.
Footage from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security:
Click on the image to go to the next page
Footage from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Us land resources aircraft accidentally filmed a suspected UFO video, a mysterious flying object quickly flew out of the sea, and finally split in two. The video was captured by a US Department of Homeland Security aircraft and lasted about four minutes. Let's see if it's real or not?
A US Land Resources aircraft accidentally captured a video of what appears to be a UFO
Doomsday theory leads to panic: Aliens will invade? (2)
There are countless stars close to the Earth every day, and some scientific theories believe that the Earth's five mass extinction events are due to large meteorites hitting the Earth. These include the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago and the Permian mass extinction.
<img alt="" src="http://img.quwenjiemi.com/2016/0114/2016011410482216.jpg" /></p>
4. Climate change
Some studies have warned that abrupt climate changes caused by human activity or the natural environment could upset the delicate balance of the Earth, raising the concentration of toxic gases in the atmosphere to levels that humans cannot breathe.
Stephen Hawking warns that robots will declare war on humanity in 20 years
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-14 15:39:26
Author: Source: UFO Exploration Network Editor: Rowling
Owl sexy "skirt" like Marilyn Monroe
Smart Age: Sports bras record health data in real time
·• A company in Hunan province awarded 13 Audi units as annual bonus.
·• The Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty were stolen beyond recognition: Cixi's body was covered with white hair
·• Some attractions of Shanghai Disney were revealed on June 16
·• Ice and snow "flames" in Qishuishan National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province
·• Man fell in love with barefoot walking 10 years ago and has since become 'barefoot immortal' (photo)
·• At the end of the year, the family rushed to get married older women dressed as Mi Yue looking for a good husband
Regarding the competition between humans and robots, the author believes that the machine has been bigThe computer is also a machine, but it does not have artificial intelligence, and human beings cannot survive without these machines. From the development of large-scale integrated circuits to now is only a few decades of time, everyone is inseparable from the mobile phone, no machine support life seems to have no landing. So when the equilibrium point between machines and humans is reached, computer expert Ludman believes that the equilibrium will come in 20 years, and the number of machines built by humans every year is the same as the number of babies born in the world.
This tipping point will come in the 2040s, when about 350,000 babies will be born every day, and machines will be born at this rate, especially in the military field, where drones, unmanned ground vehicles, remote-controlled submersives, etc., are representatives of the machine world.
Robot
After this balance, the number of machines born each year will exceed the number of human newborns, and the Earth should be said to have entered the machine age after this day, then robots or humans, who is the ruler of this planet?
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Apollo rocket remains found on the moon: It's been 43 years
Source: China Jiangsu net 2016-01-12 11:10
Sina Science and technology news Beijing time on January 12, according to the United States space network reported that in the 1960s, the United States implemented the Apollo moon landing program, the first human astronauts to the surface of the moon and safely return to Earth, creating the peak moment in the history of human space.
In order to achieve the purpose of sending astronauts to the surface of the moon, the United States has developed the most powerful launch vehicle to date - Saturn -5. Forty-three years later, an American spacecraft has identified the remains of a rocket booster that fell on the moon's surface.
NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has identified a crater on the surface of the moon where debris from a rocket used in the Apollo 16 lunar landing mission fell in April 1972.
The crater is about 40 meters in diameter and is located in the Mare Insularum region of the lunar surface, approximately 260 kilometers southwest of Copernicus Crater. The former is a very prominent landmark on the lunar surface.
The debris that fell at this location is believed to belong to the S-IVB stage, the third stage of the giant Saturn V rocket that carried astronauts to the moon. Beginning with the Apollo 13 mission, launched in 1970, the S-IVB segment was deliberately used to impact the moon. Because astronauts had already installed lunar seismometers on the surface during the previous Apollo missions, such an impact would have created artificial moonquakes, giving scientists a chance to study the moon's interior.
In this observation, the approximate location of the S-IVB impact was obtained from the orbital record data file preserved during the year. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has been in orbit around the moon since 2009, during which time it has found impact crater traces left by S-IVB segments that hit the moon during the Apollo 13,14,15 and 17 missions.
However, the S-IVB segment that hit the moon during the Apollo 16 mission never fell, because it briefly lost contact with the Apollo spacecraft while descending toward the moon. It turns out that because of this brief gap in the connection, the actual location of the impact was about 30 kilometers away from the theoretical impact point predicted by the measurement and control system at the time.
The impact craters created by the S-IVB segment of Apollo 16 are much shallower than those created by asteroid or comet impacts. "Craters created by rocket thruster impacts are unique in that they are formed by very low-density objects hitting the moon at very low speeds (about 2.6 kilometers per second)," LRO imaging team scientists wrote in accompanying orbital image notes.
"The S-IVB thruster can be imagined as an empty drink can slamming hard into the ground - just a metal crust, its interior empty - because at the time all of its internal fuel had been used to send astronauts to lunar orbit, and its fuel tanks had been emptied," they wrote. So at the time of the impact, only a shallow crater would have been created on the lunar surface."
Original title: Lunar surface found Apollo moon landing period rocket wreckage: it has been 43 years
Ancient aliens hide Earth for thousands of years
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-11 20:24:38
Whether aliens really exist, if they exist then where are they hidden, whether they are hidden in a mysterious corner of the Earth, or hidden in the different world that we do not know, these are worth us to explore, to prove, to solve, Xiaobian believe that when you look at the following amazing facts, your mystery will be solved!
On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 arrived at its destination, the Moon. Following in the footsteps of astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, mankind has finally taken a historic step toward realizing the dream of landing on the moon.
The film Transformers 3, which hit theaters this summer, portrayed the moon landing as a secret program to find an alien civilization. This naturally has a lot of deductive color, but turn to think about it, did the planners of the lunar landing program really not expect to find life on the moon, or even an alien civilization more advanced than human beings? In any case, the success of the Apollo moon program has focused the world's attention on the vast expanse of space, and people have begun to look forward to a close contact with alien civilizations. For decades, the pace of human exploration of the universe has not stopped for a moment, but at least so far, there is still no conclusive evidence to prove the existence of aliens. While many people are disappointed, researchers have found a breakthrough here on Earth
Hawking: I will win a Nobel Prize for having found a way to prove a new theory of black holes
2016-01-11 16:04:18 15380 times read 12 times recommended manuscript source: Global technology 80 comments
According to the Hong Kong "Wen Wei Po" reported on January 11, the famous British physicist Hawking proposed a new black hole theory in the 1970s, saying that black holes are not all-eating gravitation graves, but will release radiation, and may cause small black holes to "evaporate" in the process. This theory has brought a major revolution in physics, but because of the lack of experimental data to prove it, he has not been honored by the Nobel Prize. Speaking at the Royal Society in London last week, he revealed that he had found a way to prove the new black hole theory, and put it bluntly: "I may eventually get a Nobel Prize."
Hawking admits that he may not be able to directly observe the "Hawking radiation" from the black hole during his lifetime, but believes that he can find clues by detecting gravitational waves in the early formation of the universe.
Professor Turoc of the Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics in Canada pointed out that the "Hawking radiation" is too weak and may not be observed in Hawking's lifetime, but scientists believe that the "big Bang" just occurred when there was also a "Hawking radiation", and the irregular nature of these radiation determines the shape of the universe.
According to reports, scientists have now used satellite technology to detect fluctuations in the cosmic background radiation, helping to confirm the existence of "Hawking radiation".
The Chinese are the ancestors of aliens! Take a look at the evidence (2)
Pandora | Posted on 2016-01-10 13:20
Legend has it that when the Yellow Emperor was hundreds of years old, he ascended to heaven on the Yellow Dragon, leaving us to worship forever. You can't live to be hundreds of years old, so people think it's a myth, but what if he's an alien? Maybe it's normal to live a few hundred years.
That yellow dragon, should be a yellow spaceship, an advanced machine that can be deformed at will. By brainstorming what the various creatures on Earth looked like, the ship became the image of the dragon familiar to our descendants.
In this way, the spaceship returned to the extraterrestrial report of scientific research results, it is very vivid, it is simply a specimen collection! We don't see dragons anymore because alien ships don't come very often.
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Yellow Emperor
And when the emperor and Chiyou war, ask nine days Xuan female to help, which shows that he is an alien - he went to the alien hometown to move the rescue troops.
4. Tang Yao (Translunar Spacecraft)
During the Tang and Yao dynasties, a strange thing happened. A group of aliens came to the earth in a spaceship.
According to the Jin "Gexiji" recorded: "Yao ascended the throne thirty years, there was a giant Chaa floating in the West Sea, there was light on the check, the night was bright and the day was out, the sea people looked at its light, big and small, if the stars and the moon." Check often floating around the four seas, twelve years a week, repeat, known as the month check, also called hanging star check. Feather people perched on it, the group of fairies with dew to gargle, the light of the sun and moon is as dark. Yu Xia season, no longer remember its haunt, swim the sea, still preach its God Wei also."
From a scientific point of view, it is an air-to-water craft (floating in the West Sea); There are electrical lighting equipment on the spacecraft (check the light, night light and day out); Can also adjust the brightness of the lighting (sea people look at its light, big and small).
Yao
This spaceship in the four seas to do global travel, twelve years around the circle, as if aliens to the Earth to play (often floating around the four seas, twelve years a week); This ship can travel between the stars and the moon (known as the full moon inspection, also known as the hanging star inspection).
There are some people wearing space down jackets on board (feather people inhabit it); Aliens should brush their teeth every day. Later the spacecraft did not come again (Yu Xia season, no longer remember its presence); But people have always been legend of it (swim the sea, still preach its God great also).
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Dinosaurs were the overlords of the earth, with a wide variety and a large number, and they were in an absolutely strong position in the food chain of the earth at that time. This advantage is enough to allow dinosaurs to continue to thrive. However, 65 million years ago, this once-magnificent creature, but in a very short period of time, forever extinct. The reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs has become a puzzle in the history of biological evolution, and a series of guesses have been born.....
Guess 1: Meteorite impact theory
Meteorite impact theories have dominated speculation about the extinction of the dinosaurs. According to meteorite impact theory, 65 million years ago, an asteroid with a diameter of 10 kilometers and the size of a medium-sized city fell from the sky. It smashed a huge crater into the Earth, sending a cloud of dust over the earth, melting polar ice, and destroying plants. Volcanic ash blocked out the sun, temperatures dropped, rain fell, flash floods, mudslides swept the dinosaurs away and buried them. In the months and years that followed, the sky was still rolling with dust and dark clouds, and the climate of the earth became cold because of the year's lack of sunlight, and dinosaurs could not adapt to this strong environmental change, and they died one by one, and the age of dinosaurs ended
The Earth, where all kinds of plants and animals live together, is a very special existence in the solar system and even the Milky Way galaxy. To date, scientists have yet to find a second planet in the Milky Way other than Earth that supports life. However, scientists believe that there is still the possibility of life in the deeper universe, and even their civilization far beyond human imagination.
The scientists also say that just because life doesn't exist now doesn't mean it didn't exist in the past or even in the future. Humans have lived on the earth for only a few million years, and the earth has been born for only a few billion years, which is only an extremely short time compared to the entire universe, so it is difficult to imagine whether there is similar life on planets in other galaxies.
Hawking has warned mankind that aliens must exist, human beings should not easily go to the universe to find them, because we do not know whether they are friendly to human beings, if they are full of hostility, it is likely to bring devastating disasters to the whole Earth. Even so, scientists are curious to keep looking for signs of other life in the universe, given how lonely we are.
NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter recently photographed an unusual hole on Mars, scientists are wondering about the origin of this cave, this meteorite-shaped hole in the Pamonis volcano, is thought to be able to reach the ground, scientists speculate that there may be Martian life in this hole.
According to the Daily Mail, American scientists pointed out that according to the photo analysis, the diameter of the hole is about 35 meters, the depth is about 20 meters, because this is the United States Space Administration (NASA) since the observation of Mars is quite rare special phenomenon, causing many scientists to speculate.
When many scientists saw the photos, they wondered if this circular cave led anywhere. What causes it. It is also believed that such a crater could have provided a better environment for life on Mars. Experts believe that this mysterious cave will be a prime target for future spacecraft, probes, robots and even astronauts to explore.
NASA scientists obtained the latest images of Mars from the rover, including images of a Martian cave taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment Camera.
The images show an apparent crater-like opening on the slopes of Mars' Pamonis volcano, which leads to an underground cave, with the section to the right of the opening partially illuminated.
Ufos have visited China and aliens have created strange cars in the sky
African pretty boy | Posted on 2016-01-08 16:54
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Shenyang air strange car incident, do not list as the most likely ufo event, because Shenyang air strange car incident witnesses many, everyone thinks it is related to aliens, but the air strange car incident is too short, and there is no evidence, so the air strange car incident is still an unsolved mystery.
The strange car in the sky was a sensation. Some people believe that its appearance is an alien creation, others believe that it is a natural phenomenon, which triggered a lot of speculation and investigation in the past few years has not stopped. The reason why this incident has attracted particular attention over the years is that people have been arguing about the cause of this incident, and the experts' statements have not been able to find a satisfactory answer to explain, so there has been the air strange car incident caused by Ufos, aliens have visited the Duxi Forest Farm. The incident became one of the mysterious UFO incidents in China, and the site is located in Swan Lake Forest Park, Baiyun District, Guiyang City, Guizhou province.
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Shenyang air strange car incident
The story of the monster car in the sky
Ufos from outer space
At about 3 am on December 1, 1994, workers and residents near the Duxi Forest Farm, 18 kilometers in the northern suburbs of Guiyang City, were awakened by a rumbling sound, the wind speed was very rapid, and there were unidentified objects emitting red and green strong light whistling past.
A few minutes later, more than 400 mu of pine forest around the Majatang forest area of Duxi Forest Farm was cut off in pieces. In a band of four areas about 3 kilometers long and 150 meters to 300 meters wide, only 1.5 meters to 4 meters high stumps were left, and most of the broken trunks and crowns fell to the west. Thick tree trunks as tall as a man in four forests, two kilometers long, are arranged on the forest farm. Some of the broken trees between a number of safe and sound, a few trees were uprootedCheng is unclear.
In May, the earth gradually moved away
The Frenchman Laplace found the irregular shape of the moon commendable at the end of the 18th century, however, what he did not see was that the moon was gradually moving away from the Earth. The moon moves about 3.8 cm away from the Earth every year.
Now the moon rotates and orbits in the same period, so its side always faces the Earth. Scientists estimate that the early moon may have been only about 26,000 kilometers away, rather than about 380,000 kilometers now. Since the orbit radius of the celestial body is related to the rotational speed of the celestial body, according to this hypothesis, the rotation period ratio of 1 to 1 can explain the current irregular shape of the moon.
The moon and earth are drifting away
Other scientists hypothesize that the moon's early rotation period ratio was 3 to 2, that is, it rotated three times during two revolutions, and this situation lasted for hundreds of millions of years at most, and finally due to tidal forces, the rotation slowed down, and the rotation ratio stabilized to the current 1 to 1. The calculations suggest that this period of faster rotation than revolution may have provided enough force to prepare the moon for its current shape.
Was Mars a precursor to Earth? NASA unveils Second Earth facts
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-05 15:24:58
December 14 news, for the second Earth, scientists have been constantly conducting research, relatively speaking, the study of Mars is the most, because many scientists believe that Mars is the predecessor of the development of the Earth, the future may exist as a second Earth.
Scientists: The precursors of Mars or Earth are very similar
Decades of research by NASA have found that Mars previously had an ocean of liquid water, covering almost the entire northern hemisphere, which raises the question: Could there have been life on Mars hundreds of millions of years ago? Since Earth and Mars orbit in close proximity, astrobiologists think that if Earth has life, Mars may have the same seeds of life. Scientists at the SETI Institute's Carl Sagan Center believe Earth and Mars share the same seeds of life.
Crack the alien trail truth: on the far side of the moon! (photo)
http://society.dbw.cn/ | 2016-01-03 10:26:53
The moon has followed the Earth for how many years? Maybe before there were humans on the earth, it was watching the earth every day. In the past, everyone said that there was a moon palace, living an ancient beauty - Chang E, a white rabbit, and a day in the cutting of laurel Wu Gang.
However, on July 19, 1969, the American solar God 11 spacecraft landed on the moon, did not see the Moon Palace, did not find Chang 'e and the white rabbit, and did not find Laurel and Wu Gang, so many people's beautiful fantasy became a scientific disappointment.
However, today, astronauts have landed on the moon for 26 years, human understanding of the moon has not increased, but because of the astronauts left on the moon instruments, get more and more confused information, so that scientists are more and more confused, whenever the night looked up to the moon, produce both familiar and unfamiliar complex emotions, can not help but ask: the moon! Can you tell us the truth about you? There are three theories about the origin of the moon. The first hypothesis is that the moon, like the Earth, formed 4.6 billion years ago from the same cloud of cosmic dust and gas. The second hypothesis is that the moon system was ejected from the Earth at a point that later formed the Pacific Ocean; The third hypothesis is that the moon is a separate star formed in the universe, passing near the Earth, caught in the Earth's gravity field, and circled the Earth.
According to the latest survey data, the Earth Environment research group reports that after experiencing five mass extinctions of Earth species, the earth is entering the sixth stage of biological extinction, and the main object of this biological extinction will be the current master of the earth, human beings.
Over the last century, vertebrate species have disappeared 114 times faster than they would have without human activity, the researchers said, using the most conservative estimate of extinction rates. This means that an organism that has gone extinct in the last 100 years would take 11,400 years at the natural rate of extinction.
Most of the extinctions are due to human-caused pollution, habitat loss, the introduction of invasive animals and increased carbon emissions that contribute to climate change and ocean acidification, the researchers said.
Space Fright: UFO's Secret Approach to Apollo 7 (2)
Laoniu | Posted on 2016-01-03 13:54
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Looking back at the 1980s, the UFO phenomenon as the main body of a variety of unknown phenomena, time and again impact the foundation of modern science, so that human thinking is facing unprecedented challenges.
1. Female astronauts conceive and give birth in space
According to Soviet documents, the first baby conceived in space was born in the Soviet Union on July 25, 1991. Scientists say the gestation period of this space child is much shorter than normal.
At one month old, the space baby is said to be able to sit up, turn around and speak simple sentences.
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Soviet cosmonaut Taliskov
After orbiting the Earth for two months, Taliskov and four other female Soviet cosmonauts were all found to be pregnant. The other four women either decided to have an abortion or had a miscarriage during pregnancy, but Taliscoff was the only woman to give birth.
According to Taliskov herself and the four female astronauts who flew with her, all five of them felt warm and happy during the space flight. According to relevant analysis, this phenomenon may be related to their conception.
The father of the child is unknown
But the strange thing is that the mother of the space baby, female astronaut Talis Coff, until now has no idea how she conceived, let alone who the father of the baby is.
Reassuringly, the baby Taliskov gave birth to looks human except for the incomplete development of the lungs, and the overall condition of the body is very healthy.
How do they get pregnant? Who's the father? Where do you come from? These are all unanswered questions.
He has 11 contacts with aliens, is it reality or fantasy? And he gives me a physical formula to prove that you can break the code?
Global Physics 2016-01-02 08:32:41 Read (96720) Comments (89)
Disclaimer: This article is written by the author of the Sohu media platform. Except for the official account of Sohu, the views are only those of the author and do not represent the position of Sohu. report
Stan Romanek claims to have had incredible ET encounters, with aliens even visiting in broad daylight. Between 2000 and 2008, Stan claimed to have made 11 contact with aliens, during which he was taught mysterious equations, shown alien home star maps, and even mated with alien women. In the past few years, Stan has appeared on numerous TV interviews, his alien videos have been controversial, and the most bizarre is that he can only grade school level to write mysterious equations under hypnosis.
At the age of five, Stan meets a strange woman with blue eyes who responds with inspiration to little Stan: "You are special. You have important tasks to accomplish when you grow up." Throughout his childhood, this woman was a constant presence at Stan's side. Finally, in September 2001, the third type of contact belonging to Stan officially began. Later that night, several people noticed a red UFO in the sky near Stan's house. At this time, there is a knock on the door of Stan's house, and when he opens the door, three strange looking aliens appear at his door. When he woke up the next day, Stan had completely lost his memory, except for a strange cut on his hand. Most surprisingly, these wounds glow under ultraviolet light.
Since then, the aliens have been keeping a close eye on Stan, while repeatedly photographing glowing spherical objects in his home that seem to be watching him. The most incredible thing about Stan's alien contact case is that Stan wrote equations under hypnosis or under mind manipulation, and these equations seem to convey some kind of information to us, which has been puzzling many mathematicians and physicists trying to crack it.
This is the equation Stan wrote down through hypnosis after his first contact in July 2002. The equation was then sent to the University of Nebraska for physicists to crack. Amazingly, it appears to show us element 115, which was not discovered until 2004. Bob Lazar, an officer working at Area 51, revealed that Element 115 was used as an ingredient in UFO propulsion systems.
This is the equation Stan wrote down through hypnosis after his first contact in July 2002. The equation was then sent to the University of Nebraska for physicists to crack. Amazingly, it appears to show us element 115, which was not discovered until 2004. Bob Lazar, an officer working at Area 51, revealed that Element 115 was used as an ingredient in UFO propulsion systems.
Many physicists say that these equations represent the amount of electromagnetic field, zero point energy, and curved space-time, and so on, which is simply incredible. In the equation above, we roughly guess that these aliens are from the constellation Orion, which is 1,500 light-years away from Earth. It is interesting that the position of the Great Pyramid of Egypt precisely corresponds to the "belt star" of Orion.
In the vast expanse of space, there is an extremely beautiful blue planet
The birth of the earth has been 4.6 billion years (according to the Big Bang theory must be rewritten), it has nurtured hundreds of millions of life, but never "complain", yes, it is our Earth.
The Earth is the only planet known to have life, but people know in their hearts that there must be other planets in the universe that have life and even advanced civilizations like the Earth, but we have not yet discovered it. Compared with the Earth's long history of 4.6 billion years, our human civilization is only a small moment, perhaps 500 million or a billion years ago, the Earth has appeared more advanced than human civilization.
The idea that humans are not the only intelligent life in the universe is not much discussed, and now there is a great interest in another idea: that the Earth is a prison built by a higher civilization, and that humans are prisoners sent by them! This is a bit of a scare, but some scientists have come up with some ideas that give it a shred of credibility.
In the 1950s, the famous astrophysicist Enrico Fermi proposed a paradox: If intelligent civilizations are universal in the universe, why haven't aliens come into contact with humans so far? What lies behind this strange silence? If alien life exists, are aliens like humans? How do we find aliens?
Roland Lehoucq (CEA), a famous astrophysicist of the French Atomic Energy Commission, believes that the environment of the extrasolar planets is very different, and the most direct result of intelligent life living in a very different environment from the Earth for a long time is that they are very different from humans, and the energy they have may exceed our imagination! - (Vergo-speaking World)
5. In the 1970s, scientists came up with the famous "zoo hypothesis"
Answer the mystery of the Great Silence. They believe that aliens already know about Earth and humanity, but so as not to disturb humanity, they hide in the dark and observe, as we do, outside the fence, watching the animals' every move. METI President Douglas Vakoch believes that in order for "zookeepers" to emerge, humanity should take steps to actively seek out alien civilizations, such as actively sending powerful and meaningful radio signals to nearby stars to attract the attention of aliens. Vakoch also makes an image analogy: If we visit a zoo and we find a zebra turning its head intently and writing a string of mysterious symbols on the ground with its hooves, we have to respond.
Even more bizarre than the zoo hypothesis is the cosmic isolation hypothesis. French scientist Jean-Pierre Rospars, who participated in the symposium, proposed that the evolution of intelligent life on Earth presents random characteristics, but at the same time follows certain predictable paths. Therefore, the independence and recurrence of the intelligent species of the universe should be universal, and we have reason to believe that our human cognition is not at the leading level, and some more advanced civilization may have existed for many years.
So why would aliens refuse to contact humans? Rospars' explanation is that alien civilizations intentionally "isolated" Earth because they realized that rapid human development would have a catastrophic effect on other civilizations.
6. UFO photograph taken in Sheffield, England in 1962. Photo/Xinhua International
According to Xinhua News Agency UFO, English full name UnidentifiedFlyingObject, Chinese can be translated as unidentified flying object. Since the 20th century, many witnesses have observed Ufos that are saucer-shaped, so some people use "flying saucer" to refer to Ufos.
In fact, there were not many sightings of aliens in the 20th century, but most of them were sensationalist, but some of them seemed to be impossible to find. Recently, the US Central Intelligence Agency released some classified documents about alien rumors.
The pilot chased two discs
It is worth noting that the CIA released a total of 10 classified documents, focusing on the 1940s and 1950s, of which five were about UFO sightings.
One was from the Belgian Congo, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the early 1950s. Near a uranium mine in the south, witnesses reported seeing two disc-shaped objects, flying in "graceful curves" and changing directions. Hearing reports, an air force commander named Pires took off from a nearby airfield in pursuit. Don't tell me. I did catch him.
According to Pires' description, the flight paths of the two flying objects were accurate and light, and they could change the altitude of hundreds of meters in a few seconds. He estimated that the object was between 12 and 15 meters in diameter, with a stationary core visible in the middle. The outside of the object is covered in flames and rotates at high speed. Pires judged that the irregular speed and the temperature of the center should have been an unmanned flying object.
After about 15 minutes, the two objects sped away, and Pires estimated that the speed of the objects was about 1,500 kilometers per hour.
The assessment said there was no danger to the United States
In addition, five documents revealed phenomena that could be explained by scientific perspectives.One is the assessment and recommendations of the Scientific Advisory Board's report on Ufos in 1952. The Scientific Advisory Board cited a number of UFO sightings in 1952 and concluded that for most of the sightings, a reasonable scientific explanation could be given and that, by inference and the scientific method, a number of other sightings were similar.
In addition, the members of the committee unanimously concluded that the UFO sightings did not pose a threat to the homeland security of the United States.
In addition to the five documents explaining UFO incidents, the CIA also offered ten tips for UFO enthusiasts on "how to investigate flying saucers," including forming a team to investigate sightings, determining the nature of the objects under investigation, and consulting with experts.
Looking closely at these 10 documents, it is not difficult to find that the CIA has not said whether there are aliens, but has taken out some declassified documents more than 60 years ago for enthusiasts or skeptics to refer to.
Hawking issued a dire warning: The human race will be destroyed at his hands
Move Guiguan Move Guiguan | Posted on 2016-02-01 15:27
In addition to being very concerned about the alien invasion of the Earth, Hawking is also worried about the development of artificial intelligence technology.
Hawking has more than once predicted the killer robot behavior after the explosion of artificial intelligence technology in public, believing that the popularization of fully automatic weapon stations enables robots to obtain a certain degree of firing rights, and even surpass human instructions after the development of intelligent decision-making systems.
Hawking is concerned about the development of artificial intelligence technology
Such killer intelligent machines are extremely dangerous, and the Secretary General of the International Catholic Church in Ireland has also pointed out that the use of killer robots will push us humans away from ethical and civilized society.
More and more people are beginning to pay attention to the behavior of self-selecting and attacking targets, even if some human behavior is limited, but our basic moral code is to stand with humanity.
More and more people begin to pay attention to the behavior of self-selecting and attacking targets of fully autonomous weapons
Semi-autonomous drones are already deployed in the militaries of the United States, Russia, South Korea and the United Kingdom, with South Korea's Sentry robot SGR-1 and British air defense weapons capable of finding targets on their own.
The latest UN talks aimed to limit or ban the use of fully autonomous weapons that could lead to friendly fire between soldiers and civilians, but most countries disagreed with the terms of the agreement, including whether existing technologies and future developments should be restricted.
Hawking warns of future extinction by aliens (2)
Xiaoxin | Published 2016-01-30 09:23
"Contact with aliens is really too risky," he concluded. "If aliens visit us, I think it will be as bad for the Native Americans as when Columbus first landed in America." For the 68-year-old, who is paralyzed and relies on electronic devices to make sound, it was not easy to finish the documentary. The whole show took three years to prepare and shoot, during which Hawking insisted on rewriting much of the script and overseeing the production.
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a renowned physicist at the University of Cambridge, England, who is widely regarded as the most distinguished theoretical physicist since Albert Einstein. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, paralyzed, unable to pronounce. From 1979 to 2009 he was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (one of the most prestigious professorships in the UK).
Hawking is the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist, is one of the great men who enjoy an international reputation today, known as the greatest living scientist, also known as the "king of the universe."
Hawking has made seven controversial quotes in recent years:
1) Human beings should avoid contact with aliens
Hawking is convinced that intelligent life exists on other worlds, but he warns that humans should avoid contact with them at all costs.
Humans should avoid contact with aliens
Professor Hawking said: "We only need to look at ourselves to see how these alien life forms could become such that we would rather not have met them." If aliens were to visit humans, I think the outcome would be very similar to when Columbus arrived in the New World, which was not good for the Native Americans."
In the 1990s, a screw-like object was found embedded in a rock, which attracted a lot of attention around the world. But what exactly it is is a matter of debate.
Russian researchers believe the unusual object is 300 million years old, leading some to claim it could be the remains of a highly advanced human civilization or even the work of aliens. However, experts say there may be a more "down to earth" answer to the question - the screw is actually the fossil of a sea creature.
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It is reported that the "screw" like object was found by researchers from the Russian "Space Search Association" (Kosmopoisk) while searching the Kaluga region after the asteroid impact. Its length is about an inch (about 2 centimeters).
The discoverers say the stone is between 300 and 320 million years old, and after X-rays, they believe there is another "screw" buried in the stone. But some of the more traditional scientists haven't had a chance to see the stone for themselves, so they can only speculate from images on the Internet. The Space Search Association has not said what the "screw" is made of or given any details. The group has sent several expeditions to areas believed to be infested with extraterrestrial life, earning mixed international acclaim.
Britain has released 27 top-secret photos of the existence of aliens
I have something to say.
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2016-01-28 13:46:53 Source: UFO exploration network Author: Responsible editor: Wang Huanjun
Britain released the first batch of 57 classic UFO photos covering 1870 to 1979, 16 and released the latest batch of classic UFO photos, a total of 27 photos, taken between 1980 and 2005. Because of the authority of its photos, once released, it immediately triggered a heated discussion about the existence of aliens. Many people said that after seeing all these revealed photos, they have no doubt that aliens have already appeared on Earth, aliens are absolutely real, otherwise where do these Ufos come from?
In 1980 the object appeared over a residential area in the town of Levy, Puerto Rico
In 1980, the object was seen flying low over a residential area in the town of Levy, Puerto Rico, in bright light by hundreds of people, and police officer Jose Cordero took 10 photos with a Polaroid camera.
Clear UFO photos taken by Diaz
This photo was taken on March 23, 1981, in the Ajusco National Forest in Tepoztlan, Mexico, by Carlos Diaz, who claims to have been hijacked by a creature piloting the craft.
40 years! Us to go public with UFO abduction case (2)
baby520 | Posted on 2016-01-20 14:33
They knew the sheriff wouldn't believe it. However, according to Walton in his book Fire in the Sky, the sheriff listened to the details of the case calmly, watching the workers' faces.
After they finished, one of the workers, Peterson, asked the sheriff, "You don't believe what we're saying, do you?"
"No, I'm not going to say I don't believe it, but I have to admit it sounds really bizarre," Sheriff Ellison said.
Then Ellison called in more of his colleagues and the search team. When Walton showed up five days later, the story became even more mysterious!
Officer Ellison has not publicly discussed the details of the case in recent days. "Those individuals," he always said, "look really scared, and if they're acting, they're acting really well."
Unidentified flying object
He gave no further details. However, he recently agreed to attend the 40th anniversary of the UFO event with Walton and other witnesses and investigators.
The conference, called the Skyfire Summit, will begin on November 5, 2015. Near the scene, numerous UFO researchers and witnesses will be speaking over the weekend.
Given the number of witnesses to the incident, the Walton case has some credibility. No one knows what insights and discoveries Ellison will share, but his presence will bring some focus to a bizarre UFO story that has been going on for nearly 40 years.
The moon was formed a long time ago, around the same time as the Earth, but NASA's Apollo missions discovered that there are some materials on the moon that Earth does not have, and these materials are abundant on the moon. According to this analysis, the moon and the Earth have different origins, and although the two exist in similar times, their materials are different. When people studied the moon, they found that one side of the moon always faces the Earth, and the conspirators believe that this is the result of the moon being controlled, and the aliens turn the other side away from the Earth, so that we cannot see it.
The scientific explanation is that the moon is tidally locked to the Earth, and the strong gravity keeps the moon facing the Earth. However, NASA discovered after the Apollo program that the Moon was not tidally locked for quite a long time during its early formation, and until now we can still see that the Moon is not completely locked, and at least 10 to 20 percent of the far side can be seen from Earth
Space Mars aliens destroyed in nuclear war NASA finds ancient hieroglyphics
[Science and Technology news] January 15 news, Mars destroyed by nuclear war has been a controversial issue for UFO enthusiasts, NASA's "curiosity" probe on the surface of Mars photos, found ancient hieroglyphs stone carving remains, which can prove that Mars once had a large number of aliens lived, And this is the strongest evidence that the ancient civilization of Martians was destroyed by nuclear war.
NASA has published an image taken by the Curiosity rover's main camera (Mastcam) around Mount Sharp and the Garden City area. As described by UFOvni2012, one of the rocks in this photo has been enlarged and colored, and it appears to have nicks. Careful observation of the traces of stone carving can be preliminarily judged to be similar to the hieroglyphic patterns on Earth. There are also other unnatural structures in the image.
UFO media reporter Waring believes that there were wars on Mars, which led to the barren land that Mars is today, and many pieces of ancient Martian buildings and statues can be found on the surface of Mars. "A long time ago, something bigger than the solar wind happened on Mars," he said. The solar wind claim was announced by NASA last week, but the solar wind is not enough to cause such damage, only to cause Mars to lose atmosphere and water. Because I saw so many broken structures and statues, I came to the conclusion that there were great wars on Mars."
[Science and Technology news] January 15 news, Mars destroyed by nuclear war has been a controversial issue for UFO enthusiasts, NASA's "curiosity" probe on the surface of Mars photos, found ancient hieroglyphs stone carving remains, which can prove that Mars once had a large number of aliens lived, And this is the strongest evidence that the ancient civilization of Martians was destroyed by nuclear war.
NASA has published an image taken by the Curiosity rover's main camera (Mastcam) around Mount Sharp and the Garden City area. As described by UFOvni2012, one of the rocks in this photo has been enlarged and colored, and it appears to have nicks. Careful observation of the traces of stone carving can be preliminarily judged to be similar to the hieroglyphic patterns on Earth. There are also other unnatural structures in the image.
UFO media reporter Waring believes that there were wars on Mars, which led to the barren land that Mars is today, and many pieces of ancient Martian buildings and statues can be found on the surface of Mars. "A long time ago, something bigger than the solar wind happened on Mars," he said. The solar wind claim was announced by NASA last week, but the solar wind is not enough to cause such damage, only to cause Mars to lose atmosphere and water. Because I saw so many broken structures and statues, I came to the conclusion that there were great wars on Mars."
Fermi "The Force" and the Paradox
Fermi pioneered the world's first controlled nuclear fission chain reactor to uncover the force underlying the Big Bang
Fermi was an ItaliAn-American physicist who, in early 1926, proposed a statistical law to which electrons should obey, based on the Pauli exclusion principle. This statistical law also applies to other particles subject to the exclusion principle, such as protons and neutrons, which made an unprecedented breakthrough in understanding the structure and properties of matter, and was elected a member of the Royal Society of Italy in 1929 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of Britain in 1950. In honor of his work, the element with atomic number 100 is named 镄 after him.
In 1930 Pauli proposed the neutrino hypothesis (officially published in 1933) and Fermi accepted the neutrino hypothesis in conjunction with W.K. Heisenberg
The 1932 idea that beta decay is the process by which a neutron in the nucleus gives off an electron to become a proton,
In 1933, the theory of beta decay was put forward, which successfully explained many characteristics of beta decay phenomenon. In 1934, Fermi struck upon the idea of bombarding uranium nuclei with neutrons, which Chadwick had just discovered. After bombarding them, Fermi found something highly radioactive; I thought I had elements 93 and 94, which are heavier than uranium... It was uranium that was blasted into an even smaller element and won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1939, Li also called the oxygen he discovered "dephlogiston air" to explain that substances burn more vigorously in oxygen than in air. But the fuel theory has always been difficult to explain the weight of metals after they burn. Some people simply believe that this is due to measurement errors, and the more extreme school of pyrophlogiston defenders even believe that in the metal combustion reaction, phlogiston has a negative mass.
In the autumn of 1772, Lavoisier began to study the phenomenon of sulfur, tin and lead burning in the air. To determine whether air participated in the reaction, he devised the famous bell jar experiment. Through this experiment, the change of gas volume before and after the reaction can be measured, and the volume of gas involved in the reaction can be obtained. He also heated the lead in a vacuum-sealed container and found that the mass did not change, and opened the container after heating and found that the mass increased rapidly. Although the experimental phenomenon is the same as that of the pyrogens, Lavoisier proposed an alternative explanation, that is, the combustion of substances is the result of the combination of flammable substances with something in the air, which can explain the problem of the need for both air and metal to burn. But at this point he was still unable to determine which component was binding to the fuel.
In October 1773, Priestley told Lavoisier about his experiments: when mercury oxide was heated, it produced dephlogiston gas, which made candles burn brighter and helped with breathing. Lavoisier repeated Priestley's experiment and got the same result. But Lavoisier did not believe in the theory of fuel, so he thought that this gas was an element, and in 1777 officially named this gas oxygen, meaning the element of acid. Lavoisier, through metal calcining experiments, presented a report "Introduction to Combustion" to the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1777, clarifying the oxidation theory of combustion, the main points are:
① Light and heat are emitted during combustion.
Substances burn only in the presence of oxygen.
(3) Air is composed of two components, the substance in the air combustion, absorb the oxygen in the air, so the weight of the increase in the weight of the substance is precisely the weight of the oxygen it absorbs.
(4) General combustible substances (non-metallic) usually become acid after combustion, oxygen is the origin of acid, all acids contain oxygen. Metals are calcined into calcined ash and are oxides of metals. He also demonstrated through precise quantitative experiments that although substances change states in a series of chemical reactions, the total amount of substances involved in the reaction is the same both before and after the reaction. Lavoisier experimentally proved the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. Lavoisier's theory of oxidation completely overthrew the pyrolytic theory and became the father of chemistry.
Second, he first worked with Claude Bertholet and others to design a simple chemical nomenclature. He formally proposed this system in 1787 in the Methode de nomenclature chimique (" Methode de Nomenclature Chimique "), with the aim of allowing chemists of different linguistic backgrounds to communicate with each other, and many of its principles, combined with the later system of symbols by Bozillas, Formed the chemical naming system that is still in use today - summed up his own large number of quantitative tests, confirmed the law of conservation of mass...
In 1789, Lavoisier published the Fundamental Treatise on Chemistry.
Lavoisier's Traite Elementaire de Chimie, a chemical treatise in which Lavoisier defined the concept of elements for the first time and classified the common chemicals of the time, identifying thirty-three elements (although some were actually compounds) and common compounds, The fragmentary chemical knowledge of the time was gradually clarified. In the experimental section of the book Lavoisier emphasized the importance of quantitative analysis. Most importantly, Lavoisier successfully explained many experimental results in this book through his own theoretical system of oxidation theory and mass conservation law. This simple and natural theoretical system, which can explain many experimental phenomena, has become an epoch-making masterpiece of historical chemistry like Boyle's The Skeptical Chemist.
In 1790, the Organizing Committee of the French Academy of Sciences was responsible for the development of a new system of weights and measures, with Lavoisier, Condorcet, Lagrange and Monge... In 1791, Lavoisier drafted a report advocating the establishment of a metric system based on the standard of one ten-millionth of the distance between the Earth's pole and the equator (about one meter). The Academy then appointed Lavoisier to be responsible for the development of quality standards. After measurement, Lavoisier proposed that the mass standard adopt the kilogram, and the mass of a cubic decimeter of water at the maximum density is one kilogram. It is still used all over the world today.
Lavoisier made France the center of the chemical world, attracting many chemists to France, especially a hundred years ago, Boyle was in a bad situation in England, and he moved to France where Lavoisier was...
5. Lavoisier goes to the guillotine
When the French Revolution broke out in 1789, the whirlwind of storms and chaos controlled the whole of France, Lavoisier was like a windy tree no matter where he was, and the initial blow was from Jean. The Hand of Paul Marra. Marat had originally wanted to be honored as a scientist, and wrote a book called "The Theory of Fire" submitted to the French Academy of Sciences, Lavoisier was the president of the book, and made a scathing comment on the negative.
In July 1789, the war of the revolution finally burned up, and the whole of France was quickly involved in the vortex, and science could not be saved. It seemed that it could not be avoided. Just like in 1966, the Red Guards of the Cultural Revolution attacked all the scientific authorities such as the society, the Academy of Sciences, and the Survey Committee of weights and Measures, and became devils and demons, were knocked to the ground, and then set foot on a foot, which could not be turned over forever, and had to flee to death... "Scholars are the public enemy of the people, and the academy is a group against the people." France has made such a start that all mankind cannot understand it! .
However, the fortress always breaks from within - chemist Fourcroy (1755-1809). He himself was also an academician of the Academy of Sciences, and in times of crisis, he had been protected by Lavoisier in many ways, but he used a trick to try to dissolve the Academy of Sciences, until finally he used the violence of the Congress to dissolve the Academy of Sciences, Lavoisier and the research institute were cut off and deprived of the source of food and clothing of the academicians, and the life crisis reached its climax...
Lavoisier became a "tax collector" and naturally went to the guillotine
The trouble was that in 1769 Lavoisier became a collector, after investing half a million francs in the Collector's office, contracted the tax authority of salt and tobacco, and successively served as the Royal Superintendent of gunpowder and Commissioner of finance. In 1771, at the age of 28, Lavoisier married the daughter of the tax collector, further strengthening his position as tax collector. In the French Revolution, Lavoisier was a natural target of the revolution.
After the New Revolutionary government ordered a "settlement of accounts", Lavoisier and his colleagues went into hiding for fear of confiscation of their property, further inflating the conflict and opening the door for Foix and others, leading to the dismissal of six fellows of the Survey of Weights and Measures, including Lavoisier.
On November 28, 1793, all 28 members of the tax organization were arrested and imprisoned, Lavoisier was one of them, and death was approaching Lavoisier... The trial began on May 7, 1794, and resulted in the execution of all 28 members of the taxmen, scheduled to be executed within 24 hours.
Lavoisier's life was at stake. In spite of their efforts to save Lavoisier, many people asked for a pardon for Lavoisier, but the deputy prefect of the Revolutionary Court, Kauffenar, refused and all were rejected. He also declared, "The Republic does not need scholars, but only righteous actions for the country!"
The next day, on the morning of 8 May 1794, 28 men were executed in Bolas de la Levosio. Lavoisier was the fourth to ascend the scaffold. He died a happy death...
The famous Franco-Italian mathematician Lagrange lamented: "They could cut off his head in the blink of an eye, but a brain like his would not grow again in a hundred years."
What a pity! The last experiment of Lavoisier's life was the decapitation experiment - Lavoisier and the executioner agreed to blink as much as possible after the head was cut off, in order to determine whether there is still feeling after the head is cut off, Lavoisier blinked eleven times in total, this is his final research! Horrible, pathetic, awesome! Lavoisier
Lavoisier's final research had no chance to "dream" of breaking into organic chemistry and becoming a great talk of Kekule
Kekule, German organic chemist. It mainly studies the structural theory of organic compounds. In the dream found the structure of benzene simple formula, known as a great talk.
He was born in Darmstadt on 7 September 1829. In 1848-1851, he entered the University of Giessen, originally studying architecture, and later he listened to the lectures of the chemical master Liebig for many times, was deeply attracted and inspired, and then changed to chemistry, and actively and rigorously carried out research work in Liebig's laboratory, completed the experimental thesis on Amyl sulfate and its salts, and obtained a doctorate. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875. In 1877 he became Rector of the University of Bonn. In 1867-1869, Kekule, in his lectures "On the Structure of salts" and "On the Structure of Ly1, 3, 5-tritoluene", published the idea of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, and for the first time pushed the concept of valence from the plane to the three-dimensional space. Kekule recalls: "It was a fine summer night and I was riding home on the last stagecoach. Sitting on the roof seat as usual... I fell into a fantasy and seemed to see atoms dancing before my eyes... I have often seen how two smaller atoms join together to form even atoms, how a larger atom holds onto two smaller atoms, and how a larger atom holds onto three or even four smaller atoms. At the same time, how they all do a giddy dance, spinning fast. I've also seen how larger atoms form chains...
Kekule woke up and thought, "At any rate, I will spend some of my nights writing the contours of the forms formed in these fantasies into my paper." Here we find no revelation of the hive...
Kekule saw in his recollections the features of the main organic atoms that formed only pairs and chains of even atoms. Its specific shape, but also need time to find in the fantasy beehive-shaped macromolecular structure... Though Kekule never mentions the role of hexagonal honeycomb in fantasy? Kekule must have been inspired by the revelation of the hive. Because in the middle of the 18th century, Germany has formed the custom of drinking beer. Honey has become an indispensable supplement in drinks and foods. As a result of the prevalence of beekeeping, it is impossible not to study the habits and hives of bees. Honeycomb pairs of hexagonal square continuous, with the most striking optimal combination structure - the first to discover that the shape of the object of study is the general rule of human cognition, as a visionary biochemist Kekule, will not give up this observation of the honeycomb to cause unlimited fantasy opportunities... After 11 years, Kekule finally put the fantasy of being on the top seat of the night stagecoach down on paper. Still the same dreamy - in which the mind was initiated - Kekule said: "I sat writing textbooks. But the work went nowhere, my mind wandered, I drew my chair close to the warm fireplace, and dozed, and the atoms again danced before my eyes, while the smaller ones stayed discreetly at the base..." In this way, Kekule discovered the chemical structure of the organic macromolecule benzene in a vague dream; Although, this dream was very long, as long as 11 years, before the discovery of the world's first organic carbonization equation structure diagram - as shown in the figure:
In this way, Kekule did not give up and insisted on dreaming for 11 years, and finally unveiled the chemical equation of "carbon-based life" cell life and the code of macromolecular structure, and found a shortcut and a smooth road for organic chemistry! And Lavoisier's death formed a country from country to country political environment and scientific development decline and failure of the grand contrast and world of difference! Alas! Meditate! ...
Lamarque's fate in France was no better than Lavoisier's
The ancestors of Lamarctic evolution are unknown in France
Lamarche
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 -18 December 1829) was born in Picardy and died in Paris. French great naturalist, an early pioneer of evolution.
In 1809, he published Philosophie zoologique (also known as the Philosophy of Zoology), a systematic exposition of his theory of evolution, commonly known as Lamarck's theory. In the book, two principles of inheritance are put forward, which are not only the cause of variation, but also the process of adapting to the environment. First proposed the theory of biological evolution, is the advocate and pioneer of evolution. The great founding father of the world who was the first to name biology,
The deceitful Charles Darwin cited Lamarck's work several times in his book on the Origin of Species.
Lamarck was also a taxonomist and heir to Carl von linne (1707-1778). His major works include Flora of the Whole Territory of France, The System of Invertebrates, and Philosophy of Zoology. Zoologist Lamarck in the biological magnum opus "Flora of the Whole Territory of France"... Engels said that "Lamarck earlier than the birth of Darwin (1809) in the" Philosophy of Zoology "put forward the theory of biological evolution, in the history of evolutionary theory has had a significant impact, for Darwin's evolution provided a certain theoretical basis is little-known" unknown!
2. Lamarque took Rousseau 26 years to complete the Flora of the Whole Territory of France.
In 1768, Lamarque met his mentor Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), who was a famous thinker, philosopher, educator and writer in France at that time, and played a huge role in Lamarque's success. Rousseau often took him to his research room to visit, and introduced him to many scientific research experiences and methods, so that Lamarck from a young man with a wide range of interests, to focus on the study of biology. Lamarck spent 26 years studying botany systematically, and in 1778, while serving as the conservator of specimens at the Royal Botanic Gardens, he wrote the famous Flora of the Whole Territory of France. In 1793, he was appointed professor of invertebrate Zoology at the Paris Museum, and in 1801, he completed the book "The System of Invertebrates" - Lamarck divided invertebrates into 10 classes and was the founder of invertebrate zoology. In 1809 he published The Philosophy of Zoology, and although he was 65 years old at that time, he still devoted himself to research and writing, and in 1817 he completed the Natural History of Invertebrates, a scientific achievement that was truly a master of 19th century biology.
Third, the "acquired heredity" criticism Lamarque was blind in his old age and died miserably without a burial place
The biological instinct characteristic is that the organism is constructed into a species and the classification "speciality" is the only criterion - Lamac gives a famous example: the formation of the giraffe's long neck is because the giraffe needs to eat the leaves of the tree, in order to adapt to the ecological environment, after a long generation of inheritance, the giraffe group has produced the biological genetic characteristics of long neck; The key point of the theory: Long-necked (deer) characteristics, acquisition and inheritance are "eaten". Later generations called Lamarck's theory acquired inheritance. It was opposed by Weissman and remains controversial to this day. From the Lamarque giraffe "eat" "need" to see the nature of biological characteristics need to "eat" eternal. Thus, eating is a hereditary trait required for Lamarque; Also eating is the root of Malthusian theory, yesHowever, eating is the unchanged "species" of biology, and the genetic variation of "species" is the immutable law of species restriction (innate and acquired)!
In 1783 he was appointed a member of the Academy of Sciences, wrote the botany section for the Systematic Encyclopedia, and was director of the Royal Herbarium.
He became blind in 1820, and all his subsequent works were written by him and compiled and published by his daughter. In terms of animal classification, he was the first to divide animals into vertebrates and invertebrates (1794), the first to propose the term "invertebrate", thus establishing invertebrate zoology. He was also one of the founders of modern museum collection principles.
His most notable works are The System of Invertebrates (1801) and the Philosophy of Zoology (1809), in which Lamarck presented his theory of organic evolution and systematic evolution.
Lamarck's old age was also very sad, theory suffered abandonment, poverty caused by a combination of blindness. With the record of his young daughter Cornelia, he insisted on writing, devoted his life to the research of biological science, and finally became a master of biological science. After his death, his daughter could not even afford to buy his father's coffin, and only straw mat was wrapped and buried in a mass grave.
On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Lamarque, France could not find the remains of Lamarque, and in 1909, on the 100th anniversary of the publication of his famous "Philosophy of Zoology", the Paris Botanical Garden hastily erected a symbolic monument to him! ...
What a pity! Since Lavoisier and Lamarque, the Creator has never given France such great scientific masters...
The Lamarcq plant classification records diatoms not to say that the shadow of "silicon-based life" has been found
Lamarck completed the Complete Flora of France in 26 years; In plant taxonomy, a small creature called a diatom is described as a very strange creature whose cells have a thin layer of silica on the outside. Silicon dioxide is quartz and sand, and the diatom lives in a glass house shaped by itself. Lamarque elaborated and classified... Feeling weird? !
How could there be life like sand? Always a mystery...
Lamarck did not consider silicon life, but merely skimmed through the book.
Five, 200 years later, someone with a bad taste in Lamarque discovered that Arnold was interested in experimenting
In November 2016, Arnold and her team used bacteria found in Icelandic hot springs... She is a professor at the California Institute of Technology and Nobel Prize winner in chemistry Francis. Arnold conducted experiments to re-program the DNA of some of the bacteria's proteins. Contributing to DNA mutation. After three coding cycles, they were surprised to find that the mutant enzyme produced the ability to synthesize silicone compounds, forming a covalent silicon-carbon bond between silicon and carbon, the first time humans have allowed organisms to spontaneously form a silicone-carbon base. It has important significance for the scientific hypothesis of creating silicon-based life! ...
Synthetic silicon-carbon bonds have scientists thinking: What exactly is silicon-based life? Could it be a new life form in human evolution? This is a world first; Could it be a bold scientific treatment or a new path to "silicon-based life"?
The evolution of life in 2016 ignited the hope of silicon-based life theory
This is the key problem that must be solved when humans want to start trying to create an entirely new species, that is, the silicon-based biomolecules that create and compose the silicon-carbon bond structure of life - see related reports:
For the first time, silicon and carbon "marry" with natural enzymes that could help develop new drugs
China News 2016-11-26 03:42
Science and Technology Daily, Beijing, November 25 (reporter Liu Xia) According to the British "Nature" journal website reported on the 24th, American scientists found that under the action of a natural enzyme, when living E. coli cells are "fed" suitable silicon-containing compounds, their internal carbon-silicon bond can be formed. This is the first time scientists have shown that an organic organism can bind silicon to carbon. In addition to helping in the development of new drugs, the research could also help answer the question of why biological evolution turned a blind eye to silicon.
Organisms make use of many common metals, such as iron in hemoglobin cells and magnesium in chlorophyll. Although silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth, after oxygen, it is found only in the inorganic compounds of living organisms, such as the oxidized silicon shells of single-celled diatoms, and has never entered the carbon-based chains of organic life, which has been a mystery.
Previously, scientists had used artificial catalysts to marry silicon and carbon, but Frances Arnold of the California Institute of Technology wanted to find out whether natural enzymes could also act as matchmakers.
In a paper published in the journal Science on the 24th, Arnold's team said they conducted a comprehensive screening of the protein database and picked one out of dozens of potential enzymes. The enzyme is derived from a group of extremophiles called Marine rhodohalobacteria that live in Iceland's undersea hot springs. They inserted it into E. coli. Sure enough, the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of silicon-carbon bonds if the right silicon-containing compounds are added.
However, the genetically modified E. coli was still not very efficient at making silicone compounds, so the team mutated the enzyme's active region, and over several generations, the new natural enzyme outperformed the artificial catalyst. Next, Arnold says, they plan to study the benefits and costs of integrating silicon into life.
Nobel laureate Rod Hoffmann, of Cornell University, said: "The latest work combines chemical methods and directed evolution to create enzymes that form carbon-silicon bonds, a beautiful development that creates new forms of chemistry."
Yitzhak Aperoig, an expert in organic chemistry at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, said: "The new research opens up new paths in the field of drug discovery and development."
Frances Arnold, female, born in the United States on July 25, 1956 [7], is currently a professor at the California Institute of Technology. On October 3, 2018, the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was announced, and Francis Arnold, George Smith and Gregory Wintel were jointly awarded for their contributions to enzyme research and other fields. }
In other words, Francis Arnold, George Smith and Gregory Wintle shared the award and have nothing to do with silicon-based life, "the new research opens up a new path in the field of drug discovery and development to help the discovery and development of new drugs."
Chapter 24 Archaeological testimony of the real existence of prehistoric civilization
I. The Real "Prehistoric Civilization"
New Zealand genetics doctor Dan Dun in the "Crisis theory: Evolution" book will be Darwin's evolution as "the biggest lie of the 20th century", in Dan Dun's view, human beings such higher life is extremely complex, and not Darwin said "natural selection" mutation result, and put forward a big point of view: "Prehistoric civilization" is real, and human beings are the orphans of prehistoric civilization.
"Forbidden Archeology" by archaeologists Michael A. Cremo &Richard Thompson, October 17, 2021 The book lists 500 concrete examples, which are the remains of human civilization tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions, tens of thousands and billions of years ago, which are completely unexplainable objects of Darwinian evolution! ...
Paleontologists believe that human civilization evolved in just over 6,000 years. So, 55 million to 260,000 years ago and 2 billion to 2.6 billion years ago, the discovery of human "prehistoric civilization" remains and emerge in an endless stream, will be unselfish to put Darwin's evolution into the cold palace, forever! ...
Two, two billion years of large nuclear reactors and 2.8 billion years of prehistoric remains
In 1968, archaeologists Y. Druet and H. Salfati discovered several different types of metal tubes in a limestone formation in France that is 65 million years old (Corliss, 1978, 652-653). It can be traced back to hundreds of delicate metal balls unearthed in South Africa's Clarks Mountains, 2.8 billion years ago.
A large nuclear reactor from 2 billion years ago was discovered in Gabon, and the structure of the reactor was even more advanced than today's, and all available radioactive elements were extracted...
55 million year old weapon and 260,000 year old iron spear
In 1880, a group of exquisite stone tools unearthed 300 feet underground in Taibo Mountain, California, were identified as remains 55 million years ago.
In 1966, a batch of iron spears was unearthed in Hoyalek, Mexico, and the American geologist Dr. Macintyre found that this was a 250,000 year old weapon.
Archaeologist Juan Armenta, in the city of Prirava, Mexico, found an animal's jawbone with a broken spearhead of an iron spear, which he identified as a 260,000-year-old weapon...
The hammer "alloy" contains 96.6 percent iron, 0.74 percent sulfur, 2.6 percent chlorine far beyond human modern civilization
Twelve human footprints were found next to dinosaur footprints in rock formations along the Laxi River in Texas. Later, in the same strata, fossils of human fingers and an iron hammer, the handle of which had turned into coal, were found, suggesting that the area had been buried deep underground in ancient times.
The hammer head contains 96.6 percent iron, 0.74 percent sulfur, 2.6 percent chlorine, which is now impossible to create an alloy, showing a highly developed human civilization in prehistoric times!
Chapter 25 Six thousand years Ago There was a great extinction of mankind
First, the flood is real, and Noah's Ark is not an empty story
Irwin Finkel, deputy director of the British Museum, has discovered an ancient clay tablet, which records the details of Noah's ark, but this story is very different from the legend.
One day in 1985, Owen. Finkel was busy working in the museum when an antique dealer named Douglas Simmons came to visit him carrying an unremarkable bag. Simmons had come to ask Finkel to look at a few antiques, in fact, to see if they were worth anything. Previously, there were some ancient coins and ancient ornaments among the antiques, but Finkel found the sludge board among them at a glance.
Owen Finkel, one of the few scholars in the world who was fluent in ancient Suberian, ancient Babylonian, and ancient Sumerian, was particularly sensitive to the cuneiform characters on the tablets, and he picked them up and studied them. He was completely shocked... Said Atlas Hasis listen to "my word, you can build a big ship forever to save..." After translating this sentence, Finkel immediately realized that this was not the story of Noah's Ark. Did you, now! ? Did the legend of Noah's Ark really happen in ancient times? Strangely enough, the deputy director of a museum found evidence of the Protoss:
The Bible says: Adam and Eve's direct descendants, Noah is one of them. Noah built Noah's ark ahead of schedule after receiving news of the flood from God. According to the Bible, Noah's ark was 133.5 meters long, 22.3 meters wide and 13.4 meters high, and was shaped like a large floating river on the sea. After the ark was built, the great flood soon came, and the kind Noah did not only escape by himself, but also saved many sentient beings... After the great flood receded. Noah's ark landed on Mount Ararat, and the world began a new chapter. Finkel read and translated the ancient text recorded in the clay tablets is not the Bible's history of Noah's ark! It immediately aroused the surprise and concern of Chinese and foreign scholars - after the long-term archaeological research of the Rohn Turkish Archaeology in 1977, especially in 2019, the Hong Kong and Turkey archaeological team confirmed that the Noah's Ark site is a real historical event of ancient humans!
Two, Plato's "Dialogues" of the "Atlantis" empire ten thousand years and the miracle of human extinction
In 2011, a team of archaeologists claimed to have found the location of Atlantis: beneath the mudflats of southern Spain, confirming that the "Great Western nation" sank to the bottom of the sea in a devastating flood in 10,000 BC.
Plato, in the two dialogues of Maios, describes Atlantis as a large, concentric sea city in the Atlantic Ocean outside the Pillar of Hercules, which is now the Strait of Gibraltar. It is connected by a series of concentric circles suspended in the sea, all of which are built from locally cut white, black and red stone, which is spectacular. The further you go to the center, the higher the level of the building, the most central area is the entire gate of Atlantis. Close to 2.5km yes. There are magnificent palaces and temples. The temple is made of gold, silver, ivory and like. A shiny metal called mountain brass. Yellow yes. Its value is second only to the location of the ruins of Atlantis, and there are various theories, but for now most people think there are only two places that are most likely. The first is the Greek island of Crete.
In the 1930s, a British archaeologist named Evans discovered the existence of many ancient houses in Crete, and on the island of Shira, not far from Crete, he found a rock painting showing that the ringed island of Shira was actually a volcanic peak that had sunk into the sea. The discovery immediately shocked the archaeological community. Many scientists have heard the news and carried out a systematic investigation and study. The history of Hilla is also well understood.
In 1400 BC. Santolini volcano on the island of Hilla. Fires erupt, causing earthquakes and tsunamis. Haiti. And this event was not long before Plato proposed the civilization of Atlantis. Archaeologists believe that Plato told the story of Atlantis. Is based on the intention of the Hilla Island sinking: The name Atlantis, in fact, comes from the Greek, its original meaning is the island of Atlas, generally translated as the island of Great Western, Great Western or Great Western, first heard from the ancient Greek philosopher Plato's writings - "about 9,000 years ago, opposite the Pillar of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar), There is a large island from which you can go to other islands, and opposite those islands is a whole land surrounded by the sea. This is the kingdom of Atlantis." Plato left the events of Hela and the story of Atlantis in two books, Critias and Timaeus... Plato thought it necessary to change the way people thought and thought... So that the gods would not get angry and inflict disaster on the ancient Greeks, so that they would not repeat the mistakes of Atlantis.
Evans's archaeologists found some similarities to Plato's descriptions, such as volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The second place is the Eye of the Sahara - in 1965, when the Twin spacecraft of the United States flew over Africa, the astronauts suddenly observed a strange phenomenon in space: a strange thing appeared in the southwest of the Sahara Desert, it was like a huge eye; Staring into space, staring at all the people present, for a moment, everyone's hair stood up, how can there be an eye in the desert? After getting spooked, the astronauts couldn't wait to take a satellite photo of the eye and send it back to the authorities because the mysterious structure looks so much like an eye...
So scientists named it the "Eye of the Sahara," and from satellite photos, this massive structure doesn't look like an ordinary earthThe 27,000-year-old soil samples were well dated, but no signs of human activity, such as charcoal or bone fragments, were found.
Data map of the Neolithic sites of the Katai mounds
The archaeological record shows that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to complex societies occupying large settlements occurred after the start of the Holocene 11,700 years ago. The oldest known city is the 9,000-year-old "Neolithic site of the Catai mounds," located in Turch.
The scientists reopened their investigation
Archaeological Prospecting and publisher Wiley have reportedly launched an in-depth investigation into the paper. If, as Natavedjaya, the author of the paper, claims, a prehistoric civilization has been discovered, it has significant implications for scientists' understanding of human history. After all, the ability to build stone steps by hand is a mark of civilization.
However, due to the untenable points of the paper, it has not been universally recognized by scientists. I hope that a new investigation will shed light on what really happened.
27,000 years, the first human extinction fault theory
In 2011, a "pyramid" was discovered under the prehistoric site of Gompadong in West Java, Indonesia. Geologist Danny Hillman Natavedjaya described the pyramid in 2023 as follows:
The "pyramid" of Gunung Padang, Indonesia, consists of five stepped stone terraces with retaining walls and connected staircases, located on top of an extinct volcano. Between 2011 and 2014, Natavidjaya and colleagues surveyed the site using geodetic techniques to determine the structure beneath the terraces.
They identified four floors, which they thought represented different stages of the building. The innermost layer is a hardened lava core that the paper says has been "carefully carved." According to the paper, the first phase of construction took place between 27,000 and 16,000 years ago, with further additions of stone steps between 8,000 and 7,500 years ago. The last layer, which includes visible terraced fields, was' built 'between 4,000 and 3,100 years ago."
In other words, the pyramid has four layers, roughly divided into:
The first phase of construction took place 27,000 to 16,000 years ago.
Then, between 8000 and 7500, the steps were further increased.
The last layer, which includes visible terraced fields, was "built" between 4,000 and 3,100 years ago.
Thus, naturally, there are three human fault ages - between 7500 and 1600; Between 4,000 and 7,500 years - we call this the Natavedjaya Human fault. The so-called "human fault" is the geological period in which there is no information about human social life and survival for a long time! This is proof of human extinction.
Egyptian pyramids data map
Because, the proof of human extinction is particularly difficult, require geology, archaeology, paleontology and other multidisciplinary experts after a long time, even a hundred years, centuries may not necessarily get a definitive conclusion. For example, the Great flood of Atlantis led to the extinction of mankind in 10,000 years, and since Plato has told it so far, 3,000 years have each said a word, and there is no conclusion on the Great Western country that no longer exists.
The reason is simple: People do not believe that humans originated from monkeys, nor do they believe that humans ever became extinct!
In this way, the "Natavedjaya human fault theory" becomes the inverse theorem of human extinction and can easily determine that there was a time period of human extinction!
For example, the pyramids of ancient Egypt are called "pyramids" because these huge tombs resemble the Chinese character "gold" in shape. The Pyramid Age belongs to the early pharaonic civilization, which began around 2700 BC and ended in 1750 BC. This era lasted roughly 1,000 years, corresponding to what modern historians call the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom (around 2690 BC), and it is said that 100,000 people took 30 years to build. Khufu's Pyramid (also known as the Great Pyramid of Giza) is the oldest pyramid in Egypt; It also exists 2700 BC +2024 =4724 years ≈5000 years of history. Well, what about 6,000 years ago? Is a mystery...
In fact, the Natavedjaya human fault theory also applies to the 60,000-year Egyptian history of the ancient Egyptian pyramids (or the existence of partial human extinction)! ...
The Maya extinction is the most classic case of human extinction Why did the Maya disappear from the earth overnight
ShawSigere2020-08-16 14:35
Maya civilization is one of the world's famous ancient civilizations, from 1800 BC, Maya began to engage in agricultural activities, to 1697 AD, the last Mayan city-state destroyed by the colonial invaders, Maya civilization continued for more than 3500 years, disappeared overnight, extinction.
The Maya calculated the age of the Earth by only 0.0002 days, and the Maya mastered the concept of "0" at least in the 4th century BC, 800 to 1,000 years before the Chinese and Europeans. The Mayan calendar lasted 400 million years, they calculated the difference between the solar year and the Venusian year to four decimal places, and they had their own writing, a pictograph of 800 symbols and figures with 30,000 words.
The Maya civilization reached the highest level of construction engineering in the world, able to carve and process solid stone Venus. They had outstanding attainments in carving, painted pottery and murals. However, such a high level of Maya civilization suddenly disappeared in the 10th century, becoming a mystery. After a large number of studies by scientists, it is believed that the disappearance of Maya civilization mainly stems from population explosion, food shortage, natural disasters and other reasons - some scholars believe that there was a big West continent in the Atlantic Ocean, with prosperous economy and developed culture. But one day, more than 10,000 years ago, it sank into the sea overnight and was destroyed. Open the map, you can see that the location of the Atlantic is very close to the Yucatan Peninsula. German scientist Mauk believes that the Mayans began their new era at 12 o 'clock on June 5, 8499 BC. According to the "Natavedjaya human fault", the Yamama extinction is the classic of local human extinction! ...
Nor is it like the ancient culture of the Maya, which only existed for 700 years and created such brilliance, and then disappeared temporarily...
In 1492, Columbus discovered that the American Indians in the New World were actually in the local extinction of human ecology
When the Native Americans "discovered" the New World in 1492, the total population of the Indians living in the present Americas was about 3000-6000, and the Indians were a general term for all the Native Americans in the Americas except the Inuit, not a specific ethnic group. The Mayans were just one subgroup of Indians who contributed some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage to the region. In 1502 AD, Columbus's last voyage to America, the ship landed in the Gulf of Honduras, Columbus and the crew set foot on the long lost lush land. At the local market, a beautifully made pottery basin from "Maya" attracted him. From then on, the magical name "Maya" was first introduced into Europe.
In 1526, a Spanish expedition to the Yucatan attempted to establish a Spanish colony by force and impose the Christian faith. The unyielding Mayans waged guerrilla warfare for more than 100 years. In 1697, the last Mayan city-state was all but wiped out by Spanish gunfire... From 360 million Indians through Spain to the brutal and bloody colonization of the American continent by the Anglo-Saxons, and then to the end of the American War of Independence, a brutal and continuous massacre of Indians occurred in the American continent from the 16th to the 19th century, less than 300 years, there were only less than 200,000 Indians - almost extinct; It can be described as the classic of local extinction of human race in modern history! ...
Such a classic in the 21st century Russia and Ukraine war once again bloody play! ...
Summary of this chapter
In fact, the Bible has long been a real historical record of mankind. There are Irwin Finkel's "clay tablets", the 1977 Roane archaeological team, and the 2010 Hong Kong and Turkey archaeological team's authentic documentation of the site of Noah's Ark. We're not making up the fact that there were N extinctions 6,000 years ago; It can be seen from the interpretation left by the ancient Greek god Plato.
Plato said, "Now these civilizations have been established without anything." Periodic floods destroyed one civilization after another, leaving only a few illiterate and culturally illiterate people. Then a new civilization can only begin in ignorance. You are like children who do not know what happened long ago, you only remember one flood. But there has been more than one great flood..." This is the Zen saying that the human race has gone extinct N times... And Plato used the story of the extinction of Atlantis as a warning to future generations. 6,000 years into biblical human history, the mysterious overnight disappearance of the Maya undoubtedly highlights the classic human extinction...
"The archaeological record shows that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to complex societies occupying large settlements occurred after the start of the Holocene 11,700 years ago. The oldest known city is the 9,000-year-old "Neolithic site of the Catai mounds," located in Turch.
Scientists have reopened their investigations..." The investigation of the Indonesian pyramid of 270,000 years is not important, what is important is that 6,000 years ago there were N times the extinction proposition - "Natavedjaya human fault theory" can be the most important circumstantial evidence, no one!
In the future, human history will always prove that "Natavedjaya human fault theory" must be Plato's "great flood but more than once" prediction, and in the following 3,000 years, it has been the most critical recognition, great praise and proof of modern human civilization! ...
Chapter 26 Silicon Valley burst inside is secretly training AI intelligence GPT3.5 double free global application
Starr, according to Reuters
The intelligence level of AI is about to surpass, and the Silicon Valley is secretly training. With 125 trillion parameters of the multidimensional large model, the artificial intelligence after training is about 145, second only to the famous physicist Albert Einstein. According to Reuters, AI intelligence is on the verge of surpassing that of humans. Silicon Valley revealed that I in the EU is secretly training a multidimensional large model with 125 trillion parameters, and the artificial intelligence supreme after training is about 145; Just taken from the famous physicist Albert Einstein - it is said that GPT4, GPT5 appear in 2037, will exceed 145...
Second, ChatGPT is now free to use without registration
36kr.com 2024-04-02 12:01
Computing power is a small problem, okay?
Now, with ChatGPT, OpenAI's AI platform, you don't need to register for an account.
On April 1, local time, OpenAI officially announced this new policy, which immediately attracted cheers from the whole network.
After the opening, ChatGPT can be opened and used, and it looks like it finally has the initial appearance of "AI search engine".
However, this release only applies to the free version of ChatGPT (version 3.5), other OpenAI products such as DALL-E 3, GPT-4, etc., still need to pay for access, and of course, you need to log in to an account.
People rushed to the ChatGPT site to try it out, and users in many countries and regions said they still needed to log in. Some people also said that the first time you need to log in, the same computer after a while and do not need an account.
There are still users who encountered a block on the registration page when visiting, changed a few browsers, or the same, it looks like it is still in grayscale testing.
"We are gradually rolling out this project with the goal of making AI accessible to anyone interested in its capabilities," OpenAI said in a blog post.
From the actual observations posted by users on the first experience, there is almost no difference between the ChatGPT that does not require registration and the original. However, if you start a conversation again, the previous record will be cleared and you cannot keep the chat history with ChatGPT.
In addition, OpenAI says that everyone's output to ChatGPT is recorded for continuous improvement of the model (whether they are logged in or not). If you don't want to, you'll need to turn it off in Settings.
Since its initial launch in late 2022, ChatGPT has gained unprecedented popularity as a new type of app worldwide, becoming the fastest growing app of all time. But all along, users had to sign up for an OpenAI account to use ChatGPT.
As large model technology continues to evolve, OpenAI has added paid subscription options to allow users to access products such as DALL-E 3, GPT-4 and more capable large models. In addition, users also need to use an account to save and view chat history, share chat content, and have voice conversations.
ChatGPT's product form has largely become the "standard" for large model applications.
But before GPT-5, ChatGPT was hardly ahead of the pack. In recent times, both Google's Gemini, Baidu's Wenxinyi.com, and Claude and Mistral have achieved great results in the field of large language models. Facing the encirclement of friends and businessmen, opening up is a good choice.
Others believe that ChatGPT's removal of account restrictions can attract traffic and gain more valuable "interactive data." After all, improving AI capabilities not only requires massive data sets, but also new user feedback in real time.
Whoever has access to as much data as possible has the potential to further improve AI.
According to OpenAI, more than 100 million people in 185 countries use ChatGPT every week. Traffic tracking site SimilarWeb shows ChatGPT had an estimated 1.6 billion visitors in February, and despite the rise of Google's proposed rival Gemini, ChatGPT remains unchallenged when it comes to generative AI.
Meanwhile, other OpenAI products, such as the newly released AI Voice cloning service Voice Engine and video authoring platform Sora, remain available only to a limited number of users and partners and are still not part of the free benefits of having an OpenAI account.
Some previous reports about OpenAI and Microsoft have said GPT-5 will be released this year, and OpenAI may have given some enterprise users a preview of an early version.
This article is from the wechat public account "the Heart of the Machine" (ID: almosthuman2014), the author: Ze Nan, Jia Qi, 36 kr is authorized to publish.
Third, users talk about OpenAI3.5 free global browsing
@AI Trends Research says: "Startups are devastating. In the past two years, AI has worked in sales promotion, legal counsel, AI companionship, finance, medical health, modeling in three places, and so on... In the field, a large number of AI startups have emerged, like a river. AI this free open gpt3.5 interface, will lead to many companies directlyIn the end
Before that, Wang An computer hardware beyond IBM, WPS became the mainstream of the United States from the White House presidential office to the enterprise, WPS processor became the most popular technology products at that time, is the year, Wang An company turnover exceeded 100 million US dollars mark. In 1986, the U.S. government held a public tender for information management systems for U.S. military air bases around the world, and Wang beat out a group of large technology companies, including IBM, to sign a $480 million contract. In July of that year, at a ceremony in New York to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the inauguration of the Statue of Liberty, Wang An was selected as one of the 12 most outstanding immigrants in the United States and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Reagan.
Wang An hopes to unite with Microsoft to fight and defeat IBM by Bill. Gates refused, Intel also did not agree and was isolated...
At the same time, Gates took the initiative to contact IBM to commit to developing an operating system, and in November 1980, the two sides signed a contract. From this day on, history has chosen its own century of millionaires - Bill Gates, no suspense! ...
Wang An computer fighting alone, gradually isolated by IBM, and finally did not apply for IBM "cold enemy"; Missed the opportunity of WPS '1976 "computer enthusiasts" to compete; It was not until 1983 that Wang An believed that PC was the future, but it was too late and was defeated by IBM+ Microsoft.
On March 24, 1990, at the age of 70, Wang An died of cancer in a lot of worries about the company - Bill Gates once said that if Wang An can complete the second strategic transition (focus on software systems), there may be no Microsoft in the world, and he will not become a technology icon, but will be a teacher somewhere, or a lawyer.
But there is no such thing as if, a generation of legends, this end.
Judging from Bill Gates' style, Project Chess and open i are determined to win. Naturally, we remember that Musk quit OpenAI shortly after 2015; We also have to think about the $10 billion windfall Microsoft gave Ultraman when he quietly played the game and accidentally broke through! ?
In fact, 10 billion has fully entered Ultraman's soul... GPT3.5 was born in 2022 and Microsoft is naturally the biggest winner - we should also remember the secret contact details of the two closed-door discussions between Microsoft and Altman in 2016 and 2018 that no one knows...
In particular, a few days ago, on February 29, Musk sued open. When the establishment of the company signed an agreement not to engage in commercial realization, can only rely on donations free of charge for the benefit of mankind! However, after Microsoft took control of openi, they tried their best to monetize and so on... Sin!
Not a few days later, i Altman Jedi counterattack, pouring out seven or eight years ago emails, these emails show that as early as 2017, Musk himself clearly agreed to pi to make commercial cash and also want to be a major shareholder, trying to control the board of directors, after being rejected, and proposed to open i and Tesla below...
We put all these things together, and today Microsoft AI established a world monopoly is Bill. Gates completed the "chess plan" and Caesar thought and behavior is the same ah - ah! "There is a current in the things of man, a flood of currents towards wealth. If a person is abandoned by this trend, his life is doomed to be dull and miserable. We are floating in such an ocean, we must follow the trend, with the trend, otherwise, we will lose the opportunity of life! ..."
Netizens say good! This unregistered use of Openi is far-reaching and will be devastating to large model startups! ?
Since "2024.4.1" has just taken the first step, 4.0 and 5.0 followed, the future Openi large language model in the entire Windows operating system environment to run the lead, dominate the world!
Let's wait and see! ...
Recently, the media reported that one of the world's most expensive data centers, Microsoft and open AI are preparing to build a super data center
According to a person who spoke with open AI CEO Sam Altman. Sources who have seen Microsoft's cost estimates say the data center could cost more than $100 billion, or about 722.1 billion yuan. The data center will house a supercomputer called Stargate, along with millions of artificial intelligence chips. The data center will cost 100 times more to build than today's large data centers. The hope is to have it up and running as early as 2028
On in. Once this data center is completed, it will establish Microsoft + open A global artificial intelligence monopoly supremacy! ...
The project shows that AI requires a huge investment of resources and a long-term mindset, and that it is not a short-term field of technology, although the prospects for general AI profitability are still unclear. But the bold vision of Microsoft and open AI highlights the future vision of artificial intelligence, electric energy considering the application of controlled nuclear fusion and so on... For now, most tech giants are willing to invest. To ensure their own super data center in the field of ai technology revolution to obtain significant benefits.
It is said that gpt5.0 will be released in the second half of the year
So, gpt5.0 will release a gi, gpt5 will surpass humans to achieve a gi?
Is it possible that so was also developed by tpd5?
Yesterday, Altman gave an interview in which he said that with enough computing resources, they could create a general artificial intelligence beyond humans, and once a gi is achieved, all of our social problems, including energy shortages, can be solved. That means they at least know how to achieve agi; Then, Altman cautions against underestimating the progress of gdt5g over gpt4...
General artificial intelligence is bound to affect all of us. So Altman has been holding back from revealing too much information, will we think that Altman was fired from the storm, and recently Musk's lawsuit against OpenAI may be related to this secret, Musk is trying to force them to disclose more things through the prosecution of OpenAI.
In view of this, the interview is only a tentative psychological preparation for everyone, it is possible that gpt5 will release a gi, ggt5 will surpass human beings to achieve a gi! ?
In fact, eight years before the birth of the large language model, open AI had not been planned
Eight years ago, open AI had not worked out in many aspects of theory, engineering, technical routes, and principles. It is obviously too early to say that open AI will create AGI. Maybe open AI really is getting closer to the end of AGI...
Recently, open AI has become a pioneer in the entire AI field, and its great achievements are actually algorithms, engineering, data, products, and commercialization strategies. All these factors work together organically. We will give you an analysis, first of all, we look at its technical route, this is as early as June 2016, still in the bud of open AI sent an article, is a milestone article. The article is called creative models. It's called generative models. It starts with a quote from the famous physicist Feynman. what I cannot create I do not understand. What I cannot create I do not understand. He puts creation before understanding, and that creation means generative people and things; Therefore, it is considered that generative tasks are the only way to achieve AGI. For the next six years, the focus was entirely on generative tasks. The subsequent series of gpt cultivation models we use are all based on a transformer architecture, which is specifically used to implement generative people and things. Altman said that as long as you can predict the next token very well, you can achieve AGI. The so-called prediction of the next token is to predict the next semantic unit (word), or simply to predict the next word, one word is predicted, one word is predicted to produce a generative model! ... This is the essence of generative tasks.
That's what open AI's chief scientist does, repeating it over and over again in interviews on different occasions. Now, the large model GPT3.5 was born, and it is natural and logical to form a generative ecology, which is to generate and create a large model {task)...
This idea comes entirely from the famous physicist Feynman's famous quote: what I cannot create I do not understand. That is, if I can't create, I can't understand - that is, the idea consciousness "free will" can create first!
open AI is doing this, eight years ago to choose an architecture model, most likely you will not choose transformer, may choose bird, why? Because Bolt is better at understanding tasks, open AI chose Transformer architecture from the start. Always follow this path, never hesitate! ...
This means that it has very good technical judgment and sensitivity. It has also become the most important foundation for open AI's success today.
Here, there is another engineering capability that is also very important.
Here, we first need to introduce a concept, that is, the law of scale, or the law of scale. The proposed rule provides a very important theoretical guidance for optimizing the training set of large language models. Because in the traditional academic circles often believe that only the innovation of algorithms is worth pursuing. That's what scientists are supposed to do. Training, learning, data, products, and commercialization strategies. All these factors are integrated together in a model operation, in order to ensure that the technical routes complement each other, towards the great success in advance!
Will the scientific research upheaval brought about by AI affect all human scientists and scientific development
What are the opportunities that AI brings to scientists?
At present, scientists are also suffering from the huge impact of artificial intelligence, let's look at a few cases and cases:
Google deep mind recently made another huge breakthrough, the Alpha 9-meter mathematical AI model was published in nature magazine, and achieved great success in mathematical reasoning. This means that it can be used to do mathematical science. Thus replacing some mathematicians. The most important thing is. This idea can also be extended to physics, chemistry, biology, and so on...
AI will explode exponentially in the coming years. For example, it only takes a physics doctor to directly predict the quantum algorithm to be published by k3 through two prompt words, and the answer given by km3 is very similar to the author's paper, indicating that AI has been able to conduct scientific research, and scientists are not needed in the future! ...
The world's most powerful AI model 3 is revolutionizing physics and chemistry. According to real cases abroad, top chemists spend a year to complete through various experiments. k3 was given in just two hours. The solution is more simple and easy to operate than the original one. The most important thing is that the cost of this solution given by AI is only 5 cents... And a PhD in physics. Only pass 2. Let kl3 predict it directly. The quantum algorithm he is about to publish, and the answer given by k3 is already very similar to the author's paper. It shows that AI is already capable of scientific research. The top international consulting firm McKinsey estimates that 800 million people can conduct scientific experiments...
Another example, Alpha food, is a super AI system in the field of biology iph, mainly through big data and artificial intelligence technology to predict protein structure, rather than one by one like humans. So far, the three-dimensional structure of proteins solved by human experiments is 190,000. alph, a set of powerful algorithms and computing power, can reach the sum of all human test data of "protein three-dimensional structure"!
Chapter 27 Origin of the species natural system School
First, from Plato's holistic life science set sail more than 3,000 years ago
Plato affirmed that "the earth should be a huge living organism" and Lavrov's "Gaia hypothesis" test was proved; In the 1970s, inventor and environmentalist James Lovelock and evolutionary biologist Lynn Margulis developed the Gaia Hypothesis. In his 1979 book The Gaia Hypothesis: A New Understanding of Life on Earth, Lavrov concluded: "The Earth is a giant symbiont of all living things and minerals together, and symbiosis is a union of living things that benefits all parts. The property of this superorganism is to maintain a system state that is as conducive to life activity as possible through negative feedback mechanisms." In other words, Lovelock argued that the earth should be seen as an interconnected whole whose task is to maintain the healthy development of all its members, and used scientific experiments to prove that the ancient Greek philosopher Plato's "Earth is a great living organism" theory of 400 BC assumed that the earth is a single, self-regulating system in which, The atmosphere, the hydrosphere, all life and their inorganic environments together maintain the conditions for life on Earth. The theory was largely inspired by Lovelock's work for NASA in the 1960s, where the skilled inventor designed instruments to simulate the climate of Mars and other planets in the solar system, illustrating Earth as a monolithic living system. Meanwhile, we get Lewis in Praise of Cell Life. Thomas Earth "whole mechanism" - Thomas lifetime clinical scientific research proves that "the task of this whole is to maintain the benign development of all its members" and that life on Earth in the universe is an indivisible whole... The manuscript was formed and edited with the help of Fan Huimin, editor of Science Popularization Publishing House. After 18 months, he edited the Fulcrum for your Innovation and published it in March 2003. Put forward the theory of "whole life science" and pioneered the "species restriction mechanism" (in a word, it is summarized as: Genetic variation is the genetic variation under the restriction mechanism of species, genetic speciality is absolutely unchanged, the variation must be a trait variation, death across species variation, cross-species organisms can not and cannot coitus and infertility, no offspring genetic unadapted to the genetic restriction of death, extinction.) And "whole block genetic law" (imitating Leibniz easy 0 and 1 to create the world's first computer to encrypt Marshall gene code table easy 0 and 1, and found that the code interlacing corresponds to the change of gene mathematics is not linear mathematical integration presenting four modules 8 forms 16 components of the N-dimensional three-dimensional integral block operation mode called gene integral block genetic law). Starting from Platon-Gaia hypothesis, this paper establishes the theory of "species natural system".
Second, the origin of the theory of "species natural system"
The "species natural system" is the invariable existence of human life. Five thousand years of the Chinese nation clearly said: "food and color is also", food is food, color, is (male) female sex!
Ancient Greek Plato, Aristotle philosophy master of "food and sex also" lifeFood is necessary for human production. (2) Sexual desire between the sexes is inevitable and will remain almost as it is. Here (1) is food, (2) sex is sex! There are two great needs in life, one is indispensable.
From a historical perspective, Malthus's "The Theory of Population" is a summary of the population thought of Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece, especially the scientists of several centuries. Covering the economic theories of Hume, Adam Smith, Ricardo, Robert Wallace's view that population grows in geometric progression, Joseph Townson's view that population depends on and tends to exceed the growth of the means of subsistence, And James Stuart's view that there is a proportional relationship between population and the means of subsistence, and the disaster of increasing population value... The essence of existence.
The theory of the invariance of species was first proposed by Linnaeus in Systema Naturae. In 1735, Linnaeus published Systema Naturalis. As soon as the 12-page pamphlet was published, it attracted a frenzy of attention. The content of "Natural Systems" is mainly divided into two parts, the first part is the establishment of artificial classification system. The book divides the natural world into three kingdoms: the mineral kingdom, the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom. The plant kingdom is mainly divided into classes according to the number and characteristics of stamens, which are subdivided into orders. The animal kingdom is mainly classified according to the characteristics of respiratory organs, reproductive organs, skin and sensory organs, including mammals, birds, amphibians, ichthyoidea, insects and worms. As the subtitle of the book says, "The systematic classification of plants by class, order, genus, and species in the three Realms of Nature," the book classifies plants into 24 classes, 116 orders, more than 1,000 genera, and more than 10,000. The classification concepts of class, order, genus and species were first introduced in Natural Systems and have been used ever since.
Linnaeus was the first great scientist in the world to propose that "species do not change".
Linnaeus said, "(1) Since there are no new species; (2) Since one kind of life always produces its kind of creatures; 3. Since each individual of every living thing is always the beginning of its offspring, the immutability of these ancestors must be attributed to some omniscient... This is demonstrated by the mechanisms, principles, laws, constitutions and feelings of every living individual."
Linnaeus's plant classification method and binomial system were accepted by biologists in various countries, presenting the living world in a systematic, concise and orderly way, laying the foundation for the international scientific system of modern animal and plant classification and naming, known as the taxonomy of everything, which made Linnaeus one of the most outstanding scientists in the 18th century. Linnaeus himself said, "No one has ever transformed science as I have."
The Linnean Society was created in memory of Linnaeus. In 1802 the Linnean Society was granted a Royal licence by the government and moved to the former site of Burlington House. There are also many societies in Burlington House, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Archaeological Society and so on...
Linnaeus statue
After Linnaeus's death, his extensive collection of plant and animal specimens and books were collected by the English botanist J.E. All of Smith's purchases were shipped to London and placed in the collection of the Linnean Society. These precious collections are buried deep in underground collections
Linnaeus statue
After Linnaeus's death, his extensive collection of plant and animal specimens and books were collected by the English botanist J.E. All of Smith's purchases were shipped to London and placed in the collection of the Linnean Society. These precious collections hidden deep in the underground collection room are even more precious!
The collection of the Linnean Society consists of 1,600 books, 14,000 plants, 3,198 insect specimens, and 1,564 seashells, all of which were in the private collection of Karl Linnaeus, and which Linnaeus gave them their official names. In addition, the Society has a collection of Linnaeus's journals, manuscripts, diaries from his travels to Lapland, as well as annotated manuscripts of Linnaeus's most famous work, Systema Naturae.
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Linnaeus lived in the age of Europe's great maritime century, and the pursuit of natural order was one of their common pursuits during this period. Since then, many scientists have accepted that speciality is immutable; Such as:
John Ray said, "I believe that there is no more appropriate criterion for determining a species than that which has been perpetuated by seed propagation."
According to Thomas Huxley, species stability is due to the existence of part B of an organism's germ species. He said, "B never suffers death as a whole, only some of its parts are swallowed up..."
Gerald Peel said, "No gate has been extinct since the Cambrian period."
Schrodinger said: "That is, the genetic structure seems to contain only a relatively small number of atoms (on the order of 1000UM, it can be less). Yet it exhibits the most regular, law-abiding activity - and has such permanence that it is a miracle."
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"Species natural system" is "the systematic dissemination of pieces of knowledge obtained in scientific research".
ziman j.m. argues in a recent article in Nature that "the invention of a mechanism for the systematic dissemination of the fragmentary pieces of knowledge obtained in scientific work must be considered one of the defining events in the history of modern science." To understand "specific natural systems" is to "invent a mechanism."
It is according to the methodology of ziman,j.m., that we have completed the theory of "species natural system"; Here, there are two laws of environmental pollution proposed by Carson's "Silent Spring" theory (Law one: ecological destruction is achieved by destroying the environment, and ecological damage is irreversible.
Law 2: There are connections and superpositions between environments that amplify pollution conduction effects.) It is integrated with micro-ecology to form the "micro-ecological variation principle", which has become an effective path and theory for human pollution prevention and control.
In addition, we also put forward the Law of artificial Natural selection; The concept of artificial selection and natural selection is integrated with the functional attributes of mutual constraints to form a law (the formula for the law of artificial natural selection is:
w=(S+E)×tw represents artificial natural selection,S represents generalized artificial selection,E represents natural selection, and t represents time. (Time unit: million years, years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds, picoseconds)
Definition of natural selection
What is natural selection?
In Darwin's words, "On the other hand, any harmful variation, however slight, must disappear." This beneficial individual difference, the preservation of variation and the elimination of harmful variation, I call natural selection or "adaptive survival."
▲ What is artificial selection?
Artificial selection is the process of human directed cultivation of organisms in order to preserve the variation that is beneficial to humans and gradually change into human varieties.
Artificial selection is a scientific practice driven by human (class) life-feeding instinct. The first principle proposed by Malthus in "The Theory of Population" is: "First, food is necessary for human survival... " Ancient Chinese scriptures have long emphasized: "food and color are also human." ; Second, the passion between the sexes is necessary. Malthus reasoned that population, when unimpeded, increases in geometric progression, whereas the means of subsistence, even under the most favourable conditions of production, can only increase in arithmetical progression, and that the rate of population growth would therefore greatly exceed that of the means of subsistence. War, pestilence, famine and so on are important means to restrain population growth and make the population fit with the means of living.
▲ What is the law of artificial natural selection? ,
This is the law that expresses the relationship between artificial selection and natural selection. Whether observed or not, recognized or not, natural forces always use natural selection to control the continuation of life traits, eliminate the expression and variation that are not conducive to species, preserve the variation that is conducive to species, and maintain the whole
The harmony of Earth's great life field is eternal. This is the eternal law of nature, and the forces of natural selection always retaliate by death and extinction against those who violate and flout the law of artificial natural selection. With disaster and good results without exception, use time to test and express the majesty of the law!
That is to say, we use the four scientific basic theories of holistic life science "species restriction mechanism", "Whole plate genetic law", "Artificial natural selection law", "Microecological variation principle" to integrate the "species natural system theory". She collected Plato's Earth as a giant organism, the experimental results of the "Gaia hypothesis," Linnaeus' natural systems, Malthus' two principles, Carson's Law of Microecology, and so on... The various pieces of knowledge obtained in scientific research work and many scientific theories deduce the "theory of species natural system" are systematically publicized to the world, and make their meager efforts for human life science! ...
Chapter 28 Interpretation of Species natural system
The natural force of existence of the natural life force can never be resisted
Chinese people say: Since the appearance of human beings on the earth, especially the Peloponnesian War and the Black Death of 5,000 years in ancient Greece raged for more than a thousand years, half the population of Europe died, people (classes) should still eat and drink, have children, have children, little minute and second are not delayed; Bacteria, viruses, microbes, pestilence... Every time, no problem, the endless forces of nature fix it, disappear mysteriously...
In the words of Linnaeus: "Since each individual of every living thing is always the beginning of its offspring, the immutability of these ancestors must be attributed to some omniscient God... This is demonstrated by the mechanisms, principles, laws, constitutions and feelings of every living individual "- what do you mean" demonstrated by the mechanisms, principles, laws, constitutions and feelings of every living individual "? This is a "natural system"! The natural force of existence can never be resisted! Also called "species natural system"...
Here Linnaeus's "natural system" is the heavens, the creation of heaven and earth, and the immutability of these ancestors must be ascribed to some omniscient God. It's God!
As Descartes said, "God has given every man the light of wisdom with which to distinguish right from wrong," and Linnaeus's light of wisdom was "the system of nature" - Linnaeus had a habit, after his books were published, of tacking blank pages into the printed volume, so that he could re-read them and take notes to update the new species he had discovered. Linnaeus's notes fill all the blank pages with notations in Latin.
Today, the collections of the Linnean Society are also being digitized and published on the Society's website, so that researchers around the world can easily access and study them online, while valuable collections and manuscripts that are hundreds of years old can remain undisturbed in the collection room.
These fully demonstrate Linnaeus's "mechanisms, principles, laws of the living individual..." - "Natural system" integrity preserved through the ages!
Second, what is the mechanism?
Linnaeus was the first to define "mechanism" when he said: "ancestral immutability belongs to some omniscient God... This is demonstrated by the mechanisms, principles, laws, constitutions, and feelings of every living individual "- what is meant by" the mechanisms, principles, laws, constitutions, and feelings of every living individual, "the" mechanism "originally comes from Plato's philosophy in ancient Greece:" The essence of the idea." Plato believes that the idea is an entity independent of the perceived world, which is eternal and immutable and perfectly unified. The idea is the essence of concrete things, is "one," and concrete things are "many."
Here, [eternal, immutable, perfect unity.] Linnaeus's [ancestral immutability ascribed to some omniscient God... as evidenced by the mechanisms, principles, laws, constitutions, and feelings of every living individual] is identical.
To use Schrodinger's ancient Greece as the "infancy" of human scientific knowledge, Linnaeus's mechanism is the "species invariance" of human maturity - in fact, the most comprehensive modern theory of "mechanism" comes from Lewis, a member of the American Academy of Sciences. Thomas's "Tribute to Cellular Life" (because the full text is too long) quotes only ten sections: [Thomas on "mechanism" is an excerpt of the "mechanism" discussion in "Tribute to Cellular Life".
1. We live in a Mosaic of dancing viruses that, like bees, dart from organism to organism, from plant to insect to mammal to me and back again, to the sea, hugging pieces of this genome, pulling on pieces of that genome, scions of dna, Passing on genetic traits like dishes at a big dinner party. They may be the mechanism by which new, mutant dna circulates most widely among us. If this is the case, then the strange viral diseases to which we in the medical field must focus so much attention can be seen as accidents, as an oversight.
Second, even when the situation calls for a win or a loss, the transaction need not be a battle. The indifference shown by members of several species of Marine coelenterate fans to one another suggests that the mechanism for maintaining individuality must have existed long before the evolution of immune mechanisms. The fans always grow close together in clumps, forming clumps of branches, but they do not merge with each other. If they did, their forms would be a mess. theodor (j.l.) showed in a series of beautiful experiments that when two individuals of the same species are placed together in close contact, the smaller one always disintegrates first. This self-destruction comes from a cracking mechanism that is completely controlled by the smaller ones. It was not thrown out of the field, it was not defeated by force, it was not defeated by fire, it was just a voluntary exit. It is not necessarily comforting to know that such things happen in the biological world, but it is at least comforting to be surprised.
The oxygen in the atmosphere is produced by chloroplasts in plants (surprisingly, chloroplasts also live in the straws of giant clams and lower sea creatures). In tissue culture, there is a natural tendency for genetically unrelated cells to come together and fuse into hybrid cells regardless of species. The inflammatory and immune mechanisms really have to be designed to be very powerful to keep us creatures apart. Without these rather diligent mechanisms, we might have evolved into a kind of floating syncytium that covered the earth, and not a single flower would have grown on the earth.
In a recent article in Nature, ziman,j.m., noted that "the invention of a mechanism for systematically making available to the world the fragmentary knowledge acquired in scientific work must be regarded as a pivotal event in the history of modern science."
It has been claimed that a well-trained hound can accurately follow the footsteps of a person wearing shoes, even if that person crosses open ground where countless other people's footprints have been left, if the dog is first allowed to smell the person's clothing. If you had to come up with a research and development plan for a National Human Odor Research Institute (which could be established as a joint venture between the budgets of the Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Communications Commission), it would be an excellent problem to start with. It may also result in sub-projects that we would like to see federally funded research done. If it is true, as the novel suggests, that clever dogs can smell the difference between a person and anyone else, it may be explained by differences in the geometry of the 10-carbon molecule, or by differences in the relative concentrations of several confounding pheromones. If this is true, then it should be of interest to those who study immunology. They have long claimed, like staking out ownership, that they have figured out the mechanisms that distinguish this from this. Perhaps the surprisingly sensitive and precise immune mechanisms that detect molecules as small as haptens represent the detection of the same marker5. Another way. A person's best friend can be used to sniff out organization-compatible suppliers, etc. As long as we can succeed in maintaining research activity at this level, and perhaps in diverting everyone's attention away from other aspects by releasing large amounts of money, we may not be in trouble.
Other animals possess similar signaling mechanisms. Groups of ants can smell the difference between their own ants and others as they crawl along the road. Ants swarm through the streets, leaving tracks that close friends can follow, but others can't.
The animals around us have such wonderful sensory technologies. Because of this, we feel some inferiority, they have we do not. Sometimes, in order to eliminate this sense of loss (or perceived loss), we comfort ourselves with the fact that we have long since evolved to leave these primitive mechanisms behind. We tend to think of the olfactory bulb as some sort of archaeological discovery, and to refer to the ancient olfactory regions of the human brain as if they were elderly, deranged relatives in need of a hobby.
The olfactory receptors used for communication between different animals are essential for the establishment of symbiotic systems. The crab and anemone recognize each other as companions by their molecular configuration, as do the anemone and its symbiotic teenage fish. Similar devices are also used for self-defence, such as limpet, which defends carnivorous starfish by turning its sheath outward, depriving the starfish of a foothold; Limpets can sense a particular starfish protein. To be fair, all starfish make this protein and release it into their environment. This system is clearly an ancient one, much older than the immune perception of antibodies that we now rely so heavily on to recognize each other. Recently, it has been known that the genes that mark the self by cell antigens are closely related to those that produce an immune response through antibody formation. It's possible that antibody creation comes from an early sensory mechanism needed for symbiosis, which may be partly used to keep symbiosis from getting out of control.
The very general system of chemical communication between all living things, whether plant or animal, has been called "allelochemics" (interspecific chemistry) by whittaker,r.h. Every life form uses a signal of one kind or another to announce to other creatures around it that it is near, to draw boundaries to intruders, or to send out a signal of welcome to potential co-organisms. The overall effect is a coordinated mechanism for regulating growth rates and territorial occupation. This was apparently used to balance the Earth.
Later, he vividly recalled the experience. He was so amazed at the extraordinary peace, calmness, and absence of pain associated with death. So he created a theory that all animals have a protective physiological mechanism that kicks in at the edge of death, bringing them to the other shore in a cloud of calm. 】
For the "mechanism" Qiang Yanping believes:
Why "mechanism"?
Because "mechanism" refers to the structural relationship between the various life elements and the "internal and external environment" operation and survival mode, is the macro and micro structure and function of the organism, the "struggle for survival" genetic variation, historical evolution of all the interrelated mathematical rules of theoretical theorems, from the macro to the micro unchanging and sustainable survival of natural selection laws.
Finally, let us use Schrodinger's "heredity" word itself already indicates that immutability is almost absolute. (What Is Life?, page 32) Let us prove Linnaeus's "species invariance" with the "gene absolute invariance theory" - the genes are absolutely invariance, and the "species" inherited by the individuals of all species must be absolutely invariance! In this way, "heredity and variation under the genetic restriction mechanism" and "genetic" are eternal and unchanging, and forever and unchangeably, life is eternal and the mechanism! That is to say, the "species restriction mechanism" is a new law of life science, which, like the previous law, has been added that "living matter, while obeying the established laws of physics so far, may also involve other laws of physics that have not been understood so far, and once these new laws are revealed, they will be the same as the previous laws." Become an integral part of this science "mechanism!
Schrodinger, What Is Life? 73.
Third, from Carson's "Microecology theory" and Qiang Yanping's "Microecology Variation Principle" and data to understand the ten environmental problems facing the world is shocking
Judging from the essence of Plato's idea, Qiang Yanping's Principle of Microecological Variation is a condensed version of Carson's theory of the essence of Silent Spring. At its core is Carson's Law of two ecological variations:
Law 1: Ecological destruction is achieved by destroying the environment, and ecological damage is irreversible.
Law 2: There is a correlation between the environment and the superposition magnifies the pollution conduction effect.
Let us follow the Carson microecology "two rules" to examine the "Look at the data to understand the Top Ten environmental problems facing the world" (thumb overseas 2023-12-30 20:13 Hebei) can be completely proved: the theory of Carson microecology variation is completely to prevent human use of various excuses, industrialization, chemical research and so on; Transform nature with the aim of entailing human selfishness for human welfare! Human beings never expected that nature would answer all mankind with the "law of artificial natural selection" - nature would always use some kind of disaster to eliminate human actions that destroy nature and pay a terrible price... Here is an excerpt from Carson's Silent Spring, Chapter 12, The Human Price: 【 Chemical drugs were not produced until after humans entered the industrial age, and after a period of development, their production has reached a climax. The mass production of chemical drugs soon caused serious public health problems. Natural catastrophes such as smallpox, cholera and plague, which not so long ago were terrifying, are no longer the focus of attention, thanks to a better quality of life, better sanitation and new drugs that can effectively control them. This hazard has arisen with the development of modern lifestyles and has been introduced into the world by man himself. The new environmental health problems are caused by a variety of factors, such as radiation and the development of chemical drugs, of which pesticides are an important factor. Now these chemicals are invading our lives and poisoning us. The potential harm of chemicals frightens us because it is invisible and hidden. We will be exposed to these chemicals and their effects for our entire lives, and the impact is immeasurable.
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If it is only exposed to the environment containing chemicals such as methoxychloride, it will not be stored in large quantities in the body. As a result, people would think that methoxyhydrogen, a chemical in the environment, would not be stored in large quantities in the human body. Therefore, people think that methoxide is non-toxic, but this idea is not correct. If the liver has been damaged by other chemicals, methoxychloride accumulates a hundredfold in the body's memory and, like DDT, has a lasting effect on the nervous system. But because the level of liver damage that causes this result is so low, it can be difficult to detect.
The damage to the nervous system caused by chemicals such as methoxychloride, in addition to the symptoms of acute poisoning, can also cause sequelae. Long-term damage to the brain and nervous system caused by chemicals such as methoxychloride has long been documented. Dieldrin can not only cause acute poisoning, but also bring "forgetfulness, insomnia, nightmares, mania" and other sequelae.
Medical studies have shown that Lindane builds up in brain and liver tissue, causing "long-term damage to the nervous system." However, this chemical is used as a form of hexachlorobenzene in a wide variety of spray equipment; In homes, offices and restaurants, we can find these devices constantly spewing out insecticide vapors.
In our opinion, organophosphorus chemicals only cause symptoms of acute poisoning, but in fact, they can cause irreversible damage to nerve tissue. Recent studies have found that it is likely to induce mental illness. Due to the use of multiple insecticides, there are now various cases of paralysis sequelae. Something very strange happened in Prohibition America around the 1930s, and it was a harbinger of trouble to come. This scourge is not caused by pesticides, but by substances of the same class as organophosphorus insecticides. To get around prohibition, some chemicals were used to pass off as spirits, including Jamaican ginger. Because of the high price of medical alcohol products, bootleggers are looking to Jamaica ginger as an alternative. They were so skillful that even chemical tests failed to detect problems in the products, and the government pharmacists were hoodwinked. They added a chemical called triprotolyphosphorus to ginger wine to give it a strong smell - a chemical that damages the enzyme cholinesterase. As a result of drinking the counterfeit products of the bootlegger, about 15,000 people suffered from severe atrophy of their leg muscles, which is now known as "ginger paralysis". Not only that, they had damage to the nerve sheath and lesions in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.
About 20 years later, many different organophosphorus insecticides are widely used, and the historical condition "ginger paralysis" will soon make a comeback. A German greenhouse worker is proof of this. After contact with malathion, he exhibited from time to time mild symptoms of intoxication. After a few months, he became paralyzed. Later, three workers at the chemical plant also suffered from acute poisoning symptoms due to the use of organophosphorus chemicals; Thanks to prompt treatment, they all recovered. But 10 days later, two of them were still suffering from muscle atrophy in their legs. One of them took 10 months to recover; The other young woman was more seriously ill, not only her leg muscles were atrophied, but her hands and arms were also affected. Two years later, when a medical journal failed to report her condition, she was still unable to work and live normally.
While insecticides that could cause these conditions have been banned from sale, pesticides still in use today could cause the same damage. Experiments have shown that malathion, which is popular with gardeners, causes severe muscle wasting in chicks, similar to ginger paralysis. This symptom is caused by damage to the sciatic nerve sheath and the spinal cord nerve sheath.
Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning can have serious consequences, even if it does not result in death. Since organophosphorus pesticides can cause serious damage to a person's nervous system, it is definitely linked to mental illness.
Recently, researchers from the University of Melbourne and Prince Henry Hospital presented 16 psychiatric cases that demonstrated the existence of this link. These patients have been exposed to organophosphorus drugs for a long time, and they have memory loss, some have schizophrenia, and some have depression. These people were previously healthy, but the chemicals they had been using for a long time turned around and killed them.
As we know, there are numerous records of similar cases in various medical literature, both for chlorinated hydrocarbons and for organophosphorus. Confusion, hallucinations, forgetfulness, restlessness... Humans have paid a great price for eliminating some insects in a short time. Until we stop using chemicals that cause direct damage to our nervous systems, we will continue to pay the price. 】 -- Let's take a closer look at Carson's remarks 62 years ago about the "human price" and the eye-opening environmental pollution of the 2020s -- has humanity made any progress? !
This is the great role and historical significance of the "interpretation of species natural system School" in historical reality! ...
I. Global climate change and
In the last 30 years, the thickness of the Arctic ice has decreased by 40%, from 3.1m to 1.8m. In Antarctica, which contains 91% of the world's ice, five large chunks of ice have broken off from the land and flowed into the sea. Between 1973 and 1993, the ice cover of the western Antarctic Peninsula decreased by 20%. Icebergs at the source of the Ganges River are disappearing at a rate of 30m per year. If global temperatures rise by more than 1 ° C, fragile ecosystems will be devastated, and polar bears, seals and walruses will be endangered.
2. Loss of biodiversity
At present, 50,000 to 80,000 species of animals disappear from the Earth every year, and 12% of mammals and 11% of birds are endangered. Every day, 150 to 200 species become extinct, and every hour, 6 to 8 species become extinct. According to the International Botanical Congress, humans have destroyed nearly half of the Earth's land and 3,100 species of plants and animals are endangered. By the second half of the 21st century, the loss of wildlife worldwide is estimated to reach 15-30% of the total. Humanity is on the brink of the sixth wave of biological extinction.
Third, the loss and destruction of odor layer
Ozone (O3), has a special odor, hence the name. At an altitude of 10 to 50km in the atmosphere, UVA can kill bacteria, while UVB is harmful to humans and organisms. As it passes through the stratosphere, most of it is absorbed by the ozone layer. As a result, the ozone layer acts as a natural barrier to life on Earth from intense UV damage. Nuclear explosions and jet flights at high altitudes reduce ozone there by 1% and increase the intensity of ultraviolet rays reaching the ground by 2%. It is estimated that by 2025, ozone may be reduced by 10%. Studies have shown that the ozone content in the atmosphere reduced by 1%, human skin cancer patients increased by 4% to 6%; Increased UV exposure to the Earth can also damage biomolecules, including DNA, increase the risk of cataracts and cause many diseases related to the immune system. 1 percent reduction in ozone and 1 percent reduction in soybean production; Reduced ozone can lead to reduced fisheries - a 10 per cent reduction in ozone (and a 20 per cent increase in UV radiation) will kill all young eels living within 10 metres of water within 15 days.
Fourth, land desertification
60% of the world's land area, of which 29% are deserts and desertification. Six million hectares of land turn to desert every year. Economic losses are $42.3 billion a year. Of the 5 billion hectares of arid and semi-arid land in the world, 3.3 billion are threatened by desertification. As a result, 6 million hectares of farmland and 9 million hectares of pastoral land are lost every year. According to the Global Environment Outlook IV report, about 2 billion people depend on ecosystems in dryland areas, 90 per cent of whom live in developing countries. Worldwide, more than 30 per cent of the total land area is drylands, of which 30 per cent is degraded, with 20,000 to 50,000 km2 of land globally degraded every year. China's desertification land area is 2.622 million km2, accounting for 28% of China's land area. At present, China's desertification is expanding at an average annual rate of 2460km2, equivalent to the loss of a medium-sized county's land area a year.
5. Air pollution
About 100 kinds of atmospheric pollutants are known. Air pollution causes 300,000 to 700,000 premature deaths each year due to smoke pollution, and 25 million children suffer from chronic laryngitis. Air pollution can also have adverse effects on the climate, such as reducing visibility and reducing solar radiation (according to data, the intensity of solar radiation and UV intensity in cities are reduced by 10% to 30% and 10% to 25%, respectively, compared with rural areas, resulting in an increase in the incidence of rickets in cities; Air pollution causes about 7 million premature deaths each year, one in nine of all deaths. Nine out of ten people breathe polluted air. Only 57% of countries have a legal definition of air pollution.
6. Water Pollution
When the pollutant entering the water body exceeds the environmental capacity of the water body or the self-purification capacity of the water body, the water quality deteriorates, thus destroying the original value and function of the water body, which is called water pollution. There are two types of reasons for water pollution: one is natural and the other is man-made1/3 of the soil area. Its control has been included in the National Green Works Program. Now more than 18,000 large and medium-sized lakes in Sweden have acidified, of which about 4,000 are severely acidified, causing great harm to aquatic life. In Canada, acid rain has destroyed more than 14,000 lakes, and more than 4,000 lakes are dying. In the United States, 36,000 km2 of water has been acidified, and 9,400 of 17,054 lakes in 28 states have been affected by acid rain and their water quality has deteriorated. Acid rain causes $25 billion in damage in the United States each year. The world has formed three major acid rain zones in Europe, North America and China. Acid rain covers 30% to 40% of China's land area, and acid rain has spread across the Yangtze River to the Yellow River basin, and acid rain has also been monitored in Qingdao. The economic loss caused by acid rain in China is 14 billion yuan every year.
Koch criteria for the protection of human life by specific natural systems are very different from the artificial selection of antibiotics to incubate superbugs
The essence of the interpretation of species natural system is to Revere nature, protect nature,
Respect nature, return to nature and must act according to the laws of nature; Because nature is all about the eternal existence of man.
In fact, bacteria existed long before humans, and the Earth was inhabited by microbes half a million years before humans appeared,
"Future Disasters" Brooke Smith said: "AIDS and other diseases are already ravaging the world and there is a frightening new trend of world disease disasters: In 2004, for example, polio, which had gone away from people, broke through the immune "sugar pills", reappeared in parts of Africa, and the "white plague" of tuberculosis re-emerged on a large scale around the world. It has become the largest killer of infectious diseases in China today, the 2004 South Asian bird flu has not been completely eliminated, and the 2005 Marburg hemorrhagic fever has been reported to have 255 infections and 233 deaths by April 17, with a mortality rate of more than 91%. There are no treatments, vaccines or methods for many diseases in the world, especially the brutal spread of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic, which is still helpless "- this is the sin of microbial pathogens!
The Koch Principle, however, reveals a law of nature: "A pathogen can only infect the exclusive infectious disease of the pathogen, and there is no cross-immune mechanism between the bacteria and even the human body (organism)," that is to say, the natural bacteria and viruses are limited to the infected person (life) of a pathogen, and only in the category of this pathogen has the function of infecting and infecting the human body, and other pathogens are not included! ... For example, although the new coronavirus has mutated more than 10 times, each mutant strain can only infect the symptoms of the new coronavirus, and cannot infect humans across any pathogen toxicity! This is a law and a vision of nature protecting humanity...
However, artificially selected antibiotics (Fleming was conducting bacteriological research in 1928 when he first discovered penicillin, a substance extracted from penicillium that has a powerful bactericidal effect and can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria). His discovery revolutionized the way humans fought infectious diseases and marked the beginning of the antibiotic era. Fleming's research laid the foundation for the later clinical application of penicillin and the development of the antibiotic field. In 1945, Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with the British scientists Chain and Florey for this discovery - the result of artificial selection - although it became a miracle of the Western medical revolution. As Thomas, a member of the American Academy of Sciences, said in his profound summary of clinical testing in "The History of Medical Lessons" : "According to the convention, the beginning of modern medicine was set in the mid-1920s and 1930s, marked by the entry of sulfonamides and penicillin into the pharmacopoeia, and people usually attribute the revolutionary power of medical practice to these events." That's what it looked like at the time. Medicine has been turned upside down, some revolutionized. Many, many incurable diseases in the past found cures at that time. There is a cure... Almost overnight, the flowers blossomed; Some of the most common and deadly human diseases -- lobed pneumonia, meningitis, typhoid, tuberculosis, various forms of septicemia -- can be cured instantly with antibiotics." ... But ah! A century has not passed, and nature has used the "law of artificial natural selection" to make antibiotics have disastrous consequences, leading to the proliferation of antibiotics and the emergence of drug resistance and "super viruses" that cannot be cured by antibiotics...
This is the eternal precious value of life and nature and the natural law that human beings can never be extinct!
Isn't it? ? Nature is God. God is nature!
In view of this, Zhao Xinshan's "Temple of Nature: Reverence for God, the Universe or the God of the Universe" is a great theory that from the height of natural philosophy overlooks the structure of the entire scientific world, the rhythm of music and the mystery of beauty, and deeply reveals the essence of the scientific world and its highest realm. And in 2010, the archaeological discovery of Noah's Ark site by the archaeological team of Hong Kong, China and Turkey proved that the Great Flood of the Bible is a real historical event recorded in ancient times. Nature is God and God is nature. This is true materialism...
A closing that doesn't have an endwhen N. Bohr went to the United States to tell Fermi about uranium fission, Fermi immediately began to explore the nuclear fission chain reaction and under the leadership of Fermi and his assistants
On December 2, 1942, the world's first controlled nuclear fission chain reactor was built at the University of Chicago - in the 1930s, scientists in Britain, Italy and Germany conducted in-depth research and found that the energy generated after the fission of one gram of uranium was actually released by burning three tons of coal
A closing that doesn't have an end
"The great river goes east, the waves are washed away, and the charming people through the ages..."
The natural system of species integrates ancient Greek scientific knowledge and natural philosophy to understand all rivers, which causes the ancient Greek "infant" scientific epic (Schrodinger theory) to continue the explosion of scientific knowledge and show the true character of human heroes.
The four pagans followed Ptolemy's "The Greatest Treatise," Aristotle's "Physics," and Galen's "Anatomy of the Heart," and violated the papal teachings to create the pagan science Canon: Galileo completed the "Dialogue between the two systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus", Copernicus "The Theory of Celestial Bodies", Harvey's small universe system "The Theory of Blood Movement", Abbot Mendel "The Classical Theory of Genetics", Bruno was burned in the Square of Hundred Flower... Highlight the complete rebellion of the great four pagans from mythology and theology, and complete the mysterious rise of modern human scientific knowledge in all aspects! The first human scientific knowledge the prophet imitated the miracle of knowledge that the Byzantines had! ...
Then God said, Let Newton be born! The world will be bright... Newton's law of gravitation and Kepler's three laws (1609-1619 Kepler's three planetary laws of the universe "everything is number" cosmic harmony has been proven through the ages) to the large cosmic system of harmonious and stable celestial legislation...
The birth of the Crookes tube incubated a whole range of sciences and suddenly radiology was invented) - cathode rays - Blackbody radiation - Roentgen rays - Berkray rays - Radium radiation elements - natural radioactivity - nuclear fission - alpha beta gamma particles - neutrons - nuclear fusion - thermonuclear reaction - atomic bombs - atomic reactors - nuclear power technology -- Nuclear submarine...
Lord Kelvin's "two little dark clouds" disappeared in Planck's "black body radiation" experiment - when black body radiation entered Planck's expected field of vision, accidentally improved the experiment and made two hypotheses to create a "quantum mechanical" miracle, shocking the world to discover "quantum"... So the Lorenz transform pioneered the principle of special relativity. And that led to Einstein's special theory of relativity - the general theory of relativity. But at a time when no one could understand the mechanism of relativity, Eddington's African observations proved Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Bohr and Heisenberg discovered "wave-particle duality" So, the fourth and fifth Solvay conferences in 1927 suddenly broke out the Bohr Copenhagen School and Einstein great controversy, which continued until the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2022 announced in October that "three scientists' experiments proved that" Bell's inequality "was not established, and" quantum entanglement "and" free will "... Existence ended Einstein's "God doesn't throw dice!" ...
However, no one expected that the 2022 GPT3.5 came out and shocked the world - for a time, opinions are varied! ? ...
In essence, artificial intelligence is just a continuation of Aristotle's "Instrumentalism" logical thinking
The 2006 Dartmouth Conference reunites, from left, Trenchard More, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Oliver Selfridge, Ray Solomonoff. Looking at the emergence of ChatGPT in November 2022, the naming of "artificial intelligence" does have a legendary brilliance and great pioneering work; This is an extension of Aristotle and the theory of the New Instrument: The New Instrument is a philosophical work created by the English philosopher Francis Bacon, originally titled The New Instrument or Some Guide to the Explanation of Nature, which is the second part of the Great Revival. Originally published in 1620. In "New Tools", Bacon proposed that what really exists in nature is an individual moving according to a certain law, the purpose of philosophy is to study this law, to get the truth in thought, to be free in action - artificial intelligence is only the inevitable human natural logic into the "natural kingdom", it is still a handy tool for human beings!
We published ChatGPT Can Never Surpass Humans (US edition) in 2024. Today's "Can Sora Create the World? - An Interpretation of the Nature Ecology School" is a manifestation of the natural interpretation of the Bible from ancient Greece to the present 6,000 years: the creationism of "God created all things, God created man" in the doctrine, must have been done by people before 4004 BC. The Bible is a philosophical existence of a religious theory created by human beings, originating 6,000 years ago, and the West still believes in the existence of God... Zhao Xinshan's "Temple of Nature: Reverence for God, the Universe or the God of the Universe" stands on the height of natural philosophy to overlook the structure of the entire scientific world, the rhythm of music and the mystery of beauty, and deeply reveals the essence of the scientific world and its highest realm of great theory. And in 2010, the archaeological discovery of Noah's Ark site by the archaeological team of Hong Kong, China and Turkey proved that the Great Flood of the Bible is a complete record of ancient and real historical events - Qiang Yanping's species natural system also covers all aspects of the glorious rise of human scientific knowledge since the four pagans created the miracle of human scientific knowledge for 5,000 years. In particular, GPT to Sora in the 2020s to create the great miracle of the new century of artificial intelligence is still a core component of the evolution of the overall intelligent brain of the "species natural system" into the "natural kingdom"!
Throughout the development of artificial intelligence absolutely cannot produce "silicon-based life" and it is unlikely to replace human beings or even surpass human beings! ...
Here, the Nobel Prize has been outstanding for the scientific knowledge "free will" of all mankind since 1901! Between 1901 and 2020, the Nobel Prize and the Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded 603 times, to 962 individuals and organizations. Adding in some people who have won the Nobel Prize more than once, a total of 930 individuals and 25 organizations have won the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize has become the guiding light of the frontier of science and the "free will" of scientific knowledge for all mankind, and the great star of respecting nature and highlighting natural systems is shining forever. As long as the natural system lasts forever, the Nobel Prize will be eternally glorious! ...
Nature will not end, natural systems and God's Nobel Prize forever!
In this way, there is no end to the "natural system of species", and nature will always exist - this is the end of no end!
Important bibliography
Nature and Greek Science and Humanism, Translated by Erwin Schrodinger, Zhang Butian, Commercial Press, February 2015
What Is Life? By Erwin Schrodinger (translated by Luo Lai and Luo Luo Liao), Hunan Science and Technology Publishing House, 2003
Origin of Species, Darwin Commercial Press, May 1995
Give You the Fulcrum of Innovation, edited by Qiang Yanping, Science Popularization Press, 2003
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, Lu Ruilan, Li Changsheng, Jilin People's Publishing House, 1997
Wang Zikun. Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1978
A Brief History of Science: The History of Science from the Perspective of the Development of Scientific Instruments, by Thomas Clapp (translated by Zhu Runsheng), China Youth Press, 2005
Source of Independent Innovation of Original Technological Invention Methods, Zhao Daqing, Qiang Yanping, Huaxia Publishing House, 2006
A System of Linnaeus's Dreams of Passion and Natural Order, HELEN SCHMITZ, NILS UDDENBERG, NATUR KULTUR, 2007
Hawking's Universe by David Felzin, Zhao Fuyuan-yi, Hainan Publishing House, 2000
Theory on the Operation of Celestial Bodies by Nicolaus Copernicus (Translated by Ye Shihui) Wuhan Publishing House, 1992
Ten Reflections on Stephen Hawking by Stephen. Hawking, Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2019
Why People Are People, edited by Zizi Teng Fangyan, Peking University Press, December 1990
Man is a Machine, Farrah. Metairie Commercial Press, August 1959, "Positioning" Mei Ai. Lisjak. Trout Machine Press, October 2016
On Tools, Ancient Greek Aristotle, Guangdong People's Publishing House, March 1984
The Mystery of the Universe, Liu Yaoze, Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, June 2007
Hope of Sickness, Deto. Detlefsenlu Darke, Chunfeng Literary Publishing House, September 1999
A Brief History of Astronomy by Favoguler, Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House, December 1959
A Tribute to Cellular Life, Lewis. Thomas Hunan Science and Technology Press, December 1998
